Image in the public domain, from http://wwwihm. ...

Image in the public domain, from http://wwwihm. ...

A painting of Carolus Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus, also known after his The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds. ...ennoblement as Carl von Linné ^{To play the audio file do not click on the -image. ...  listen}, and who wrote under the Latin - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus ( May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ...May 23, Events March 26 - Act of Union with Scotland becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain. ...1707 – January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...January 10, Events The term Thoroughbred was first used in the United States in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick . ...1778), was a The Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish: Konungariket Sverige  listen?) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. ...Swedish A scientist is a person who is expert in an area of science and who uses scientific methods in research. ...scientist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of Taxonomy (from Greek ταξινομία from the words taxis = order and nomos = law) may refer to either a hierarchical classification of things, or the principles underlying the classification. ...taxonomy. He is also considered one of the fathers of modern Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. ...ecology (see Ecology is generally spoken of as a new science, really not coming into prominence before the middle of the 20th Century. ...History of ecology).

Biography

Carl Linnaeus was born at Stenbrohult, in the province of Smalandia (Småland, literally Small Countries) is a historical Province (landskap) in southern Sweden. ...Smalandia in southern The Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish: Konungariket Sverige  listen?) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. ...Sweden. Like his father and maternal grandfather, Linnaeus was groomed as a youth to be churchman, but he showed little enthusiasm for it. His interest in Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ...botany impressed a physician from his town and he was sent to study at Lund University Lund University (Swedish: Lunds universitet) is a university in Lund in southernmost Sweden. ...Lund University, transferring to Uppsala University Uppsala University (Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a public university in Uppsala, Sweden. ...Uppsala University after one year.

During this time Linnaeus became convinced that in the Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ...stamens and Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms (flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ...pistils of Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms (flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ...flowers lay the basis for the classification of Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering...plants, and he wrote a short work on the subject that earned him the position of adjunct professor. In Events February 23 - First performance of Handels Orlando, in London June 9 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia. ...1732 the Academy of Sciences at Uppsala financed his expedition to explore Laponia, or Lappland, was a historical Province or landskap in the extreme north of Sweden. ...Lapland, then virtually unknown. The result of this was the Flora Laponica published in Events 12 February - The San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated. ...1737.

Thereafter Linnaeus moved to the continent. While in the The Netherlands ( Dutch: Nederland) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). ...Netherlands he met Jan Frederik Gronovius (also seen as Johann Frederik and Johannes Fredericus) (1690-1762) was a Dutch botanist notable as a patron of Linnaeus. ...Jan Frederik Gronovius and showed him a draft of his work on taxonomy, the Categories: Possible copyright violations ...Systema Naturae. In it, the unwieldy descriptions mostly used at the time, such as "physalis amno ramosissime ramis angulosis glabris foliis dentoserratis", were replaced by the concise and now familiar genus-species names in the form Physalis angulata. Higher taxa were constructed and arranged in a simple and orderly manner. Although the system now known as In biology, binomial nomenclature is a standard convention used for naming species. ...binomial nomenclature was developed by the Bauhin -- A family of physicians and scientists. ...Bauhin brothers almost 200 years earlier, Linnaeus may be said to have popularized it within the scientific community.

Linnaeus named taxa in ways that personally struck him as common-sensical; for example, human beings are Homo sapiens (see Sapience is the ability of an organism or entity to act with intelligence. ...sapience), but he also described a second human species, Homo Binomial name Pan troglodytes Blumenbach, 1799 The Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is a great ape. ...troglodytes ("cave-dwelling man", by which he meant the Binomial name Pan troglodytes Blumenbach, 1799 The Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is a great ape. ...chimpanzee currently most often placed in a different genus as Binomial name Pan troglodytes Blumenbach, 1799 The Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is a great ape. ...Pan troglodytes).

The group " Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary...mammalia" are named for their mammary glands because one of the defining characteristics of mammals is that they nurse their young. (Of all the features distinguishing the mammals from other animals, Linnaeus may have picked this one because of his views on the importance of natural motherhood. He campaigned against the practice of wet-nursing, declaring that even aristocratic women should be proud to nurse their own children).

From Swedish Wikipedia This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

From Swedish Wikipedia This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

Autograph of king Charles XII of Sweden (1682-1718) An autograph is a document written entirely in the handwriting of its author, as opposed to a typeset document or one transcribed by an amanuensis or a copyist (see allography). ...Autograph of Carl v. Linné (Carolus Linnaeus)

In Events March 20 - Nadir Shah occupies Delhi in India and sacks the city stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne, including the Kohinoor September 9 - Stono Rebellion erupts near Charleston September 18 - Treaty of Belgrade signed October 3 - Treaty of Nissa signed October 23 - Great Britain declares war on Spain. ...1739 Linnaeus married Sara Morea, daughter of a physician. He ascended to the chair of medicine at Uppsala two years later, soon exchanging it for the chair of Botany. He continued to work on his classifications, extending them to the kingdom of animals and the kingdom of minerals. The last strikes us as somewhat odd, but the theory of This article is about biological evolution. ...evolution was still a long time away, and indeed, the The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ...Lutheran Linnaeus would have been horrified by it. Linnaeus was only attempting a convenient way of categorizing the elements of the natural world.

The Swedish king, Adolf Frederick of Sweden, or Adolf Fredrik (May 14, 1710 - February 12, 1771), was the son of Christian August von Schleswig_Holstein_Eutin (1673_1726) and Albertina Frederica von Baden-Durlach (1682-1755). ...Adolf Fredrik, ennobled Linnaeus in Events March 14 - On-board the HMS Monarch, Admiral John Byng is executed by firing squad for neglecting his duty. ...1757, and after the privy council had confirmed the ennoblement Linnaeus took the surname von Linné, later often signing just Carl Linné. His father, born Nils Ingemarsson, had adopted the Latin surname Linnaeus as more appropriate for a Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ...clergyman on his matriculation at Lund University Lund University (Swedish: Lunds universitet) is a university in Lund in southernmost Sweden. ...Lund University; the name deriving from the Small-leaved Lime Categories: Plant stubs | Malvaceae ...lime [1]  (http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/tilia/tilia/tilicor.html) tree after which the family farm, Linnagård, took its name.

Linnaean taxonomy

Although taxonomists, in almost any biological field, are familiar with the work of Carolus Linnaeus, his contribution to taxonomy goes far beyond contributing so-called scientific names to many of the world's plants and animals. Linnaeus developed, during the great (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, what became known as the Linnaean Taxonomy (from Greek ταξινομία from the words taxis = order and nomos = law) may refer to either a hierarchical classification of things, or the principles underlying the classification. ...taxonomy: the system of Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ...scientific classification now widely used in the Biology is the science of life (from the Greek words bios = life and logos = reasoned account). ...biological sciences.

The Linnaean system classified living things within a A hierarchy (in Greek hieros = sacred, arkho = rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things. ...hierarchy, starting with two In biology, a kingdom is the top-level, or nearly the top-level, grouping of organisms in scientific classification. ...kingdoms. Kingdoms were divided into classes and they, in turn, into orders, families, genera (singular: genus), and species (singular: species). Since then a few other ranks have been added, most notably phyla (singular: phylum) or divisions between kingdoms and classes. Groups of organisms at any rank are now called taxa (singular: taxon) or taxonomic groups.

His groupings were based upon shared physical characteristics. Although the groupings themselves have been significantly changed since Linnaeus' conception, as well as the principles behind them, he is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification based upon observable characteristics.

Linnaeus was also a pioneer in defining the (controversial) concept of " This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. ...race". He proposed that inside of Homo sapiens, there were four subcategories. These categories, Americanus, Asiaticus, Africanus, and Europeanus were based on place of origin at first, and later skin color. Each race had certain characteristics that members supposedly had. Native Americans were reddish, stubborn, and angered easily. Africans were black, relaxed and negligent. Asians were sallow, avaricious, and easily distracted. Europeans were white, gentle, and inventive. Linnaeus's races were clearly skewed in favour of Europeans. Over time, this classification led to a racial hierarchy, in which Europeans were at the top.

Other accomplishments

• Linnaeus' original botanical garden may still be seen in This article is about the modern city of Uppsala. ...Uppsala.
• He originated the practice of using the ♂ - (shield and arrow) Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky. ...Mars and ♀ - (hand mirror) (*min temperature refers to cloud tops only) Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 9321. ...Venus glyphs as the symbol for The word male has the following meanings: In biology, it refers to one half of a heterogamous reproduction system, where the female is the other half. ...male and Female is a sex that denotes an animal which produces egg cells in order to reproduce. ...female.
• Linnaeus was instrumental in the development of the The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed it in 1742. ...Celsius (then called Centigrade) temperature scale. Anders Celsius The observatory of Anders Celsius, from a contemporary engraving. ...Anders Celsius had proposed using 0 as the boiling point of water, and 100 as the freezing point; Linneaus inverted it to the form we are familiar with today [2]  (http://www.astro.uu.se/history/Celsius_eng.html).
• His picture can be found on the current Swedish 100- This article is about the Swedish unit of currency. ...krona bank notes.
• Linnaeus was one of the founders of the The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or , founded in 1739 by King Frederick I, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. ...Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
• Linnaeus is the only human being customarily referred to by a single initial. In Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ...botany, the name (often partly abbreviated) of the person who described a species follows immediately after the binomial: Cocos nucifera L. is the complete scientific name for the Binomial name Cocos nucifera L. The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera), is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). ...coconut, with the "L." referring to Carolus Linnaeus.

See also

• Linnaeus filius. Linnaeus's son, also named Carl Linnaeus and also a botanist, is commonly so referred with filius to distinguish him from his father.
• The Linnean Society of London is the worlds premier society for the study and dissemination about taxonomy. ...Linnean Society of London
• Daniel Carl Solander (February 19, 1733 - May 16, 1782) was a Swedish botanist. ...Daniel Solander
• Jonas Carlsson Dryander (March 5, 1748 - October 19, 1810) was a Swedish botanist. ...Jonas C. Dryander
• Pehr Kalm (known in Finland as Pietari Kalm) (March 6, 1716–November 16, 1779) was an explorer, a botanist, a naturalist, and an agricultural economist from what is now Finland. ...Pehr Kalm
• Carl Peter Thunberg (November 11, 1743 _ August 8, 1828) was a Swedish naturalist. ...Carl Peter Thunberg
• Fredric Hasselquist (January 3, 1722 - February 9, 1752) was a Swedish traveller and naturalist. ...Frederik Hasselquist
• Peter Artedi (February 22, 1705 – September 27, 1735) was a Swedish naturalist and is known as the father of Ichthyology. Artedi was born in the province of Angermannia. ...Peter Artedi

External links

• Linnaeus Botanical Garden (http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/LTeng.html)
• Biography  (http://www.systbot.uu.se/history/linnaeus.html) at the Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University Uppsala University (Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a public university in Uppsala, Sweden. ...University of Uppsala
• Biography  (http://www.linnean.org/html/history/linnaeus_biography.htm) at The Linnean Society of London
• Biography  (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html) at the University of California Museum of Paleontology