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Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons through the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire.

Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Spain. ... The Cross of Burgundy Flag was used by Spain from 1506-1785. ... For other uses, see Tradition (disambiguation). ... Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... The Spanish monarchy, referred to as the Crown of Spain (Corona de España) in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the office of the King or Queen of Spain. ...

An exceptionally long-lived movement, it was a significant player in Spanish politics from 1833 until the demise of the Franco regime in 1975 as a social and political force, one of the main actors in the Spanish Kulturkampf or cultural war of Catholicism and monarchism against liberalism and modernism. Politics of Spain takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy, whereby the Monarch is the Head of State and the President of the Government is the head of government and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... “Franco” redirects here. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In this capacity, it was the cause of several major wars during the 19th century, and an important factor during the most recent Spanish Civil War. The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ...

Even today, many Carlists remain politically active although Carlism is a movement of scarce political influence. Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Origins

The dynastic issue

Systems of succession in dispute

Traditionally, all the spanish kingdoms allowed the succession of women, in absence of male direct issue. The most elaborate rules of succession where those included in the Siete Partidas, but on the accession of Felipe V of Spain this traditional order of succession had to give way to a to a semi-Salic system, which excluded women from the crown, unless all the male issue from Felipe, in any line, became extinct. This change was, probably, forced by external pressure to avoid any possible personal union of the Crown of Spain with a third party. First page of a 1555 version of the Siete Partidas, as annotated by Gregorio López. ... King Philip V of Spain (1683-1746) was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... The King of the Franks, in the midst of the Military Chiefs who formed his Treuste, or armed Court, dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws). ...

Although several attempts to revert to the traditional order were made (see below), the successory question only became pressing when, by 1830, Fernando VII found himself ailing, without any issue and a pregnant wife. He decided to publish the 1789 law, making thus the "nasciturus" virtual heir (without regard of its gender, which at the end turned to be a woman), and relegating his brother Infante Carlos, till that moment heir presumptive. Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ...

This act was seen by some (starting with his brother, and the cadet Bourbon branches) as illegal on various counts^[1], and thus formed the basis for the dynastic carlist party, which only recognized as valid the semi-Salic succession law, thus giving the Infante Carlos precedence over the then Infanta Isabel Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was Queen regnant of Spain (Queen of the Spains officially from August 13, 1836, Isabella II the queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon,...) She was born in Madrid, and was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand VII, king of Spain...

Historical Timeline

• 13 May 1713: Felipe V of Spain, first of the Spanish Bourbons, together with the Cortes, Spain's traditional parliament, through an Auto Acordado changes the order of succession to the Spanish crown, based on the one outlined in the Siete Partidas, , and thereby limiting inheritance rights to his male descendants, In the semi-Salic law, succession is possible through the female line, but only in absence of any male heir on any line.

• 1789: during the reign of Carlos IV of Spain, the Cortes approve a reversal of the system of succession to the Siete Partidas order of succession, as used traditionally. However such a law is not published, partly due to protests from the cadet branches (House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, House of Bourbon-Parma) who saw their rights diminished with the new regulation.
• 1812. The Spanish Constitution of that year outlines the rules of Succession in accordance with the Siete Partidas
• 31 March 1830: Fernando VII, at the time without issue, and with his fourth wife pregnant, publishes via the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, the 1789 law, restablishing the traditional order of succession . 10 October a girl, the future Isabel II of Spain is born. After several courtly intrigues, the Pragmatic Sancion is definitively approved on 1832. Fernando's brother, Infante Carlos, up to that time the heir presumptive, felt robbed of his rights, and left for Portugal.

is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1713 (MDCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... King Philip V of Spain (1683-1746) was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... The Cortes Generales (Spanish for General Courts) is the legislature of Spain. ... An order of succession is a formula or algorithm that determines who inherits an office upon the death, resignation, or removal of its current occupant. ... First page of a 1555 version of the Siete Partidas, as annotated by Gregorio López. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808. ... The Cortes Generales (Spanish for General Courts) is the legislature of Spain. ... First page of a 1555 version of the Siete Partidas, as annotated by Gregorio López. ... Map of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Capital Naples Language(s) official language Italian Sicilian, Neapolitan Government Monarchy King  - 1816-1825 Ferdinand I  - 1859-1861 Francis II History  - Established 12 December, 1816  - Italian Unification 12 February, 1861 Area  - 1860 111,900 km2 43,205 sq mi Population  - 1860 est. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... First page of a 1555 version of the Siete Partidas, as annotated by Gregorio López. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... A pragmatic sanction is a sovereigns solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... An Heir Presumptive (capitalised) is the person provisionally scheduled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honor, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an Heir Apparent or of a new Heir Presumptive with a better claim to the throne. ...

The political issue

Carlism confronted not only the question of who could legitimately sit on the Spanish throne, it was also about the principles on which Spanish society was built. Should it remain Roman Catholic, where governments derive their power from God, or should it embrace Enlightenment values, where governments derive their power from human beings? Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Divine Right of Kings is a European political and religious doctrine of political absolutism. ... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ; Italian: ; Portuguese: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy — some classifications also include 17th century philosophy (usually called the Age of Reason). ... Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Revolutionary patriotism borrows familiar iconography of the Ten Commandments Wikisource has original text related to this article: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: La...

Political landscape after the death of Fernando VII (1833)

Like many European countries, after the Napoleonic occupation, the Spanish political class was split between the "absolutists", supporters of the ancien régime, and the Liberals, influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution. Both parties had fought Napoleon side by side in the Peninsular War. Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Ancien Régime, a French term meaning Former Regime, but rendered in English as Old Rule, Old Order, or simply Old Regime, refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. ... For the 1862 American Civil War campaign, see Peninsula Campaign. ...

The long war also left a large supply of experienced guerrilla fighters and an oversized army officialdom—for the most part, staunch Liberals. The perceived success of the uprising of 1808 against Napoleon left also a wide, if unconscious, belief in the validity of the right of rebellion, with a long-lasting effect on the politics of Spain and Spanish America through the 19th century and beyond. “Guerrilla” redirects here. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Year 1808 (MDCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The reign of Fernando VII proved unable to overcome the political divide or to create stable institutions. The so-called "Liberal Triennium" (1820–1823), when, after a military "pronunciamiento", the Liberals reinstated the 1812 constitution, and the succeeding "Ominous Decade" (1823–1833), ten years of absolute rule by the king, left bitter memories of persecution in both parties. Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

While in power, both groups had divided themselves into moderate and radical branches. The radical branch of the absolutists (or royalists), known as the Apostólicos, looked upon the heir presumptive, Carlos, as its natural head, as he was profoundly devout and, especially after 1820, staunchly anti-liberal. Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1827, Catalonia was shaken by the rebellion of the Agreujats or Agraviados ("the Aggrieved"), an ultra-absolutist movement, which, for a time, controlled large parts of the region. The Infante was for the first time then hailed as King. He denied any involvement. Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ...

The last years of King Fernando saw a political realignment due to the troubles around his succession. In October 1832, the King formed a moderate royalist Government under Francisco Cea Bermúdez, which tried, almost successfully, to curb the Apostolic party and, through an amnesty, to gain liberal support for Isabella's right to succeed and for Queen Maria Cristina de Borbón, her mother, and designated regent. If only to get rid of Don Carlos, the Liberals accepted the new Princess of Asturias. Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain Maria Christina, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of the Two Sicilies branch of the Royal House of Bourbon) (April 27, 1806–August 22, 1878) was Queen Consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Queen Regent of Spain (1833... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... In politics, the term liberal refers to: an adherent of the ideology of liberalism or a state or quality of this ideology. ...

Moreover, the first years of the 1830s were influenced by the failure of the French Restoration, which meant the end of Bourbon rule in France; and the civil war in Portugal between both legitimist and liberal parties. // Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Evolutionary theorist Charles Darwins expedition on the HMS Beagle. ... Following the ouster of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. ... Pedro IV of Portugal, I of Brazil Miguel I of Portugal The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers, or Miguelite War, was a war between progressive constitutionalists and authoritarian absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 1828 to 1834. ...

Social and economical factors

Beside this political evolution, the years before the Carlist wars were marked with a deep economic crisis in Spain, partly spurred by the loss of the American provinces and by the bankruptcy of the state. The last triggered enhanced tax pressure which further fueled social unrest.

Certain economic measures proposed by the Liberals (like the Desamortización, i.e. the takeover, division and sale of the commons and Church property, initiated in 1821) were directly threatening to the viability of many small farms, which could rely on the commons to feed, at little or no cost, their mules and oxen, and caused widespread poverty and the closing down of most hospitals, schools and other charities. In England and Wales, a common is a piece of land over which other people -- often neighbouring landowners -- could exercise one of a number of traditional rights, such as allowing their cattle to graze upon it. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

One important factor was the religious question. The radical liberals (progresistas) after 1820 had grown more and more anticlerical, with special hatred for regular orders, and were suspected of being masonic shields. This policy alienated them from many sections of the (mostly deeply Catholic) Spanish people, especially in rural areas. 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A Taoist monk playing an instrument. ... Freemasons redirects here. ...

Incidentally, the only institution abolished in the "Liberal Triennium", which was not restored by Fernando VII, was the Inquisition. One of the demands of the radical absolutist party was its reinstitution. This article is about one of the historical Inquisitions. ...

Liberals had been, while in power, quite doctrinarian, and therefore uniformists. In many sections of Spain, there were intense particularist feelings, who were thus hurt. While only a secondary element at the outbreak of the first War, this anti-uniformism, exemplified in the defense of the fueros, would become in time one of the more important banners of Carlism. Fueros is a Spanish legal term and concept; there is a similar Portuguese term, Forals. ...

History

The history of Carlism can be usefully divided into three different stages, whose dates are only approximative, thus the overlap is intentional.

• (1833–1876), where the conquest of power was tried mainly by military means.
• (1868–1936), where Carlism reverted into a peaceful political movement.
• (1936–) From the Spanish Civil War until the present. The Carlists win the war as part of Franco's coalition but are also subverted by the dictator. After his death the movement declined into near irrelevance.

Carlist Wars (1833–1876)

Don Carlos calling the Navarrese in 1833.

Attack on the bridge of Luchana, near Bilbao during the first war.

Refugees fleeing through the port of Guetaria in the first war.

An 1846 rendition of the executions ordered by Maroto in Estella (1839)

Carlist Soldiers in Miranda de Ebro

The period of the Carlist Wars, in which the party tried to get to power mainly through military means, is both the classical in terms of political history as, because of the wars — or the threat of them — Carlism was at the center stage; and formative as it is the period where the cultural and sociological Carlist world, that would last for well over a hundred years, took shape. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 472 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 708 pixel, file size: 760 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Desarrollo del ataque al puente de Luchana por las tropas de Espartero con el apoyo de la armada británica y española. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 472 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 708 pixel, file size: 760 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Desarrollo del ataque al puente de Luchana por las tropas de Espartero con el apoyo de la armada británica y española. ... Image File history File links Sitio_de_Bilbao. ... Image File history File links Sitio_de_Bilbao. ... Getaria is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the North of Spain. ... Image File history File links Fusilamientos_de_Estella. ... Image File history File links Fusilamientos_de_Estella. ... Estella can refer to: Estella, a character in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Estella, Spain Estella, Wisconsin This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 778 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,200 × 925 pixels, file size: 581 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 778 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,200 × 925 pixels, file size: 581 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Location Location of Miranda de Ebro in Spain Coordinates : 42°41′ N 2°56′ O Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Miranda de Ebro (Spanish) Spanish name Miranda de Ebro Postal code 09200 Area code 34 (Spain) + 947 (Burgos) Website http://www. ... The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. ...

Historical highlights of this era are the

• First Carlist War (1833–1840)
• The Royal Marriage Affair 1845. As a means to end the dynastic strife, Jaime Balmes started a campaign to marry Isabel II with Carlos, Count of Montemolin. It came close to success, but the political issues grounded it.
• Second Carlist War (1847–1849)
• The 1860 expedition and its aftermath. That year the Count of Montemolín, tried to gain power through a pronunciamiento. He landed in Sant Carles de la Ràpita (Tarragona), but was quickly detained, and forced to abdicate his rights. This disaster, his behaviour after his release, and the fact that the next in the line was his liberal brother, put the Carlism on the brink of extinction, only saved by the hand of his stepmother, the Princess of Beira, and
• The "Glorious Revolution" 1868. Isabel (II) managed to alienate almost everybody in Spain, until she was expelled that year by a progressist revolution.

At that point, Carlism, under his new head Carlos VII, became the rallying point for many political Catholics and conservatives, becoming the main group of the right-wing opposition to the ensuing governments in Spain. After four years of political activity, and some hesitations, the war option was again tried in Combatants Carlists supporting Infante Carlos of Spain Portuguese loyal to Miguel of Portugal Liberals (Isabelinos or Cristinos) supporting Isabella II of Spain and her regent mother Maria Christina Great Britain France Portuguese loyal to Pedro IV Commanders Tomás de Zumalacárregui Ramón Cabrera Rafael Maroto Sebestian Gabriel de... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Jaume Llucià Balmes Urpià (also known as Jaime Luciano Balmes) (August 28, 1810—July 9, 1848), Spanish ecclesiastic, eminent as a political writer and a philosopher, was born and died at Vich in Catalonia. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ... Carlos Luis de Borbón y Braganza, Conde de Montemolín (January 31, 1818 - January 13, 1861) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VI since his fathers abdication in 1845, when he took the title of Count of Montemolín. ... The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Sant Carles de la Ràpita is a municipality in the comarca of the Montsià in Catalonia, Spain. ... Tarragona (IPA: in Catalan) is a city located in the south of Catalonia, northeastern Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. ... D. Maria Teresa de Bragança, Princesa da Beira Princesa dona Maria Teresa of Braganza (pron. ... Queen Isabella II of Spain in exile at Paris Juan Prim, Spanish general. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

• the Third Carlist War (1872–1876)

Restoration promiss During the Third Carlist War (1872-1876), the carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the interior Catalonia. ...

Points of convergence

All three wars share a common development pattern:

1. A first stage of guerrilla activity, across all of Spain.
2. A second stage, where a territorial basis is created, and regular army units are created. The 1847 war didn't get further than this.
3. A third stage, where the basis is consolidated through conventional warfare, and State structures are created. No Carlist war went further than this.

It is remarkable that at the beginning of each war, no regular army unit was on the Carlist side, and that only the third was the result of a planned uprising.

The first war was noteworthy for being, on both sides, extremely brutal (the Liberal Army mistreated the population, most whom it suspected of being Carlist sympathizers, to the point of, sometimes, attempted extermination; Carlists, very often, treated Liberals no better than they had treated Napoleonic soldiers and agents), up to the point that the international powers forced the warring parties some rules of war handling, namely the "Lord Eliot Agreement". Brutality didn't disappear completely, and giving no quarter was not uncommon. Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... The two parts of the laws of war (or Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)): Law concerning acceptable practices while engaged in war, like the Geneva Conventions, is called jus in bello; while law concerning allowable justifications for armed force is called jus ad bellum. ... Edward Granville Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans (29 August 1798 - 7 October 1877) was a British politician. ...

The areas over which Carlism could establish some sort on territorial authority during the first war (Navarre, Rioja, rural Basque Country, inner Catalonia and northern Valencia region) would remain the main holdings of Carlism for all its history, although the movement was actively supported everywhere else in Spain. Especially in Navarre, Asturias, and parts of the Basque Provinces, Carlism was a major political force until the late 1960's. “Navarra” redirects here. ... Rioja is a wine from a region named after the Rio Oja in Spain, a tributary of the Ebro. ... Pays Basque) see Northern Basque Country. ... This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ... Capital Valencia Official language(s) Valencian and Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 8th  23,255 km²  4. ...

Carlist military leaders

• Tomás de Zumalacárregui
• El Cura Santa Cruz
• Ramón Cabrera

Carlist General Tomás de Zumalacárregui. ... Ramon Cabrera (27 December 1806 - 1877) was a Carlist general of Spain. ...

Other military leaders

• Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara

de Zumalacárregui To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Cabrera Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1270x1506, 538 KB) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: December 6th, 2005 (Constitution Day) Place: Círculo de Bellas Artes, Alcalá 42, Madrid, Spain File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are...

Espartero Image File history File links Baldomero_Espartero. ...

Carlists in peace (1868–1936)

The loss of prestige and subsequent fall of Isabel (II) in 1868 plus the staunch support of Carlism by Pope Pius IX, led a sizable number of former Isabelline conservative Catholics (Francisco Navarro Villoslada, Antonio Aparisi, Cándido Nocedal, Alejandro Pidal,…) to join the Carlist cause. For a time, even beyond the start of the third war (1872), it became the most important, and best organized, "right-wing" opposition group to the revolutionary regime, with some 90 members of parliament in 1871. Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Blessed Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, ( May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878) was pope for a record pontificate of over 31 years, from June 16, 1846 until his death. ... Antonio Aparisi y Guijarro (born Valencia 28 March 1815, died Madrid, 5 November 1872) was a parliamentary leader, barrister, poet of the Spanish royalists in the nineteenth century. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

After the defeat, a group (led by Alejandro Pidal) left Carlism to form a moderate, non-dynastic Catholic party in Spain, which latter merged with the conservatives of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Spanish statesman and historian Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo (Málaga, February 8, 1828 – Mondragón (Guipúzcoa), August 8, 1897) was an important 19th century Spanish politician and historian known principally for his role in supporting the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy to the...

In 1879 Cándido Nocedal was charged with the reorganization of the party. His main weapon was a very aggressive press; (in 1883 Pope Leo XIII published the encyclical Cum Multa trying to moderate it). His stance was an uncompromising hold to the Carlists' political and, especially, religious principles (to their integrity, hence the term "integrist"). This tendency became so radical that in 1888, Carlos VII had to expel the group centered around Ramón Nocedal, Cándido's son, which thus gave rise to another small, but in clerical circles influential, Integrist Party. Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Pope Leo XIII Supreme Pontiff (1878-1903) Leo XIII, né Gioacchino Pecci (March 2, 1810 - July 20, 1903) was Pope from 1878 to 1903. ... Integrism is a term originally coined to describe those who elevated theological differences to differences in dogma, by degrees. ... For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Meanwhile, the Marquis of Cerralbo, built up a modern mass party, centered around the local assembly houses (called "Círculos", of which several hundred existed all around Spain in 1936) and their social action, and in an active participation in opposition to the political system of the Restoration (participating even in wide coalitions like 1907's "Solidaritat Catalana", with regionalists and republicans). Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

From 1893 to 1918, Juan Vázquez de Mella was its most important parliamentary leader and ideologue, seconded by Víctor Pradera, who had wide influence in Spanish conservative thinking beyond the party. Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Juan Vázquez de Mella y Fanjul (Cangas de Onís, Asturias, 8 June 1861, Madrid 26 February 1928) is not very well known in the English-speaking world. ...

World War I had a special influence on Carlism. As the Carlist claimant, then Don Jaime, had close links with the Russian Imperial Family, had been unfairly mistreated by Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, and was also Head of the House of Bourbon, he favoured the Allies, but was living under house-arrest in Austria, with almost no communication with the political direction in Spain. As the war ended, and Don Jaime could again freely communicate with Spain, the crisis erupted, and Vázquez de Mella and others had to leave the party's direction (the so-called "mellists"). “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced ) was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled Muscovy and the Russian Empire for five generations from 1613 to 1762. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... Juan Vázquez de Mella y Fanjul (Cangas de Onís, Asturias, 8 June 1861, Madrid 26 February 1928) is not very well known in the English-speaking world. ...

In 1920, Carlism helped to found the "Sindicatos Libres" (Catholic Labour Unions). Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship (1923–1930) was opposed, but ambiguously viewed by Carlism; which, like most parties, entered a period of slumber, only to be awakened by the coming of the Second Republic in 1931. Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Marqués de Estella (Jerez, January 8, 1870 - Paris, March 16, 1930) was a Spanish military official who ruled Spain as a dictator from 1923 to 1930, ending the turno system of alternating parties. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Integrists and "Mellists" soon reunited, and a new flow of Catholics scared by the attitudes of the republican government started to come in. The two first years of the republic saw short-lived attempts of coalitions with Basque nationalists (as Catholic integrists) and/or Alfonsine monarchists. The Basque Nationalist Party is a political party in the Basque region of Spain. ...

After the October 1934 Revolution, Carlism started to prepare for an armed clash with the revolutionaries.

Spanish Civil War and post war period (1936-today)

Valle de los Caidos

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

During the war (1936–1939)

The Carlist militia, the Requetés, had been receiving military training during the Second Spanish Republic. However, the negotiations with the conspiring generals were tough. But by July 1936, Carlism unanimously supported the nationalist side on the Spanish Civil War. From the start there were serious troubles, between the Carlists, especially their then political head Manuel Fal Conde, and the military government. On 8 December 1936, Manuel Fal Conde had to leave temporarily for Portugal, after a major clash with Franco. The Requetés were the Carlist militia during the Spanish Civil War. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 19 April 1937 their political branch was "unified" with the Falange party. Fal Conde, the regent Javier de Borbón, and even part of the Falangist leaders protested this move, and, after a meeting with Francisco Franco, Don Javier was expelled from Spain. Due to the necessities of the war, actions against the Unification didn't go much further, but meant the loss of all material wealth of the party (buildings, newspapers, etc.). is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Yoke and Arrows. ... Francisco Javier de Borbón y Braganza (Francis Xavier of Bourbon Parma and Bragança). ... “Franco” redirects here. ...

After the war (1937–)

From this time on, the mainstream kept an uncomfortable minority position inside the regime, more often than not at odds with the official policy, but with the ministry of Justice thrice given to a loyal "Carlist", who was accordingly expelled from the Traditionalist Communion. This time was also marred by the problem of succession (see below) and internal strife on how to deal with Francoism.

Franco recognized both the titles of nobility conceded by the Carlist claimants and those of the Isabelline branch. At his death, the movement was badly split, and unable to get wide public attention again.

In 1971, Don Carlos Hugo founded the new Carlist Party based on the confederalist view of Las Españas for Spain and socialist autogestion (then promoted in Yugoslavia). At Montejurra, on 9 May 1976, two Hugo supporters were killed by far-right militants, among whom was the Gladio operative Stefano Delle Chiaie. Carlist Party accused Hugo's brother, Sixto Enrique de Borbón of helping the far-right militants. Traditionalist Communion denies such collaboration ^[2]. Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma (baptized Carlos Hugo Xavier Marie Sixte Louis Robert Jean Georges) is the current head of the Ducal House of Parma. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Workers self-management is a form of workplace management in which the employees themselves make decisions on issues like hours, production, scheduling, division of labour etc. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... Montejurra in Spanish and Jurramendi in Basque are the names of a mountain in Navarre (Spain) region. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 1934) was a figure on the far right of Italian politics who went on to become a wanted man worldwide. ... Sixto Enrique de Borbón, styled by his followers His Royal Highness Sixtus Henry of Bourbon and Bourbon Busset, Duke of Aranjuez, Infante of Spain, Prince of Parma and Piacenza, Regent of the Traditionalist Communion, Standard-bearer of Tradition. ...

In the first democratic elections on 15 June 1977, only one Carlist senator was elected, journalist and writer Fidel Carazo from Soria, who ran as an independent candidate. In the parliamentary elections of 1979, rightist Carlists integrated in the far-right coalition Unión Nacional, that won a seat in Congress for Madrid; but the elected candidate was not a Carlist himself. Since then, Carlists have remained extra-parliamentary, obtaining only town council seats. Constituent Cortes (Cortes constituyentes) is the description of the Cortes (Spanish parliament) when convened as a constituent assembly. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Soria is a city in north-central Spain, the capital of the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...

As of 2002 Hugo donated the House's archives to the Archivo Histórico Nacional, which was protested by his brother Sixtus Henry and by all Carlist factions. Also see: 2002 (number). ... Sixto Enrique de Borbón, styled by his followers His Royal Highness Sixtus Henry of Bourbon and Bourbon Busset, Duke of Aranjuez, Infante of Spain, Prince of Parma and Piacenza, Regent of the Traditionalist Communion, Standard-bearer of Tradition. ...

Carlist claimants to the throne

The ordinals are those used by their supporters. While they were not proclaimed kings, they went by using some of the titles collateral to the Spanish throne. Ordinal numbers, or ordinals for short, are numbers used to denote the position in an ordered sequence: first, second, third, fourth, etc. ... Collateral could mean: Collateral in finance means a security or guarantee (usually an asset) pledged for the repayment of a loan if one cannot procure enough funds to repay. ...

Carlos V

Carlos V

Carlos María Isidro de Borbón y Parma (29 March 1788 – 10 March 1855) was Carlist claimant from 1833 to 1845, including during the First Carlist War. He was known as the Count of Molina. He abdicated in favour of his son. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Carlists supporting Infante Carlos of Spain Portuguese loyal to Miguel of Portugal Liberals (Isabelinos or Cristinos) supporting Isabella II of Spain and her regent mother Maria Christina Great Britain France Portuguese loyal to Pedro IV Commanders Tomás de Zumalacárregui Ramón Cabrera Rafael Maroto Sebestian Gabriel de...

Carlos VI

Carlos VI

Carlos Luis de Borbón y Braganza (31 January 1818 – 13 January 1861) was the son of Carlos V. He was Carlist claimant from 1845 to 1861, and was known as the Count of Montemolin. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 433 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (884 × 1223 pixel, file size: 232 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Don Carlos (VI) Luis de Borbón File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 433 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (884 × 1223 pixel, file size: 232 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Don Carlos (VI) Luis de Borbón File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... Carlos Luis de Borbón y Braganza, Conde de Montemolín (January 31, 1818 - January 13, 1861) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VI since his fathers abdication in 1845, when he took the title of Count of Montemolín. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

In 1860 he abdicated, following his capture by Isabelline forces, in Tortosa. When freed, he re-assumed his claim until he died the next year. A view of Tortosa Tortosa (Latin Dertusa, Arabic طرطوشة Ṭurṭūšah) is the capital of the comarca of Baix Ebre, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain, located at 12 metres above the sea, by the Ebre river. ...

Juan III

Juan III

Juan Carlos de Borbón y Braganza (15 May 1822 – 21 November 1887) was the brother of Carlos VI. He was Carlist claimant from 1860 to 1868, and was known as the Count of Montizon. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1648 × 2480 pixel, file size: 933 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Juan (III) Carlos María Isidro de Borbón File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1648 × 2480 pixel, file size: 933 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Juan (III) Carlos María Isidro de Borbón File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Don Juan Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbón, Count of Montizón (French: Jean Charles Marie Isidore de Bourbon, comte de Montizón) (May 15, 1822 – November 21, 1887) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain from 1860 to 1887, and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...

He was forced to abdicate by the Carlists due to his liberal leanings.

In 1883 he became the legitimist claimant to the throne of France. Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ...

Carlos VII

Carlos VII

Carlos María de los Dolores de Borbón y Austria-Este (30 March 1848 – 18 July 1909) was the son of Juan III. He was Carlist claimant from 1868 to 1909, including during the Third Carlist War. He was known as the Duke of Madrid. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Carlos de Bourbon, Duke of Madrid (1848 - 1909) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain, and later the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Restoration promiss During the Third Carlist War (1872-1876), the carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the interior Catalonia. ...

He was also legitimist claimant to the throne of France, using the title Duke of Anjou. Counts of Anjou, c. ...

Jaime III

Jaime de Borbón y de Borbon-Parma (27 June 1870 – 9 October 1931) was the son of Carlos VII. He was Carlist claimant from 1909 to 1931, and was known as the Duke of Madrid. Jaime, Duke of Madrid and Anjou Jaime de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma, called Duke of Madrid and known in France as Jacques de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (27 June 1870 – 2 October 1931) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain and the Legitimist claimant to... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

He was also the legitimist claimant to the throne of France, using the title Duke of Anjou. Counts of Anjou, c. ...

Alfonso Carlos I

Alfonso Carlos I

Alfonso Carlos de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma (12 September 1849 - 29 September 1936) was uncle of Jaime III and younger brother of Carlos VII. He was Carlist claimant from 1931 to 1936, and was known as the Duke of San Jaime. He was the last male-line descendant of Carlos V. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (884 × 1179 pixel, file size: 77 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) nl:Alfonso Carlos de Borbón, (1849-1936) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (884 × 1179 pixel, file size: 77 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) nl:Alfonso Carlos de Borbón, (1849-1936) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule... Alfonso Carlos de Bourbon, Duke of San Jaime (1849 - 1936) was the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France and the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

He was also the legitimist claimant to the throne of France, using the title Duke of Anjou. Counts of Anjou, c. ...

The succession after Alfonso Carlos

At the death of Alfonso Carlos in 1936 most Carlists supported Javier de Borbón-Parma y Braganza whom Alfonso Carlos had named as regent of the Carlist Communion. Francisco Javier de Borbón y Braganza (Francis Xavier of Bourbon and Bragança). ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ...

A minority of Carlists supported Alfonso de Borbón y Austria, the exiled constitutional king of Spain, who was the senior male descendant of King Charles IV of Spain. The majority of Carlists, however, considered that Alfonso was disqualified because he did not share the Carlist ideals, and many regarded his descent as illegitimate, believing that Alfonso XII's biological father was Isabel II's lover Puig-Molto. Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808. ... Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857–November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup détat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was Queen regnant of Spain (Queen of the Spains officially from August 13, 1836, Isabella II the queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon,...) She was born in Madrid, and was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand VII, king of Spain...

A small number of Carlists supported Carlo Pio de Habsburgo y Borbón, a grandson through the female line of Carlos VII. Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungry and Bohemia, Prince of Tuscany (4 December 1909 - 24 December 1953), called Carlos Pio de Habsburgo-Lorena y de Borbón in Spain, was a member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg and a Carlist claimant to...

Most of the following events happened under Franco's regime, which skilfully played each group against the others. History of Spain Series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History The Spanish Civil War officially ended...

Borbón-Parma claim

• Javier I

Javier de Borbón-Parma y Braganza (Xavier, Duke of Parma) (25 May 1889 - 7 May 1977) had been named regent of the Carlist Communion by Alfonso Carlos in 1936 as he was the nearest member of the House of Borbón who shared the Carlist ideals. During the Second World War, Prince Xavier returned to the Belgian army, where he had served during World War I. He was demobilized and joined the French maquis. He was taken prisoner by the Nazis and sent to Natzweiler and the Dachau concentration camp, where the American troops liberated him in 1945. In 1952 Javier proclaimed himself Carlist claimant. He was known as the Count of Molina. He remained Carlist claimant until he abdicated in 1975. Francisco Javier de Borbón y Braganza (Francis Xavier of Bourbon and Bragança). ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Members of the Maquis in La Tresorerie For other uses, see Maquis. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Camp entrance Natzweiler-Struthof was a Nazi concentration camp located close to the Alsatian village of Natzwiller (German Natzweiler) in France about 50 km from the city of Strasbourg. ... The main entrance just after the liberation Memorial at the camp, 1997. ...

Political division due to the changes in carlism in the late '60 and early '70, brought a sharp division of Javier's supporters between his two sons Carlos Hugo and Sixto Enrique (and many more endorsing neither). Carlos Hugo turned organized Carlism into a socialist movement, while his brother Sixto Enrique (supported by his mother Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset) followed a far rightist course Marie Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset (born March 23, 1898 - died September 1, 1984 in Paris) became Duchess of Parma in 1974 and was also Carlist Queen of Spain by her marriage to Francisco Javier de Borbón-Parma, Duke of Parma and Piacenza a Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne. ...

In 1977 Sixto Enrique's supporters published a manifesto from Javier condemning Carlos Hugo. Several days later Carlos Hugo's supporters published a manifesto from Javier recognising Carlos Hugo as heir.

• Carlos VIII Hugo

Carlos Hugo de Borbón-Parma y Borbón-Busset (Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma) (born April 8, 1930) is the elder son of Javier. He has been Carlist claimant since 1977 and is known as the Duke of Madrid. After alienating many Carlists by his attempts of an approach to Franco (1965–1967), Carlos Hugo switched to a leftist Titoist, workers' self-management socialist movement. In 1979 he accepted Spanish citizenship from Juan Carlos of Spain. In 1980 he renounced his membership in the Partido Carlista which he had created. Carlos Hugo has the support of a minority of Carlists including the Partido Carlista. Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma (baptized Carlos Hugo Xavier Marie Sixte Louis Robert Jean Georges) is the current head of the Ducal House of Parma. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Titoism is a term describing political ideology named after Yugoslav leader, Josip Broz Tito, primarily used to describe the schism between the Soviet Union and Socialist Yugoslavia after the Second World War (see Cominform) when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia refused to take further dictates from Moscow. ... Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the employees themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care, general production methods, scheduling, division of labour etc. ... King Juan Carlos I His Majesty King Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón), styled HM The King (born January 5, 1938), is the reigning King of Spain. ...

• Sixto Enrique

Sixto Enrique de Borbón-Parma y Borbón-Busset (Prince Sixto Enrique of Bourbon-Parma) (born July 22, 1940) claims to be the current regent of the Carlist Communion. He is known as the Duke of Aranjuez. Sixto Enrique de Borbón, styled by his followers His Royal Highness Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma and Bourbon-Busset, Duke of Aranjuez, Infante of Spain, Prince of Parma and Piacenza, Regent of the Traditionalist Communion, Standard-bearer of Tradition, is the current Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sixto Enrique is supported by the minoritary Comunión Tradicionalista, and some others, who believe that his brother Carlos Hugo is rightful heir, but ineligible for the succession on account of his socialism. Sixto Enrique has never claimed to be Carlist king, in the hopes that the two sons of his brother Carlos Hugo will one day accept traditional Carlist values.

Borbón claim

• Alfonso

Alfonso de Borbón y Austria was the senior member of the House of Borbón at the death of Alfonso Carlos in 1936. He had reigned as the constitutional king of Spain as Alfonso XIII until his exile in 1931. He was the son of Alfonso XII of Spain, son of Francisco de Asis de Borbón, son of Infante Francisco de Paula, the younger brother of Carlos V. He was recognised as Carlist claimant by a minority of Carlists who considered the death of Alfonso Carlos an opportunity to reunite Spanish monarchists both Carlist and Isabelline. In 1941 Alfonso abdicated; he died two months later. Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857–November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup détat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ... Francis of Assisi of Bourbon (Spanish: Francisco de Asís de Borbón) was born in Aranjuez, Spain on 13 May 1822 and died at Épinay-sur-Seine, France, 17 April 1902). ... Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain (Francisco de Paula de Borbón) was born on 10 March 1794 in Madrid, Spain. ...

Alfonso's eldest son had died in 1938. His second son Jaime had been forced to renounce his rights to the constitutional succession in 1933. His third son Juan was his chosen successor.

The 5 pesetas coin of 1975 featured the official king, Juan Carlos I of Spain and a coat-of-arms with the Carlist saltire.

• Juan de Borbón claim

• Juan de Borbón y Battenberg (Juan, Count of Barcelona) (June 20, 1913 – April 1, 1993) was the third son of Alfonso. He was claimant to the throne of Spain from 1941 until his renunciation in 1977. In 1957, a small group of former Carlists had recognized him as their Head in his exile at Estoril,Portugal.
• Juan Carlos de Borbón y Borbón Dos Sicilias (King Juan Carlos I of Spain) is the son of Juan. He is the current representative of this claim. He has been the official king of Spain since 1975, confirmed by the Spanish Constitution of 1978.

• Jaime de Borbón claim

• Jaime de Borbón y Battenberg (Jaime, Duke of Segovia) was the second son of Alfonso, and the older brother of Juan, Count of Barcelona. In 1960 Jaime announced that he was Carlist claimant and began using the title Duke of Madrid; he remained Carlist claimant until his death in 1975. He had only a few Carlist supporters, but among these was Alicia de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma, the only surviving daughter of Carlos VII. Jaime was also legitimist claimant to the French throne, using the title Duke of Anjou; in this capacity he had substantial supporters.
• Alfonso de Borbón y Dampierre (Alfonso, Duke of Cadiz) was the son of Jaime. He did not claim the Carlist succession between 1975 and his death in 1989.
• Luis Alfonso de Borbón y Martinez-Bordiu (Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou) is the son of Alfonso. He has never claimed the Carlist succession.

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The following are fictional planets set in the Star Wars universe. ... Juan Carlos I (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born January 5, 1938, Rome, Italy) is the reigning King of Spain. ... The Infante Don Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona (Juan Carlos Teresa Silvestre Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg) (June 20, 1913 – April 1, 1993), was the fourth son and designated heir of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, the monarch replaced by the Second Spanish... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... King Juan Carlos I His Majesty King Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón), styled HM The King (born January 5, 1938), is the reigning King of Spain. ... The Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. ... Jaime Luitpold Isabelino Enrique de Borbón y Battenberg, Infante of Spain, Duke of Segovia (June 23, 1908- March 20, 1975), was the second son of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and his wife Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg. ... Alfonso de Borbón y de Dampierre (French citizen as Alphonse de Bourbon) (1936–1989), also known as the Duke of Cádiz (as he was mostly called in Spain) and Duke of Anjou, was a pretender to the French throne. ... HRH Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, duc dAnjou (on his French National Identity Card; full name: Luis Alfonso Gonzalo Víctor Emanuel Marco de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, Duke of Anjou, born Madrid, April 25, 1974) is considered to be the head of the French Royal House by...

Habsburgo-Borbón claim

The eldest daughter of Carlos VII was Bianca de Borbón y Borbón-Parma (1868-1949). She married Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria (1863-1931). In 1943 one of their sons presented himself as Carlist claimant in succession to his great-uncle Alfonso Carlos. Since this claim comes through a female line, it is rejected by most Carlists. Carlos de Bourbon, Duke of Madrid (1848 - 1909) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain, and later the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France. ...

• Carlo Pio de Habsburgo-Lorena y Borbón (Archduke Karl Pius of Austria) was Carlist claimant from 1943 to 1953. He was supported by some of General Franco's officials from the Movimiento Nacional.

• Antonio de Habsburgo-Lorena y Borbón (Archduke Anton of Austria) was the brother of Carlo Pio and was Carlist claimant from 1953 to 1961.

• Francisco José de Habsburgo-Lorena y Borbón (Archduke Franz Josef of Austria) was the brother of Carlo Pio and Antonio and was Carlist claimant from 1961 to 1975.

• Domingo de Habsburgo-Lorena y Hohenzollern (Archduke Dominic of Austria) is the son of Francisco José and has been Carlist claimant from 1975 until present. He has the support of only a tiny minority of Carlists including the Comunión Carloctavista y Círculo Carlos VIII.

Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungry and Bohemia, Prince of Tuscany (4 December 1909 - 24 December 1953), called Carlos Pio de Habsburgo-Lorena y de Borbón in Spain, was a member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg and a Carlist claimant to... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. ... The Movimiento Nacional (National Movement) was the name given to the fascist inspired mechanism during Francoist rule in Spain, which pretended to be the only cause of participation to Spanish public life. ...

Ideology

Carlism or Traditionalism as is also called can be labeled as a counterrevolutionary movement. A tradition is a story or a custom that is memorized and passed down from generation to generation, originally without the need for a writing system. ... A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ...

Basically, its intellectual landscape was a reaction against the basic tenets of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution of 1789 (Laicism, individualism, egalitarianism, rationalism). In this sense, is akin to the French Reactionaries (Legitimism) and Edmund Burke's thinking. The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason. ... The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. ... REDIRECT Laïcité ... Individualism is a term used to describe a moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human independence and the importance of individual self-reliance and liberty. ... Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals from birth. ... In epistemology and in its broadest sense, rationalism is any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification (Lacey 286). ... Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet, generally used as a pejorative, originally applied in the context of the French Revolution to counter-revolutionaries who wished to restore the real or imagined conditions of the monarchical Ancien Régime. ... Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ... Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729[1] – July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ...

It's difficult, though, to give an accurate description of Carlist thinking for several reasons:

• As traditionalists, Carlists mistrusted ideology as a political driving force. Some 19th century pamphlets expressed it in this form: against a philosophical constitution (liberalism, based on ideology), an historical constitution is proposed (based on history, and the teachings of the Church).

• Carlism's long active history — it has been an important force for over 170 years — and the fact that it attracted a large and diverse following, makes a comprehensive categorization more difficult.

• There has almost never been a single school of thought inside Carlism.

• The ideas expressed inside Carlism were partly and openly shared with other forces on the political spectrum.

For other uses, see Tradition (disambiguation). ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ...

Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey

These four words (which can be translated as God, Fatherland, Local Rule and King), have been the motto and cornerstone of Carlism throughout its existence. What Carlism understood by these was:

• Dios (God): Carlism believes in the Catholic Faith as a cornerstone of Spain, and must be politically active in its defense.

• Patria (Fatherland): Carlism is heavily patriotic, but not nationalist. Traditionalism sees the Fatherland as the nesting of communities (municipal, regional, Spain) united under one.

• Fueros (similar to medieval charters): Part of the limitation of royal powers is the acknowledgment of local and regional self rule (and of other types of communities in the political body, specially the Church). Although the result of a peculiar historical development in Spain, it converged with the concept of subsidiarity in Catholic social thought. Note that some versions of the motto omit the Fueros clause.

• Rey (King): The concept of national sovereignty is rejected. Sovereignty is vested on the king, both legitimate in blood and in deeds, who effectively rules, by divine right. But this power is limited by the doctrine of the Church and the Laws and Usages of the Kingdom, and through a series of Councils, traditional Cortes and state-independent intermediate bodies. The King must also be the Defender of the Poor and Keeper of Justice.

This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Fatherland is the nation of ones fathers or forefathers. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Fueros is a Spanish legal term and concept; there is a similar Portuguese term, Forals. ... Subsidiarity is the principle which states that matters ought to be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent authority. ... For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe. ... Divine Right is a comic book created by Jim Lee and published by Wildstorm. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Cortes Generales (Spanish for General Courts) is the legislature of Spain. ...

Supporters

Carlism was a true mass movement and drew its rank and file from all social classes, with a majority of peasant and working class elements. Thus, it is no surprise that Carlism was involved in the creation of Catholic trade unions. It was also a family tradition, later Carlists would be descendants of earlier Carlists. A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...

Offshots and influence

• Cultural and political Regionalism in Spain (not to be mistaken with regional nationalism or separatism) was largely Carlist-originated. The influence of Carlist thinker Juan Vázquez de Mella in this field can still be traced today.

• One of the founders of Basque nationalism, Sabino Arana, came from a Carlist background, and for many years competed for the same audience (Basque deep Catholics). Compare the PNV slogan "God and Fueros". Basque nationalism, however, was effectively shaped by the Liberal Engracio de Aranzadi, an admirer of Mazzini. Carlist and Nationalists drafted the first Basque Statute of Autonomy, but Carlists battled and defeated Basque nationalists in 1936-1937.

• Fuerismo was a doctrine prevalent in the Basque provinces. It supported the Isabelline monarchy but wanted to preserve the Fuero autonomy of the provinces.

• Catholic politics are essential for Carlism. Compare the slogan Christus Rex.

• Victor Pradera's thinking was very influential, through the group Acción Española, in Spanish authoritarian thinking in the 1930's and 1940's.

• 7 May 2007 Fernando Sebastián Aguilar, Archbishop of Pamplona and Tudela (Spain) caused controversy by publicly stating that the Traditionalist Carlist Communion, among others, is worthy of consideration and of electoral support.

Regionalism could be Regionalism (politics) Regionalism (literature) Regionalism (art) Regionalism (linguistics) Category: ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... “Separatists” redirects here. ... Juan Vázquez de Mella y Fanjul (Cangas de Onís, Asturias, 8 June 1861, Madrid 26 February 1928) is not very well known in the English-speaking world. ... Political Spain in 1854, after the first Carlist War The Arrano beltza (black eagle) flag is waved by radical Basque nationalists, mainly supporters of ETA and HB, along the Ikurriña and the Navarrese flag as a claim of unity of the Basque lands. ... The Basque Nationalist Party is a political party in the Basque region of Spain. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Giuseppe Mazzini (June 22, 1805 – March 10, 1872) was an Italian writer and politician whose efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state, rather than the medley of separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed in the nineteenth century. ... The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country is the legal document organizing the political system of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (Basque: Euskadiko Autonomi Elkartea) which includes the historical territories of Alava, Biscay and Guipuscoa. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... Christ King is a slogan used by Christians who pursue a theocracy. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Pamplona (Basque: Iruñea or Iruña) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... Tudela is a town and municipality in Spain, in the northern province of Navarra. ... Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons through the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire. ...

Symbolism

The Carlist symbol

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Symbols

• Motto: Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey
• Flag: the red saltire of Burgundy on white
• Uniform: red beret. (In Basque, the Carlist troops were hence called txapelgorri.)
• Anthem: Oriamendi

Espartero and Maroto shake hands to end the war.

Basque style Beret Black beret with military emblem A beret (pronounced in English, except in North America where it is pronounced ) is a soft round cap, usually of wool felt, with a flat crown, which is worn by both men and women. ... Oriamendi (Marcha de Oriamendi) ist the anthem of the Carlist movement. ... Image File history File links Baldomero_Espartero_and_Rafael_Maroto_-_The_Hug_of_Vergara_by_Bernardo_Lopez. ... Image File history File links Baldomero_Espartero_and_Rafael_Maroto_-_The_Hug_of_Vergara_by_Bernardo_Lopez. ...

Related words

• Estella was the site of the Carlist court.

• Bergara/Vergara was the place of the Abrazo de Vergara, which ended the First Carlist War in the North.

• Brigadas de Navarra were National Army units formed mainly by Requeté forces from Navarre at the start of the Spanish Civil War. They saw intensive action during the War.
• Detente bala ("Stop bullet!") a small patch with an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus worn on the uniform (over the heart) by most requetés.

• Margaritas. Carlist women organization. They often worked as war nurses.

• Ojalateros were courtiers saying Ojalá nos ataquen y ganemos ("Wish they would attack us and we won"), but doing nothing to achieve victory. The name is a pun on hojalatero ("tinkerer", "pot-seller")

• Requeté The armed Carlist militias.

• Trágala, expression marking the desire to forcibly impose the ideas most hated by the opponents. Also a Liberal fighting song (chorus: "Swallow it, you Carlist, you who don't want a Constitution.").

Estella can refer to: Estella, a character in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Estella, Spain Estella, Wisconsin This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Bergara (formerly, Vergara in Spanish) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the North of Spain. ... El abrazo de Vergara (The Embrace of Vergara), with the figures of Espartero and Maroto shaking hands as a symbol of the end of the Carlist War. ... “Navarra” redirects here. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... Detente bala is an inscription used by Carlist soldiers. ... Jesus Sacred Heart The Sacred Heart is a devotional name used by some Roman Catholics to refer to Jesus. ... Margaritas is a restaurant chain serving Mexican food. ...

Literary references to Carlism

The liberal Spanish journalist Mariano José de Larra opposed Carlism and published several lampoons against it. Nadie pase sin hablar al portero (1833) presents Carlists as a bunch of bandit priests. Mariano José de Larra (24 March 1809 - 13 February 1837) was a Spanish writer noted for satire and perhaps the best prose writer of 19th-century Spain. ...

Karl Marx mentioned the Carlists in his articles about the Spanish revolutions. An apocryphal quotation can be found among Spanish historians, where Marx would express a view of the Carlists as a revolutionary popular movement in defence of regional liberties. Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ...

Francisco Navarro-Villoslada was a Carlist writer that published a historic novel, Amaya o los vascos en el siglo VIII, in the fashion of Walter Scott, presenting the legendary origins of Spanish monarchy as the start of Reconquista. There are other meanings for Amaya. ... Raeburns portrait of Sir Walter Scott in 1822. ... For other senses of this word, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ...

Ramón María del Valle-Inclán, novelist, poet and playwright, was a member of the Spanish Generation of 1898. He wrote novels about Carlism and was an active Carlist himself. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Pío Baroja wrote a novel, Zalacaín el aventurero (Zalacain the Adventurer), set during the Third Carlist War, and referred to Carlism in a not very favourable light (as he generally referred to nearly everybody) in several other works. Pío Baroja y Nessi was born in San Sebastián, Spain in 1872 and was one of the key novelists of the Generation of 98. ...

The Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno suffered as a child the siege of Bilbao during the Third Carlist War. Later he wrote a novel Paz en la guerra about that time. In 1895 he wrote to Joaquín Costa about his plans for an essay on the "intrahistoric" element of rural socialism within the Carlist masses. Don Miguel de Unamuno Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (September 29, 1864–December 31, 1936) was an essayist, novelist, poet, playwright and philosopher from Spain. ... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : , Time zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer : CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Bilbao (Basque) Spanish name Bilbao Nickname El Botxo (the hole) Founded 15... Restoration promiss During the Third Carlist War (1872-1876), the carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the interior Catalonia. ...

Notes

Bibliography

• Bibliographical resources:
  • Carlist bibliography

• Other references:
  • Tetralema - Bitácora Lealtad Carlist weblog
  • Agencia FARO Carlist Press & Documentation Service. Some content in English

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Carlism

• Modern Carlist groups are:
  • Partido Carlista Official page of the left socialist Carlist Party. formerly supporting Charles Hugh as claimant
  • Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista Official page of the Carlist Traditionalist Communion. Does not endorses formally any claimant
  • Comunión Tradicionalista Official page of the Traditionalist Communion officially supporting Sixtus Henry as claimant
  • Comunión Carloctavista y Círculo Carlos VIII Inofficial page of the Charles VIII Communion, supporting Dominic Charles as claimant

• Carlism as a current topic of discussion in Spanish politics
• Ideological analysis of Carlism
• Extensive historical background
• Album de personajes carlistas con sus biografías, Francisco de Paula Oller, Barcelona, La Propaganda Catalana, Librería de Antonio Quintana y Bové, 1887. Page scans from the Navarrese Digital Library.

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