Carlos Salinas de Gortari

70th President of Mexico
In office
December 1, 1988 – December 1, 1994
Preceded by	Miguel de la Madrid
Succeeded by	Ernesto Zedillo
Born	April 3, 1948 Mexico DF
Political party	Institutional Revolutionary Party Image File history File links English Cropped picture of Carlos Salinas de Gortari, former president of Mexico. ... The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ... Term of office: December 1, 1982 – December 1, 1988 Preceded by: José López Portillo Succeeded by: Carlos Salinas de Gortari Date of birth: December 12, 1934 Place of birth: Colima, Colima Profession: Lawyer First Lady: Paloma Cordero Tapia Political Party: PRI Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (born December 12... Term of office: 1 December 1994 – 1 December 2000 Preceded by: Carlos Salinas de Gortari Succeeded by: Vicente Fox Quesada Date of birth: 27 December 1951 Place of birth: Mexico City Profession: Economist First Lady: Nilda Patricia Velasco Núñez Political Party: PRI Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (born... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. ...
Spouse	Cecilia Ocelli

Carlos Salinas de Gortari (born 3 April 1948 in Mexico City) was President of Mexico from 1988 to 1994. April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México, México D.F. or simply México, pronounced /mexiko/ in IPA) is the capital and largest city of the nation of Mexico. ... The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ...

Political career prior to presidency

Salinas graduated with a degree in economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1969. He obtained a master's degree in Public Administration in 1973, a master's in Political Economics in 1976 and a Ph.D in Political Economics and Government, all from Harvard University. Upon his return to Mexico he became a professor at his alma mater. Although a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) since his student days, it was not until the presidency of Miguel de la Madrid that he was assigned a government post as minister of the Bureau of Planning and Budget (Secretaría de Planeación y Presupuesto), where he served from 1982-1987. Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala. ... The library of National Autonomous University of Mexico. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Harvard University campus (old map) Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is an accredited private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. ... Term of office: December 1, 1982 – December 1, 1988 Preceded by: José López Portillo Succeeded by: Carlos Salinas de Gortari Date of birth: December 12, 1934 Place of birth: Colima, Colima Profession: Lawyer First Lady: Paloma Cordero Tapia Political Party: PRI Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (born December 12...

The political atmosphere in Mexico began to change during the 1980s. The country was experiencing economic crisis, mainly caused by the splurges of previous administrations and a drastic drop in the price of oil, forcing the country into near-default. Several important members of the PRI resigned, amongst them Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, the son of Lázaro Cárdenas, and an extremely popular Mexican president during the 1930s. The 1985 Mexico City Earthquake, with the resulting 10,000 deaths, has been considered a catalyst for the promotion of democracy and the need for change. The de la Madrid administration provided a very inefficient response to the catastrophe, resulting in mass action from citizens who organized successful rescue teams, many of them led by prominent left-wing intellectuals. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano (born May 1, 1934) is a prominent Mexican politician. ... Term of office: November 30, 1934 – December 1, 1940 Preceded by: Abelardo L. Rodríguez Succeeded by: Manuel Ávila Camacho Date of birth: 21 May 1895 Place of birth: Jiquilpan, Michoacán Date of death: 19 October 1970 Place of death: Mexico City Profession: Army General First Lady: Amalia Sol... The 1985 Mexico City earthquake was one of the most devastating earthquakes in the history of the Americas. ...

Elections

Cárdenas registered as an opposition candidate from a left-wing coalition called Frente Democrático Nacional. He rapidly became a popular figure, and became the first opposition candidate to fill the Zócalo with sympathizers and to seriously threaten the PRI which had won all presidential elections since its inception in 1929. The Ministry of Interior (Secretaría de Gobernación), through its Federal Electoral Commission, was the institution in charge of the electoral process, and installed a modern computing system to count the votes. On 6 July, 1988 the day of the elections, the "system shut down" (se cayó el sistema), and when it was finally restored, Carlos Salinas was declared the official winner, even though several national and international surveys had declared Cárdenas the winner. Even though the elections are extremely controversial, and some declare that Salinas won legally, the expression se cayó el sistema became a colloquial euphemism for electoral fraud. The Zócalo, Mexico City Catedral Metropolitana Zócalo is a Mexican Spanish term for a town square or town center where social and business transactions take place. ...

The process involved two suspicious shutdowns of the computer system used to keep track of the number of votes. Suspicions later grew as the Mexican Congress voted (with support from the National Action Party (Mexico), PAN) to destroy without opening the electoral documentation that could prove otherwise. Other people believed that Salinas, in fact, won the ballot, albeit probably not with an absolute majority as the official figures suggested – which in fact is not required under Mexican election law. Congress of Mexico - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido Acción Nacional), known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian Democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ...

During an interview for Televisa in September 2005, Miguel de la Madrid acknowledged that the PRI lost the 1988 elections. However, he immediately cleared his comment by saying that the PRI had "at least lost a significant amount of voters". Asked for comment on de la Madrid's statements, Senator Manuel Bartlett Díaz, who was the president of the Comisión Federal Electoral ("Federal Electoral Commission") during the de la Madrid administration, declared Salinas won the election albeit with the smallest margin of any PRI candidate before him. He attributed de la Madrid's remarks to his old age (71 years old as of 2005) and the remarks being taken out of context by journalist Carlos Loret de Mola. Televisa is the largest media company in the Spanish-speaking world, and a major player in the international entertainment business. ... Term of office: December 1, 1982 – December 1, 1988 Preceded by: José López Portillo Succeeded by: Carlos Salinas de Gortari Date of birth: December 12, 1934 Place of birth: Colima, Colima Profession: Lawyer First Lady: Paloma Cordero Tapia Political Party: PRI Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (born December 12... PRI may refer to: Partido Revolucionario Institucional, a major political party in Mexico Public Radio International Primary rate interface Precision Reflex, Inc. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Carlos Loret de Mola (born October 17, 1976 in Mérida, Yucatán) is a Mexican journalist. ...

Presidency

In the early years of his term, President Salinas launched bold initiatives such as the reversal of the 1982 Mexican bank nationalization, restoring official relationships with the Catholic Church and the Vatican State, changing land property legislation, and most importantly negotiating NAFTA with the United States and Canada. The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... Motto: None Anthem: Inno e Marcia Pontificale Capital Vatican City1 41°54′ N 12°27′ E Largest city Vatican City1 Official languages Latin2 Government Head of State Secretary of State Governor Elective monarchy Pope Benedict XVI Angelo Cardinal Sodano Edmund Cardinal Szoka Independence -Treaty signed Lateran Treaties 11 February 1929... Nafta or NAFTA may refer to: an acronym for the North American Free Trade Agreement an acronym for the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement the town/Tokyo of Nafta, Tunisia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

While an overall analysis of his term remains a controversial topic in Mexican politics, Carlos Salinas de Gortari's term made significant changes in the following areas:

• Renegotiated the external debt. Had he not accomplished the renegotiation, Mexico would have defaulted in 1989-1990.
• From 1975-1988, inflation had reached historic levels, up to a peak of 159.17% in 1987, a year before his term started. By the end of his term, inflation had been reduced to 7.05% in 1994, the lowest figure in 22 years.
• From 1975-1988, the peso had devaluated from 12.50 MXP per dollar, to 2650.00 MXP per dollar. During his term, the peso devaluated from 2650.00 MXP to 3600.00 MXP or 3.60 MXN, by 30 November 1994, the last day of his term; thus the peso devaluated far less than it had in the two previous terms
• He reformed the Electoral System, making it citizen-controlled, and independent of the Secretaría de Gobernación (Ministry of the Interior) and introduced the "Credencial para Votar" (Voting Credential) as the universal and free I.D. in Mexico (thus, automatically registering all citizens in the electoral system, allowing them to vote without bureaucratic hindrances and without pre-registering as in the U.S.). The 1994 elections were the first to have international observers, and were considered, at that time, the fairest elections in the century, though not free of controversy.
• He reformed the Clerical Laws which had forbidden Catholic priests from their citizen's right to vote, and established a new relationship between State and Church, which had been severely damaged after the Cristero War. The new laws also allowed the Catholic churches to own their own buildings (which had been nationalized).
• Negotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), with the United States and Canada.
• He continued a privatisation programme initiated by his predecessor, by which the government retained only a few of the hundreds of companies and small business that were nationalised, mainly during the 1970s. One of the most important privatisations was, undoubtedly, was Telmex, which remained a monopoly until mid-1990s, and who was sold to Carlos Slim. Arguably, Salinas might have privileged him, as many critics point out, in the same way he had privileged Salinas Pliego with the privatization of Imevisión (later TVAzteca) over the rest of the bidders, all those deals were related with corruption according with the majority of the Mexican population.

The peso is the currency of Mexico. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ... The Interior Minister is a member of a Cabinet in a Government. ... This article is about the country in North America. ... This article is about the sacrament. ... The struggle between church and state in Mexico broke out in armed conflict during the Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada) of 1926 to 1929. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Carlos Slim in Brazil. ...

Election year and economic collapse

Salinas' spending spree

Salinas de Gortari's popularity and credibility at the time was not high. The economic bubble gave Mexico a prosperity not seen in a generation. This period of rapid growth coupled with low inflation prompted some political thinkers and the media to state that Mexico was on the verge of becoming a "First World nation". In fact, it was the first of the "newly industrialized nations" to be admitted into the OECD in May, 1994. It was a known fact that the peso was overvalued, but the extent of the Mexican economy's vulnerability was either not well-known or downplayed by both the Salinas de Gortari administration and the media. This vulnerability was further aggravated by several unexpected events (such as the uprising of the EZLN in Chiapas) and macroeconomic mistakes made in the last year of his administration. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. ... Chiapas is a state in the southeast of Mexico. ...

Several economists and historians, amongst them Hufbauer and Schoot (2005), have analyzed some of the events and policy mistakes that precipitated the crisis of December 1994. In keeping with the PRI election-year tradition, Salinas launched a spending spree to finance popular projects (and thus obtain sympathy for his own party), which translated into a historically high deficit. This budget deficit was coupled with a current account deficit, fueled by excessive consumer spending as allowed by the overvalued peso. In order to finance this deficit, the Salinas administration issued tesobonos, an attractive type of debt instrument that insured payment in dollars instead of pesos. This may have been a response to three important events had shaken investor confidence in the stability of the country: the aforementioned Zapatista uprising, the assassination of PRI presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio, and the assassination of Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Salinas' former brother-in-law who was also the attorney general in charge of the investigation of Colosio's assassination. Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta (10 February 1950 – 23 March 1994) was a Mexican politician who was murdered during a stop on his presidential campaign. ...

These events, together with the increasing current account deficit fostered by government spending, caused alarm amongst Mexican and foreign tesobono investors, who sold them rapidly, thereby depleting the already low central bank reserves (which eventually hit a record low of 9 billion). The economic orthodox thing to do, in order to maintain the fixed exchange rate functioning (at 3.3 pesos per dollar, within a variation band), would have been to sharply increase interest rates by allowing the monetary base to shrink, as dollars were being withdrawn from the reserves (Hufbauer & Schott, 2005). Given the fact that it was an election year, whose outcome might have changed as a result of a pre-election-day economic downturn, Banco de Mexico decided to buy Mexican Treasury Securities in order to maintain the monetary base, and thus prevent the interest rates from rising. This, in turn, caused an even more dramatic decline in the dollar reserves. These decisions aggravated the already delicate situation, to a point in which the crisis became inevitable and devaluation was only one of many necessary adjustments. Nonetheless, nothing was done during the last 5 months of Salinas’s administration even after the elections were held in July of that year. Some critics presume this was done in order to maintain Salinas’s popularity that has seeking international support to become director general of the WTO. Zedillo took office on 1 December 1994. For other uses of the initials WTO, see WTO (disambiguation). ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ...

December mistake

See also 1994 economic crisis in Mexico.

A few days after a private meeting Zedillo suddenly announced his government would let the fixed rate band to increase 15 percent (up to 4 pesos per US dollar), by stopping the unorthodox measures employed by the previous administration to keep it at the previous fixed level (e.g., by selling dollars, assuming debt, and so on). This measure, however, was not enough, and the government was even unable to hold this line, and decided to let it float. While experts agree that devaluation was necessary, some critics of Zedillo's incumbent 22-day old administration, argue that although economically coherent, the way it was handled politically was a mistake. By having announced its plans for devaluation, they argue that many foreigners withdrew their investments, thus aggravating the effects. Whether the effects were aggravated further or not, the result was that the peso crashed under a floating regime from four pesos to the dollar (with the previous increase of 15%) to 7.2 to the dollar in the space of a week. The 1994 economic crisis in Mexico was triggered by the sudden devaluation of the peso in the early days of the presidency of Ernesto Zedillo. ... This article is about general United States currency. ...

Mexican businesses with debts to be paid in dollars, or that relied on supplies bought from the U.S., suffered an immediate hit, with mass industrial lay-offs and several suicides. Businesses whose executives attended the meeting at Zedillo's office were spared the nightmare — forewarned, they quickly bought dollars and renegotiated their contracts into pesos. To make matters worse, the devaluation announcement was made mid-week, on a Wednesday, and for the remainder of the week foreign investors fled the Mexican market without any government action to prevent or discourage it until following Monday when it was too late.

Salinas faced widespread criticism in Mexico. He was blamed by the majority of the population for the collapse of the economy, and the method of his privatization of several government-run businesses (which had benefited a few of his friends). Moreover, he was blamed for allowing corruption, cronyism and drug dealing friendships. With respect to the collapse of the economy he rapidly responded by blaming Zedillo's inept handling of the situation, coining the term "December Mistake" to refer to the crisis and Zedillo's mistakes. He then argued that he had talked to Zedillo of a possibility of "sharing the burden" of the devaluation by allowing the peso to devaluate a certain percent before his term was over, and the rest of the necessary devaluation would have been done during Zedillo's administration.

The December Mistake caused so much outrage that for a long time, Salinas did not dare return to Mexico (he was campaigning worldwide for WTO head at the time). The incident also served to make it clear that his influence (if any) on the Zedillo administration was over. WTO Logo The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international, multilateral organization, which sets the rules for the global trading system and resolves disputes between its member states, all of whom are signatories to its approximately 30 agreements. ...

Salinas was blamed for allegedly ignoring the economic problems of his administration, and, his prestige lost, he exiled himself to Dublin, Ireland, where he eventually married again. Although he is free to return to Mexico and does so from time to time, he always stirs controversy. His brother Raúl went to jail accused of masterminding a political assassination of Jose Francisco Ruiz Massieu, a member of their own party and of committing fraud while working for the government during Carlos's presidency. WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Raúl Salinas de Gortari (b. ... José Francisco Ruiz Massieu (1946 – 28 September 1994) was a Mexican political figure. ...

Salinas's book

Carlos Salinas (left), George H.W. Bush and Brian Mulroney during the NAFTA Initialing Ceremony

In the last years of Zedillo's term, Salinas came to Mexico to announce the publication of his highly controversial, thousand-page book, Mexico: The Policy and the Politics of Modernization. Written during his stay in Ireland and full of citations of press articles and political memoirs, it defended his achievements and blamed Zedillo for the crisis that followed the Salinas administration. Denying all accusations against him, including plotting Luis Donaldo Colosio's murder, his visit shocked the political scene of Mexico, with surprise interviews in major media. A few days later, however, illegal recordings of a conversation between jailed brother Raúl and one of his sisters were leaked to the media, and their conversation about who really owned the family fortune and Raúl's imprisonment quickly put an end to the affair. NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992 From left to right (standing) President Salinas, President Bush, Prime Minister Mulroney (Seated) Jaime Serra Puche, Carla Hills, Michael Wilson. ... NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992 From left to right (standing) President Salinas, President Bush, Prime Minister Mulroney (Seated) Jaime Serra Puche, Carla Hills, Michael Wilson. ... Order: 41st President Vice President: Dan Quayle Term of office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush, KBE (born June... Martin Brian Mulroney (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ... Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta (10 February 1950 – 23 March 1994) was a Mexican politician who was murdered during a stop on his presidential campaign. ...

The book – a thick volume with small print, every page filled with footnotes and margin notes – proved as controversial as Salinas himself. Its objective value is questioned since it is clearly a document written in self-defense, but it still remains a prime source of material for the scholar, clarifying how Salinas viewed himself (and, critics add, demonstrating his pride and selfishness). One group of bank debtors formed after the December Mistake (El Barzón) declared their outrage at what they saw as profiteering from their tragedy, and took the decision to transcribe the whole book, respecting even its layout, and to give it away electronically, and they did just that, in spite of legal threats from the publisher. Salinas probably did not mind – he had already announced that he would donate a copy to each public library in the country. El Barzón is a movement of middle class private business and farming interests in Mexico. ...

Later years

He divorced and married again. He seems to spend most of his time in Europe with regular travel to Mexico, but he is no longer the media sensation he was. The Mayor of Mexico City, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, of the left-wing PRD usually blames him for being the mastermind of what he perceives as confabulations against his government and presidential ambitions, not calling him by name but as the unmentionable. The Head of Government ( Spanish: Jefe de Gobierno) wields executive power in the Mexican Federal District (the federal district, or D.F., is the seat of national executive, legislative, and judicial power, and is largely contiguous with the core of the sprawling Mexico City conurbation). ... Andrés Manuel López Obrador Andrés Manuel López Obrador (born November 13, 1953) is a Mexican politician, affiliated with the left-of-center Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). ... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ...

On 6 December 2004, Salinas's youngest brother, Enrique, was found dead inside his car with a plastic bag strapped around his head. At first authorities were reluctant to talk of homicide, but later admitted it was, while denying any political implications. As days passed, authorities believed it was either an accidental killing in an extortion attempt by a close friend or associate, or a passion crime involving a member of his family. In either case, it probably was either improvised or carried out by inexperienced criminals. Enrique's body was abandoned in his car in a zone with surveillance cameras. The tapes show confusion and disorientation by the people who drove Enrique's car to the place and left in another vehicle. Enrique's cell phone was used after his death, and left in the car. Unknown fingerprints were left in the car, and human hairs were found in Enrique's fist. It was determined he was knocked unconscious and killed by suffocation, but not by the plastic bag found with his body. Apparently he knew his attackers and it is possible that he voluntarily met with them. December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Enrique Eduardo Guillermo Salinas de Gortari (15 November 1952 – 6 December 2004) was the youngest brother of former president of Mexico Carlos Salinas. ...

Many members of his family were called to testify, including jailed brother Raúl, but not Carlos. Some years ago Enrique was suspected of being financial cover for his elder brothers Raúl and Carlos and had an account in a Swiss bank frozen, but most of the time Enrique held a low profile, being uninvolved with politics and mostly an entrepreneur practically unknown to the public. After his death, it was revealed he was being investigated in France and by Interpol; that he had financial problems, and shortly before his death he wrote a letter where he explained in vague terms that he was subjected to terrible pressure by leaks (presumably a magazine article published) and friends, and was afraid for his and his family's well being. Interpol logo INTERPOL (or International Criminal Police Organization) was created in 1923 to assist international criminal police co-operation. ...

In January 2005, authorities were forced to confirm the media leak that there was the possibility Enrique was killed by agents of the AFI (Mexico's federal criminal police force). According to this hypothesis, he had financial problems with his ex-wife and was advised by his lawyer to hire some AFI agents the lawyer knew to fix the problem. Enrique contacted them but later reached an agreement with his ex-wife and tried to forget the matter, but the agents blackmailed and ultimately murdered him. Authorities also acknowledged they were suspicious of members of Enrique's family because they gave conflicting testimony regarding the hours before the murder and their relationship with Enrique was difficult. At roughly the same time, French authorities revealed they were prosecuting brother Raúl and other members of the family for money laundering. Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source and destination of the money in question. ...

References

• Salina's book, print edition: Carlos Salinas de Gortari, México, un paso difícil a la modernidad (Mexico, a difficult step into modern times) Plaza & Janés, ISBN 84-01-01492-1.
• (Spanish) Interview of Miguel de la Madrid where he declares "PRI lost presidential election in 88 or at least lost a signficant part of its voter base".
• (Spanish) Response of Manuel Bartlett Díaz to de la Madrid remarks.