Carolina Parakeet
Conservation status
Extinct  (1918?)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Genus: Conuropsis Salvadori, 1891 Species: C. carolinensis
Binomial name
Conuropsis carolinensis (Linneaus, 1758)
Synonyms
Psittacus carolinensis Linneaus, 1758 Conurus carolinensis Lesson, 1831 Image File history File links Size of this preview: 368 × 487 pixelsFull resolution (368 × 487 pixel, file size: 182 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Carolina parakeets (Conuropsis carolinensis) by John James Audubon (1833) +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_none_EX.svg‎ Graphic diagram for the IUCN Red List categories. ... The Dodo, shown here in illustration, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... It has been suggested that True parrots be merged into this article or section. ... Subfamily The true parrots are about 330 species of bird belonging to the Psittacidae, one of the two families in the biological order Psittaciformes. ... Tommaso Adlard Salvadori (September 30, 1835 - October 9, 1923) was an Italian zoologist. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... René Lesson. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Mounted specimen of Conuropsis carolinensis, Museum Wiesbaden, Germany

The Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis^[1]) was the only parrot species native to the eastern United States. It was found from the Ohio Valley to the Gulf of Mexico, and lived in old forests along rivers. It was the only species at the time classified in the genus Conuropsis. It was called puzzi la nee ("head of yellow") or pot pot chee by the Seminole and kelinky in Chikasha (Snyder & Russell, 2002). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x900, 572 KB) Summary Author: Fritz Geller-Grimm, Museum Wiesbaden - mounted specimen. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x900, 572 KB) Summary Author: Fritz Geller-Grimm, Museum Wiesbaden - mounted specimen. ... It has been suggested that True parrots be merged into this article or section. ... The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers converge to form the Ohio at Point State Park, making Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania a well known city along the Ohio River . Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... The Flag of the Seminoles of Florida, adopted in 1979 The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida, and now residing in that state and in Oklahoma. ... The Chickasaw language (Chikashshanompa, IPA ) is a Native American language of Muskogean family. ...

The last wild specimen was killed in Okeechobee County in Florida in 1904, and the last captive bird died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. This was the male specimen "Incas," who died within a year of his mate "Lady Jane." It was not until 1939, however, that it was determined that the Carolina parakeet had ceased to be. Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Cincinnati, Ohio viewed from the SW, across the Ohio River from Kentucky. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

At some date between 1937 and 1955, 3 parakeets resembling this species were sighted and filmed in the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia. However, the American Ornithologists Union concluded after analyzing the film, that they had probably filmed feral parakeets. Additional reports of the bird were made in Okeechobee County in Florida until the late 1920s, but these are not supported by specimens. 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Canal Diggers Trail in early spring. ... The American Ornithologists Union (AOU) is the oldest and largest organization in the New World devoted to the scientific study of birds. ...

Reasons for extinction

The Carolina Parakeet died out because of a number of different threats. To make space for more agricultural land, large areas of forest were cut down, taking away its living space. The colorful feathers (green body, yellow head, and red around the bill) were in demand as decorations in ladies' hats, and the birds were kept as pets. Even though the birds bred easily in captivity, little was done by owners to increase the population of tamed birds. Finally, they were killed in large numbers because farmers considered them a pest, although many farmers valued them for controlling invasive cockleburs. Species See text The Cockleburs are flowering plants of the genus Xanthium, part of the daisy family Asteraceae. ...

A factor that contributed to their extinction was the unfortunate flocking behavior that led them to return immediately to a location where some of the birds had just been killed. This led to even more being shot by hunters as they gathered about the wounded and dead members of the flock.

This combination of factors extirpated the species from most of its range until the early years of the 20th century. However, the last populations were not much hunted for food or feathers, nor did the farmers in rural Florida consider them a pest as the benefit of the birds' love of cockleburs clearly outweighed the minor damage they did to the small-scale garden plots. The final extinction of the species is somewhat of a mystery, but the most likely cause seems to be that the birds succumbed to poultry disease, as suggested by the rapid disappearance of the last, small, but apparently healthy and reproducing flocks of these highly social birds. If this is true, the very fact that the Carolina Parakeet was finally tolerated to roam in the vicinity of human settlements proved its undoing (Snyder & Russell, 2002). (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

The Louisiana subspecies of the Carolina Parakeet, C. c. ludovicianus^[2], was slightly different in color to the parent species, being more bluish-green and generally of a somewhat subdued coloration, and went extinct in much the same way, but at a somewhat earlier date (early 1910s). The Appalachians separated these birds from the eastern C. c. carolinensis // Caitlin wants nathans penis mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm. ... The Appalachian Mountains are a system of North American mountains running from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada to Alabama in the United States, although the northernmost mainland portion ends at the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec. ...

In museums

About 720 skins and 16 skeletons are housed in museums around the world (Luther, 1996). Of the 49 supposed egg specimens McKinley (1977) accepted 20 as certainly and 7 as probably correctly assigned to this species. 5 eggs controversially attributed to this species that were collected in Florida on April 30, 1927 (FSM 87234 - 3 eggs - and 89434 - 2 eggs). These are not accepted as valid by McKinley (1977) based on their small size and early date of collection, but molecular analysis could possibly determine whether these are in fact eggs of Carolina Parakeets. April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar). ...

A fossil parrot, Conuropsis fratercula^[3], was described based on a single humerus from the Miocene Sheep Creek Formation (possibly late Hemingfordian, c.16 mya, possibly later) of Snake Creek, Nebraska (Wetmore, 1926). However, it is not altogether certain that this species is correctly assigned to Conuropsis (Olson, 1985), but some authors^{[citation needed]} consider it a paleosubspecies of the Carolina Parakeet. This is almost certainly erroneous given the long distance in time, and probably based on a misunderstanding of the original description. Therein, C. fratercula is called a "new subspecies" but fratercula is consistently applied as a species-level name throughout the publication, and the fossil is correctly referenced thus in the discussion: The humerus is a long bone in the arm or fore-legs (animals) that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. ... The Miocene Epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23. ... In astronomy, geology, and paleontology, mya is an acronym for million years ago and is used as a unit of time to denote length of time before the present. ... A chronospecies is a species which changes physically, morphologically, genetically, and/or behaviorally over time on an evolutionary scale such that the originating species and the species it becomes could not be classified as the same species had they existed at the same point in time. ...

"The present species is of peculiar interest as it represents the first known parrotlike bird to be described as a fossil from North America." (Wetmore 1926; italics added)

Parakeets in the US

Although the extinction of the Carolina Parakeet represents the irrevocable loss of eastern North America's only truly indigenous parrot, from the 1960s onwards, an introduced species, Myiopsitta monacha, the Quaker Parakeet, Monk Parakeet, or Monk Parrot, began establishing flocks in several states, including New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Illinois, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas through accidental or intentional releases. Smaller feral colonies of several other species of parrots and parakeets have since established themselves in various locations of the USA, including downtown Pasadena. The African Lovebird has established itself in parts of the Phoenix metro area. The Mexican Thick-billed Parrot also used to range into Arizona before its population declined in the 20th century; attempts to reintroduce them have until now not met with any lasting success.Even some breeding conure colonies have been sighted in upper Altadena California giving hope to more colonies starting. Binomial name Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert, 1783) The Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), also known as the Quaker Parakeet, is a species of parrot that originated in the temperate areas of Argentina and Brazil in South America . ... Pasadena is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. ... Species Nine - see text A lovebird (genus Agapornis, Greek for lovebird) is a very social and affectionate parrot. ... Binomial name Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Swainson, 1827 The Thick-billed Parrot, Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha is a medium-sized, up to 38cm long, bright green parrot with a large black bill and a red forecrown, shoulder and thighs. ... Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area  Ranked 6th  - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ...

References

• BirdLife International (2004). Conuropsis carolinensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as extinct

• Luther, Dieter (1996): Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt (Die neue Brehm-Bücherei 424) (4th ed.). [in German] Westarp-Wissenschaften, Magdeburg; Spektrum, Heidelberg. ISBN 3-89432-213-6

• McKinley, Daniel (1977): Eggs of the Carolina Parakeet: a preliminary review. Bird-Banding 48(1): 25–37. PDF fulltext

• Olson, Storrs L. (1985): The fossil record of birds: Section VIII. K. Psittaciformes. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 120-121. Academic Press, New York.

• Snyder, N. F. R. & Russell, K. (2002): Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America 667. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. DOI:10.2173/bna.667

• Wetmore, Alexander (1926): Descriptions of additional fossil birds from the Miocene of Nebraska. American Museum Novitates 211: 1-5. PDF fulltext

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Conuropsis, from "Conurus", an obsolete name of the genus Aratinga (cf. conure and see also Synonyms above), and "-opsis", "of similar appearance to". carolinensis, "from Carolina".
2. ^ ludovicianus, "from Louisiana".
3. ^ fratercula, from Latin for "little brother". This was a smaller bird, three-quarters the size of the Carolina Parakeet.

Species Around 25, see text Aratinga is a genus of American parakeets. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

External links

• The Carolina Parrot from John James Audubon's Birds of America

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Conuropsis carolinensis