Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (later Queen Caroline; 17 May 1768 – 7 August 1821) was the queen consort of George IV of the United Kingdom from 29 January 1820 to her death. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years. ... The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ... Engraving from a portrait of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, in the National Portrait Gallery, attributed to Sir Thomas Lawrence Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales (January 7, 1796 – November 6, 1817) was the only child of the ill-fated marriage between George IV (at that time the Prince of Wales... A Royal House or Dynasty is a sort of family name used by royalty. ... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a German royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... The possessions of the Guelfs in the days of Henry the Lion The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century. ... Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (October 9, 1735 - November 10, German general, was born at Wolfenbüttel. ... Princess Augusta Charlotte of Wales (31 July 1737 - 23 March 1813), was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of King George II and sister of King George III. She later married into the Ducal House of Brunswick, of which she was already a member. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Urban district City subdivisions: 20 Boroughs Lord Mayor: Gert Hoffmann (CDU) Governing parties: CDU / FDP Basic Statistics Area: 192. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Urban district City subdivisions: 20 Boroughs Lord Mayor: Gert Hoffmann (CDU) Governing parties: CDU / FDP Basic Statistics Area: 192. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Early life

Caroline was born on 17 May 1768 at Brunswick (German:Braunschweig) in Germany, daughter of Karl William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Augusta Charlotte of Wales, eldest sister of George III. is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Map of Germany showing Braunschweig Braunschweig [ˈbraunʃvaik] (English & French: Brunswick) is a city of 245,500 people (as of December 31, 2004), located in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, (Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Herzog zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Fürst von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern) (October 9, 1735 - 1806) was a German military general born in Wolfenbüttel, Germany. ... Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... Princess Augusta Charlotte of Wales (31 July 1737 - 23 March 1813), was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of King George II and sister of King George III. She later married into the Ducal House of Brunswick, of which she was already a member. ... George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ...

Troubled marriage

She married the British king's eldest son, her first cousin, on 8 April 1795 at St. James's Palace in London. Her new husband, the future George IV then Prince of Wales, regarded Caroline as unattractive and unhygienic; he also suspected that she was not a virgin when they married. Prince George had already secretly married Maria Fitzherbert, however this marriage violated the Royal Marriage Act of 1772 and thus was not valid.^[1] A cousin chart identifies the correct name for the relationship between two people with a common ancestor. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... St Jamess Palace and The Mall by Jan Kip, 1715. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ... Maria Anne Fitzherbert, wife of King George IV Plaque at Maria Fitzherberts burial place in Brighton Maria Anne Fitzherbert (1756-1837), née Smythe, married George IV (then the Prince of Wales) in December 1785. ... The Royal Marriages Act of 1772 made it illegal for any member of the British royal family (defined as all descendants of King George II, excluding descendants of princesses who marry foreigners) under the age of 25 to marry without the consent of the ruling monarch. ...

For her part, she found him equally unattractive, and the prince's correspondence reveals that the couple only had sexual intercourse three times during their marriage, twice during the first night, and once the second night.^[1] Princess Charlotte Augusta, George's only legitimate child, was born from one of these unions on 7 January 1796. The Prince and Princess of Wales never lived together afterwards, and appeared separately in public, both becoming involved in affairs with other lovers. Engraving from a portrait of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, in the National Portrait Gallery, attributed to Sir Thomas Lawrence Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales (January 7, 1796 – November 6, 1817) was the only child of the ill-fated marriage between George IV (at that time the Prince of Wales... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

It was alleged that her marriage was made uncomfortable by George IV's affair with royal courtesan Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey. However, it is more likely that Caroline had little interest in her husband, and thus little interest in who he might be involved with romantically. A courtesan in mid-16th century usage was a high-class prostitute or mistress, especially one associated with rich, powerful, or upper-class men who provided luxuries and status in exchange for her services. ... Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey (February 25, 1753 – July 23, 1821, Cheltenham) was the most notorious of the many mistresses of King George IV of the United Kingdom. ...

Queen consort

Caroline was prevented from seeing her daughter on a day-to-day basis, and was eventually banished in 1799 to a private residence ('The Pagoda') in Blackheath, where she allegedly had affairs with the politician George Canning and the admiral Sir Sidney Smith. 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Blackheath is a suburb of London, divided between the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Greenwich. ... George Canning (11 April 1770-8 August 1827) was a British statesman and politician who served as Foreign Secretary and, briefly, Prime Minister. ... Sir William Sidney Smith KCB (21 June 1764 – 26 May 1840) was the British admiral of whom Napoleon Bonaparte said, That man made me miss my destiny. // Early life and career Sidney Smith, as he always called himself, was born into a military and naval family with connections to the...

In 1806, it was rumoured that a child living with her was her son, in which case he would have a right of succession, if his father were the Prince of Wales. A secret investigation was set up, the "Delicate Investigation", but did not prove the allegation, although it showed that her conduct was improper. In 1814, the Princess left the country and went to live abroad, running up large debts throughout Europe and taking other lovers. During this period, the couple's daughter, who had married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, died after giving birth to her only child, a stillborn son. She was notified of the tragedy by a private letter of her grieving son-in-law.^[1] 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Leopold I of the Belgians (Leopold George Christian Frederick of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (b. ...

Her estranged husband's accession to the Throne in 1820 brought Caroline back to Britain. She had declined monetary offers to stay away. When she arrived in England on 6 June, riots broke out in support of her. The King asked his ministers to get rid of her. The Pains and Penalties Bill 1820 was introduced in Parliament in order to strip Caroline of the title of queen consort and dissolve her marriage. It was claimed that Caroline had been involved with a low-born man, Bartolomeo Pergami, on the continent. The bill passed the House of Lords, but was not submitted to the House of Commons as there was little prospect that the Commons would pass it. Caroline indicated that she had indeed committed adultery with one man - the husband of Mrs. Fitzherbert (referring to the King).^[1] Caroline was turned away from the coronation on 21 July 1821 at the doors of Westminster Abbey. Despite the King's best attempts, Caroline retained a very strong popularity amongst the masses, and therefore wielded considerable power in spite of his disliking her. 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Pains and Penalties Bill 1820 was a bill introduced to the British Parliament in 1820, at the request of King George IV, who had ascended the throne on 29 January 1820, following the death of his father, King George III. The aim of the bill was deprive the King... The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as the Lords. The Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as the Commons), and the Lords together comprise the Parliament. ... Type Lower House Speaker of the House of Commons Leader of the House of Commons Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Harriet Harman, QC, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader of the House of Commons Theresa May, PC, (Conservative) since December 6, 2005 Members 646 Political groups... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

A style of office, or honorific, is a form of address which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a title or post, or to the political office itself. ... Majesty is an English word rooting in the Latin Maiestas, expressing exalted status. ...

Untimely death

On the night of the coronation, Caroline fell ill, vomiting, with an erratic pulse. She died three weeks later. Even up till her last moments, she was being reported on by a man named Stephen Lushington, who conveyed his insights to the King’s loyal supporter, the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool. Exactly why this deathbed surveillance was carried out remains unclear, and the surviving documentation is patchy in the extreme. The exact cause of her death has never been ascertained, but Caroline was certain that she had been poisoned. Her physicians thought it to be an intestinal obstruction.^[1] Caroline, knowing she would die, forbade an autopsy. Her death at age 53 took place on 7 August 1821. She legally remained queen consort of the United Kingdom, but she was buried in her native Brunswick. Her tomb is inscripted "Here lies Caroline, the Injured Queen of England".^[1] Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (June 7, 1770 - December 4, 1828) was a British statesman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1827. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

References in popular culture

• She is mentioned in the third series of the BBC comedy Blackadder, which focused on the time of her future husband's life while he was Prince Regent, before he met her. Blackadder, the Prince's butler, is searching for a possible wife for the prince, and mentions Caroline of Brunswick as the only one suitable to marry him, but then dismisses her because she "has the worst personality in Germany".
• Popular legend states that upon the death of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Duke of Wellington came to tell the King the news and announced "Sire, your greatest enemy has died." The startled King is said to have responded "Thank God I am rid of her!"

Blackadder is the generic name that encompasses four series of an acclaimed BBC One historical sitcom, along with several one-off installments. ... Prince Regent (or Prince Regnant, as a direct borrowing from French language) is a prince who rules a country instead of a sovereign, e. ... Edmund Blackadder esq. ...

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles

• 17 May 1768–8 April 1795: Her Serene Highness Duchess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
• 8 April 1795–29 January 1820: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
• 29 January 1820–7 August 1821: Her Majesty Queen Caroline

is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Style

At her death, Caroline's official title was Her Majesty Caroline, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess-Electress of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick and Lunenburg

Issue

Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales (January 7, 1796 - November 6, 1817) was the only child of the ill-fated marriage between George IV (at that time the Prince of Wales) and Caroline of Brunswick. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Leopold I of the Belgians (Leopold George Christian Frederick of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) (b. ...

Trivia

• She was the last queen consort not to survive her royal husband.

• Remembered in a children's rhyme beginning:
  • Queen, Queen Caroline / washed her face in turpentine

• An anecdote claims that when her husband, the King, was informed of Napoleon's death by the announcement "Sire, your greatest enemy is dead!", he replied, "Thank God I am rid of her!"

• Queen Street, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada was named after her. ^[2]

For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The Hamilton Tigers circa 1906, Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association Grounds. ... Motto: Together Aspire - Together Achieve Location in the province of Ontario, Canada Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Ontario Incorporated June 9, 1846[1] Government  - Mayor Fred Eisenberger  - City Council Hamilton City Council  - Representatives 5 MPs and 5 MPPs Area [2]  - City 1,138. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Shingleton (November-December 2006). "The Tumultous Marriage of The Prince and The Princess of Wales". ACOG Clinical Review 11: 13-16. 
2. ^ Manson, Bill (2003). Footsteps In Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods. North Shore Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-896899-22-6. 

Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 2003 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Pictures of Caroline of Brunswick from London’s National Portrait Gallery