Lorsch Gospels 778-820. Charlemagne's Court School.

Carolingian art is the roughly 120 year period from about 780 to 900 AD—during Charlemagne's and his immediate heirs reign—popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance. Northern Europen kings patroned classical Mediterannean Roman art forms for the first time, blending classical forms with Germanic ones, creating entirely new innovations in figurine line drawing and setting the stage for the rise of Romanesque art and eventually Gothic art in the West. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (728x1024, 127 KB) Codex Aureus of Lorsch File links The following pages link to this file: Codex Aureus of Lorsch Carolingian art Categories: Public domain art | Illuminated manuscript images ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (728x1024, 127 KB) Codex Aureus of Lorsch File links The following pages link to this file: Codex Aureus of Lorsch Carolingian art Categories: Public domain art | Illuminated manuscript images ... Folio 72 verso of the Codex Aureus of Lorsch contain an illumination of Christ in Majesty. ... A Frankish king, like Charlemagne, (center) depicted in the Sacramentary of Charles the Bald (about 870) Charlemagne (c. ... The Carolingian Renaissance refers to the often-rejected but just as frequently resuscitated idea that a flowering of literature, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical and scriptural studies occurred during and shortly after the reign of Charlemagne, that this flowering was consciously nurtured by the court, and that this flowering was... Generally, patronage is the act of supporting or favoring some person, group, or institution. ... Gothic style painting by Duccio Gothic art refers to the art of the Gothic cultural movement in northern Europe. ...

Carolingian art is the first period in the Medieval art movement Pre-Romanesque art. Medieval Art is the art, including architecture, produced in Europe during the Middle Ages, i. ... Pre-Romanesque art is the roughly 400 year period in Western European art from about the Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th century, to the beginning of the 12th century Romanesque period. ...

History

A "historiated" decorated initial of the Acsension of Christ from the Drogo Sacramentary.

Carolingian's found a taste for Mediterranean art when Charlemagne set out to rival the splendour of the Lateran in Rome where he had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800. As symbolic representitive of Rome (and by title), he sought to renovatio (revive) Roman culture and learning in the West, and thus became a patron of the arts. He wished to establish himself as the heir to the great rulers of the past, to emulate and symbolically link the artistic achievements of Early Christian and Byzantine culture with his own. Image of decoration from the Drogo Sacramentary. ... Image of decoration from the Drogo Sacramentary. ... Categories: Art stubs | Illuminated manuscripts ... A Frankish king, like Charlemagne, (center) depicted in the Sacramentary of Charles the Bald (about 870) Charlemagne (c. ... Categories: Italy geography stubs | Buildings and structures stubs | Rome | Vatican City ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... For other uses, see number 800. ... Early Christian art and architecture is the art produced by Christians or under Christian patronage from about the year 200 to about the year 500. ... The most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the Church of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sofia) in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) - the image of Christ on the walls of the upper southern gallery. ...

But it was more than a conscious desire to revive ancient Roman culture. It was during Charlemagne's reign that the Iconoclasm controversy was occuring in the East. Charlemagne decided to take a middle road, not allowing the complete destruction of human images, but not going so far as to allow their worship either. Thus the decision not to adopt iconoclast principles, and to allow the use of human figures in moderation, had immense consequences, for it was out of Carolingian art that western Romanesque and Gothic art developed—had Charlemagne sided with the Iconoclasts, the history of Western art would have been very different. Literally, iconoclasm is the destruction of religious icons and other sacred images or monuments, usually for religious or political motives. ... An iconoclast originally referred to a person who destroyed icons, that is, sacred paintings or sculpture. ...

Illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, small-scale sculpture, mosaics and frescos survive from the period.

With the end of Carolingian rule around 900 artistic production halted for about three generations. By the later 10th century with the Cluny reform movement, and a revived spirit for the idea of Empire, art production began again. New Pre-Romanesque styles appeared in Germany with the Ottonian Dynasty, England with the Anglo-Saxons, France, Italy and Spain. Cluny nowadays The town of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day département of Saône-et-Loire in the région of France, near Mâcon. ...

Illuminated manuscripts

The most numerous surviving works of the Carolingian renaissance are illuminated manuscripts. Under Charlemagne's direction, new Gospels and litergurical works were prepared, as were teaching materials such as historical, literary and scientific works from ancient authors. Carolingian art had different monastic centers throughout the Carolingian Empire, known as ateliers, and each atelier had its own style that developed based on the artists and influences of that particular location and time. The earliest was the Court School of Charlemagne; then a Rheimsian style, which became the most influential of the Carolingian period; a Touronian style; a Drogo style; and finally a Court School of Charles the Bald. These are the major centers, but others exist, characterized by the works of art produced there. An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript, often of a religious nature, in which the text is supplemented by the addition of colourful ornamentation, such as decorated initials, borders and the like. ...

Saint Mark from the Ebo Gospels. Figurine line drawing with colour.

The Court School of Charlemagne (also known as the Ada School) produced the earliest manuscripts, including the Godescalc Evangelistary (781-783); the Lorsch Gospels (778-820); the Ada Gospels (picture:St.Matthew); the Soissons Gospels; and the Coronation Gospels (picture:St.Matthew). The Court School manuscripts were ornate, courtly ostentatious, and reminiscent of 6th century ivories and mosaics from Ravenna, Italy. They were the earliest Carolingian manuscripts and initiated a revival of Roman classicism, yet still maintained Migration Period art (Merovingian and Hiberno-Saxon) traditions in their basically linear presentation, with no concern for volume and spatial relationships. Image File history File links Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Source: http://www. ... Mark the Evangelist (1st century) is traditionally believed to be the author of the Gospel of Mark, drawing much of his material from Peter. ... The Godescalc Evangelistary or Godescalc Gospel Lectionary is an illuminated gospel manuscript crafted by the Frankish scribe Godescalc circa 781 - 783 C.E. Commissioned by the Carolingian king Charlemagne and his wife Hildegard and produced in his court scriptorium at Aachen, the manuscript was intended to commemorate Charlemagnes march... Folio 72 verso of the Codex Aureus of Lorsch contain an illumination of Christ in Majesty. ... Categories: Illuminated manuscripts | Art stubs ... For other places named Ravenna, see Ravenna (disambiguation). ... Gravegoods from various North French and Rhineland sites, up to the 6th c. ...

In the early 9th century Archbishop Ebo of Rheims, at Hautvillers (near Rheims), assembled artists and transformed Carolingian art to something entirely new. The Gospel book of Ebbo (816-835) was painted with swift, fresh and vibrant brush strokes, evoking an inspiration and energy unknown in classical Mediterranean forms (see image this page and picture:St.Matthew). Other books associated with the Rheims school include the Utrecht Psalter (picture:gallery), which was perhaps the most important of all Carolingian manuscripts, and the Bern Physiologus, the earliest Latin edition of the Christian allegorical text on animals. The expressive animations of the Rheims school, in particular the Utrecht Psalter with its naturalistic expressive figurine line drawings, would have influence on northern medieval art for centuries to follow, into the Romanesque period. Reims (English traditionally Rheims) is a city of north-eastern France, 98 miles east-northeast of Paris. ... The Physiologus was a predecessor of bestiaries (books of beasts). ... Christs baptism in the bottom panel. ...

Another style developed at the monastery of St Martin of Tours, in which large Bibles were illustrated based on Late Antiquity Bible illustrations. Three large Touronian Bibles were created, the last, and best, example was made about 845/846 for Charles the Bald, called the Vivian Bible. The Tours School was cut short by the invasion of the Normans in 853, but its style had already left a permanent mark on other centers in the Carolingian Empire. Charles the Bald - Detail from a painting in the First Bible of Charles the Bald, painted ca. ... Categories: Religion stubs | Art stubs | Illuminated manuscripts ... The Normans (adapted from the name Northmen or Norsemen) were a mixture of the indigenous Gauls of France and of the Viking invaders under the leadership of Rollo (Gange Rolf). ...

From the Utrecht Psalter, 9th C. Naturalistic and energetic figurine line drawings were entirely new, and were to become the most influential innovation of Carolinian art in later periods.

The diocese of Metz was another center of Carolingian art. Between 850 and 855 a sacramentary was made for Archbishop Drogo called the Drogo Sacramentary. The illuminated "historiated" decorated initials (see image this page) were to have influence into the Romanesque period and were a harmonious union of classical lettering with figural scenes. Image File history File links Source: http://members. ... Image File history File links Source: http://members. ... Location within France Rhine watershed Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine région and of the département of Moselle (57). ... Sacramentary was a musical service book, containing the prayers that were recited by the celebrant during the mass. ... Categories: Art stubs | Illuminated manuscripts ...

In the second half of the 9th century the traditions of the first half continued. A number of richly decorated Bibles were made for Charles the Bald, fusing Late Antiquity forms with the styles developed at Rheims and Tours. It was during this time a Franco-Saxon style appeared in the north of France, integrating Hiberno-Saxon interlace, and would outlast all other Carolingian styles into the next century.

Charles the Bald, like his grandfather, also established a Court School. It's location is uncertain but several manuscripts are attributed to it, with the Codex Aureus (870) (picture:Charles the Bald Enthroned) being the last and most spectacular. It contained Touronian and Rheimsian elements, but fused with the style that characterized Charlemagne's Court School more formal manuscripts.

With the death of Charles the Bald patronage for manuscripts declined, signaling the beginning of the end, but some work did continue for a while. The Abbey of St. Gall created the Folchard Psalter (872) and the Golden Psalter (883). This Gallish style was unique, but lacked the level of technical mastery seen in other regions. The Abbey of St. ...

Sculpture and metalwork

Lorsch Gospels. Ivory book cover. Late Antiquity Imperial scenes adapted to a Christian theme.

Carolingian sculptors created book covers in carved ivory, with themes largely derived from Late Antiquity paintings. For example the front and back covers of the Lorsch Gospels are of a 6th century Imperial triumph, adapted to the triumph of Christ and the Virgin. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (746x1024, 186 KB) Codex Aureus of Lorsch File links The following pages link to this file: Codex Aureus of Lorsch Carolingian art ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (746x1024, 186 KB) Codex Aureus of Lorsch File links The following pages link to this file: Codex Aureus of Lorsch Carolingian art ... Folio 72 verso of the Codex Aureus of Lorsch contain an illumination of Christ in Majesty. ... Late Antiquity is a rough periodization (c. ...

Charlemagne revived large-scale bronze casting when he created a foundry at Aachen which cast the doors for his palace chapel, in imitation of Roman design. Map of Germany showing Aachen Aachen (French Aix-la-Chapelle); (Dutch Aken) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km to the west of Cologne, and the westernmost city in Germany, at 50°46′ N 6°6′ E. Population: 256...

The finest example of Carolingian goldsmith work was the Golden Altar (824-859) (picture:altar), also known as the Paliotto, located in San Ambrogio Church in Milan. The altars four sides are decorated with images in gold and silver repoussé, framed by borders of filigree, precious stones and enamel. Location within Italy Piazza della Scala Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed of Italian regions. ... Filigree (formerly written filigrann or filigrane) is a jewel work of a delicate kind made with twisted threads usually of gold and silver. ...

Painting

We know from written sources of frescos in churches and palaces, although most have not survived. Charlemagne's Aachen palace contained a wall painting of the Liberal Arts, as well as narrative scenes from his war in Spain. The palace of Louis the Pious at Ingelheim contained historical images from antiquity to the time of Charlemagne, and the palace church contained typological scenes of the Old and New Testaments juxtaposition ed next to one another. A XIV Century fresco featuring Saint Sebastian Note: Fresco is the NATO reporting name of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. ... In the history of education, the seven liberal arts comprise two groups of studies, the trivium and the quadrivium. ... Louis the Pious (also known as Louis I, Louis the Fair and Louis the Debonaire, German form: Ludwig der Fromme, French form: Louis le Pieux or Louis le Débonnaire, Spanish form: Ludovico Pío) (April 16, 778 - June 20, 840) was Emperor and King of the Franks from 814... Ingelheim am Rhein is the administrative centre of the Mainz-Bingen local government district, situated on the left bank of the Rhine within the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The town has approx. ... The word typology literally means the study of types. ...

Fragmentary paintings have survived at Auxerre, Coblenz, Lorsch, Cologne, Fulda, Corvey, Trier, Mustair, Malles, Naturno, Cividale, Brescia and Milan. Auxerre is a commune in the Burgundy (French Bourgogne) région of France, between Paris and Dijon. ... This article is about the German city Koblenz. ... Cologne - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the Fulda River and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district. ... The Imperial Abbey of Corvey (German: Fürstabtei Corvey) was a Benedictine abbey on the River Weser, 2km northwest of Höxter, now in North Rhine-Westphalia. ... Trier: The Porta Nigra, viewed from outside Location of Trier Trier (French: Trèves), is Germanys oldest city. ... Cividale del Friuli (Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Northern Italy, close to Urine. ... For the Italian administrative area, see Province of Brescia Brescia is a city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy with a population of around 200,000. ... Location within Italy Piazza della Scala Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed of Italian regions. ...

Mosaics

Mosaics installed in Charlemagne's palatine chapel dome were reminiscent of Early Christian churches in Rome. The mosaic no longer survives, but remnants of one remains in the apse of the oratory at Germigny-des-Pres (806) which shows the Ark of the Covenant adored by angels (picture: Germigny-des-Pres mosaic), discovered in 1820 under a coat of plaster. Mosaic is a medium of art that may embody the most meaningful iconography in a cultures most important settings, as in the cathedral of Monreale (below), or it may be a technique of decorative art, an aspect of interior decoration. ... Aachen Cathedral Dom 2004 The Aachen Cathedral, frequently referred to as the Imperial Cathedral (in German: Kaiserdom) of Aachen, is the oldest cathedral in northern Europe. ... APSE standing for Ada Programming Support Environment is a program or set of programs to support software development in the Ada programming language. ... Oratory is the art of eloquent speech. ... A late 19th-century artists conception of the Ark of the Covenant, employing a Renaissance cassone for the Ark and cherubim as latter-day Christian angels The Ark of the Covenant (in Hebrew: aron habrit) is described in the Hebrew Bible as a sacred container built at the command...

Spolia

Marcus Aurelius, the Pseudo-Constantine.

Spolia is the Latin term for "spoils" and is used to refer to the taking or appropriation of ancient monumental or other art works for new uses or locations. We know that many marbles and columns were brought from Rome northward during this period. Download high resolution version (960x1280, 259 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (960x1280, 259 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Perhaps the most famous example of Carolingian spolia is the tale of the equestrian statue. In Rome, Charlemagne had seen the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in the Lateran Palace. It was the only surviving statue of a pre-Christian Roman Emperor because it was mistakingly thought, at the time, to be that of Constantine and thus held great accord—Charlemagne thus brought an equestrian statue from Ravenna, then believed to be that of Theodoric the Great, to Aachen, to match the statue of "Constantine" in Rome. Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... From the beginning of the 4th Century, when it was given to the Pope by Constantine, the Palace of the Lateran on Piazza San Giovanni in south-east Rome was the principal residence of the Popes, and continued so for about a thousand years. ... See the appropriate page for Roman emperor Constantine I (the Great) Constantine I of Scotland Constantine I of Greece This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other places named Ravenna, see Ravenna (disambiguation). ... Theodoric the Great (454 - August 30, 526) was king of the East Goths, the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526). ...

See also

• Pre-Romanesque art
• Medieval art

Pre-Romanesque art is the roughly 400 year period in Western European art from about the Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th century, to the beginning of the 12th century Romanesque period. ... Medieval Art is the art, including architecture, produced in Europe during the Middle Ages, i. ...

References

• Joachim E. Gaehde (1989). "Pre-Romanesque Art". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ISBN 0684182769