Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making representations of the Earth on a flat surface. Cartography combines science, aesthetics, and technical ability to create a balanced and readable representation that is capable of communicating information effectively and quickly. Aesthetics is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. ...

One problem in creating maps is the simple reality that the surface of the Earth, a curved surface in three-dimensional space, must be represented in two dimensions as a flat surface. This necessarily entails some degree of distortion, which can be dealt with by utilizing projections that minimize distortion in certain areas. Furthermore, the Earth is not a regular sphere, but its shape is instead known as a geoid, which is a highly irregular but exactly knowable and calculable shape. The Mercator projection shows courses of constant bearing as straight lines. ... For other uses, see Sphere (disambiguation). ... The GOCE project will measure high-accuracy gravity gradients and provide an accurate geoid model based on the Earths gravity field. ...

Maps of all scales have traditionally been drawn and made by hand, but the recent advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography. Most commercial-quality maps are now made with software that falls into one of three main types: CAD, GIS, and specialized illustration software. A variable scale for measuring maps The scale of a map is the ratio of a single unit of distance on the map to the equivalent distance on the ground. ... This article is about the machine. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... CADD and CAD redirect here. ... A geographic information system (GIS) is a system for managing data that has a spatial specialized form of an information system. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ...

Functioning as tools, maps communicate spatial information by making it visible. Spatial information is acquired from measurement of space and can be stored in a database, from which it can be extracted for a variety of purposes. Current trends in this field are moving away from analog methods of mapmaking and toward the creation of increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally. The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement. ... This article is principally about managing and structuring the collections of data held on computers. ...

Cartographic representation involves the use of symbols and lines to illustrate geographic phenomena. This can aid in visualizing space in an abstract and portable format. The cartographic process rests on the premise that the world is measurable and that we can make reliable representations or models of that reality. For other uses, see World (disambiguation). ...

History

Main article: History of cartography

Copy (1475) of St. Isidore's TO map of the world

The earliest known map to date is a wall painting of the ancient Turkish city of Çatal Hüyük which has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE.^[1] Other known maps of the ancient world include the Minoan “House of the Admiral” wall painting from c. 1600 BCE showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and an engraved map of the holy Babylonian city of Nippur, from the Kassite period (14th – 12th centuries BCE).^[2] The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps beginning with Anaximander in the 6th century BC. In ancient China, geographical literature spans back to the 5th century BC. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the State of Qin, dated back to the 4th century BC during the Warring States era. Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) has been an integral part of the human story for a long time (maybe 8,000 years - nobody knows exactly, but longer than written words). ... Download high resolution version (331x709, 15 KB)map of togo (CIA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (331x709, 15 KB)map of togo (CIA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Excavations at the South Area of atal H k atalh k (also atal H k and atal H k, or any of the three without accent marks -- atal is Turkish for fork and H k is Turkish for mound) was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia... (9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – other millennia) Events The south area of Çatalhöyük. ... Minoan may refer to the following: The Minoan civilization The (undeciphered) Eteocretan language The (undeciphered) Minoan language The script known as Linear A An old name for the Mycenean language before it was deciphered and discovered to be a form of Greek. ... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... The city of Nippur (Sumerian Nibru, Akkadian Nibbur) (now it is in Afak town,Al Qadisyah Governorate) was one of the most ancient (some historians date it back to 5262 B.C. [1][2]) of all the Babylonian cities of which we have any knowledge, the special seat of the... (Redirected from 14th century BCE) (15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC - other centuries) (1400s BC - 1390s BC - 1380s BC - 1370s BC - 1360s BC - 1350s BC - 1340s BC - 1330s BC - 1320s BC - 1310s BC - 1300s BC - other decades) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events... (Redirected from 12th century BCE) (13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC - other centuries) (1200s BC - 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC - 1160s BC - 1150s BC - 1140s BC - 1130s BC - 1120s BC - 1110s BC - 1100s BC - other decades) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events... Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek_speaking world in ancient times. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Pre-Socratic philosopher. ... China is the worlds oldest continuous major civilization, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. ... Qin or Chin (Wade-Giles) (秦), pronounced something like Shin, (778 BC-207 BC) was a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China. ... Alternative meaning: Warring States Period (Japan) The Warring States Period (traditional Chinese: 戰國時代, simplified Chinese: 战国时代 pinyin Zhànguó Shídài) takes place from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern...

Early forms of cartography in India included legendary paintings; maps of locations described in Indian epic poetry, for example the Ramayana.^[3] Indian cartographic traditions also covered the locations of the Pole star, and other constellations of use.^[4] These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the Common Era for purposes of navigation.^[4] For other meanings of epic, see Epic. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... For other uses of the words Pole star and Polestar see Polestar (disambiguation). ... BCE redirects here. ...

Mappa mundi is the general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the world. Approximately 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents (Woodward, p. 286). The Hereford Mappa Mundi, about 1300, Hereford Cathedral, England. ...

In the Age of Exploration from the 15th century to the 17th century, cartographers both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and drew their own based on explorers' observations and new surveying techniques. The invention of the magnetic compass, telescope and sextant enabled increasing accuracy. The so-called Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships were traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. ... Surveyor at work with a leveling instrument. ... This article is about the navigational tool. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A sextant is a measuring instrument generally used to measure the angle of elevation of a celestial object above the horizon. ...

Due to the sheer physical difficulties inherent in cartography, map-makers frequently lifted material from earlier works without giving credit to the original cartographer. For example, one of the most famous early maps of North America is unofficially known as the Beaver Map, published in 1715 by Herman Moll. This map is an exact reproduction of a 1698 work by Nicolas de Fer. De Fer in turn had copied images that were first printed in books by Louis Hennepin, published in 1697, and François Du Creux, in 1664. By the 1700s, map-makers started to give credit to the original engraver by printing the phrase "After [the original cartographer]" on the work.^[5] A new map of the whole world with the trade winds (1736) Herman Moll (1654? – 1732) was an engraver, cartographer and publisher. ... A painting of Father Louis Hennepin discovering Saint Anthony Falls. ...

Technological changes

A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer Fernão Vaz Dourado (c. 1520-c.1580). It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were plane (Portuguse National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon)

In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were manually constructed with brushes and parchment and therefore varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as the compass and much later magnetic storage devices, allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to store and manipulate them digitally. This article is about the navigational instrument. ... Magnetic storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on a magnetised medium. ...

Advances in mechanical devices such as the printing press, quadrant and vernier allowed for the mass production of maps and the ability to make accurate reproductions from more accurate data. Optical technology, such as the telescope, sextant and other devices that use telescopes, allowed for accurate surveying of land and the ability of mapmakers and navigators to find their latitude by measuring angles to the North Star at night or the sun at noon. The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... Look up Quadrant on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Quadrant can mean: HMS Quadrant (G11), a WW-II British/Australian warship. ... “Vernier” redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A sextant is a measuring instrument generally used to measure the angle of elevation of a celestial object above the horizon. ... This article is about the geographical term. ... For other uses, see North Star (disambiguation) and Northern Star (disambiguation). ... Sol redirects here. ...

Advances in photochemical technology, such as the lithographic and photochemical processes, have allowed for the creation of maps that have fine details, do not distort in shape and resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving which further shortened the time it takes to make and reproduce maps. Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface. ... -1...

In the late 20th century and early 21st century advances in electronic technology led to a new revolution in cartography. Specifically, computer hardware devices such as computer screens, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters along with visualization, image processing, spatial analysis and database software, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose spatially located variables onto existing maps created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these potentials. See also digital raster graphic. Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including its digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. ... Categories: Stub | Cartography ...

Map types

General vs thematic cartography

In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two general categories: general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit many reference and location systems and often are produced in a series. For example the 1:24,000 scale topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) are a standard as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government of the UK produces the classic 1:63,360 (1 inch to 1 mile) "Ordnance Survey" maps of the entire UK and with a range of correlated larger- and smaller-scale maps of great detail. InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ...

Thematic cartography involves maps of specific geographic themes oriented toward specific audiences. A couple of examples might be a dot map showing corn production in Indiana or a shaded area map of Ohio counties divided into numerical choropleth classes. As the volume of geographic data has exploded over the last century, thematic cartography has become increasingly useful and necessary to interpret spatial, cultural and social data. A thematic map (also called a statistical or special purpose map) displays the spatial pattern of a theme or series of attributes. ... A thematic map (also called a statistical or special purpose map) displays the spatial pattern of a theme or series of attributes. ... The US Presidential Election of 2004, visualised using a choropleth map A choropleth map (Greek χωρα + πληθαίν:, (area/region + multiply) is a map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income. ...

Small section of an orienteering map

An orienteering map combines both general and thematic cartography, designed for a very specific user community. The most prominent thematic element is shading that indicates degrees of difficulty of travel due to vegetation. The vegetation itself is not identified, merely classified by the difficulty ("fight") that it presents. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The international orienteering symbol. ...

Topographic vs topological

Sample detail of the 1:50,000 National Map of Switzerland.

A topographic map is primarily concerned with the topographic description of a place, including (especially in the 20th century) the use of contour lines showing elevation. Terrain or relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see Cartographic relief depiction). Sample detail of the 1:50,000 National Map of Switzerland, showing the Blüemlisalp glacier. ... // Topographic maps are a variety of maps characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines in modern mapping, but historically using a variety of methods. ... For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ... Contour and Contour map redirect here. ... Terrain or relief is an essential aspect of physical geography, and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in cartography, and more recently GIS and 3D Visualization. ...

A topological map is a very general type of map, the kind you might sketch on a napkin. It often disregards scale and detail in the interest of clarity of communicating specific route or relational information. Topological tube map of the London Underground In cartography and geology, a topological map refers to a map that has been simplified so that only vital information remains and unnecessary detail has been removed. ...

Map design

See also: Map projection

Arthur H. Robinson, an American cartographer influential in thematic cartography, stated that a map not properly designed "will be a cartographic failure." He also claimed, when considering all aspects of cartography, that "map design is perhaps the most complex."^[6] Robinson codified the mapmaker's understanding that a map must be designed foremost with consideration to the audience and its needs. The Mercator projection shows courses of constant bearing as straight lines. ... Arthur H. Robinson ( January 5, 1915 – October 19, 2004) was an American geographer and cartographer. ...

From the very beginning of mapmaking, maps "have been made for some particular purpose or set of purposes".^[7] The intent of the map should be illustrated in a manner in which the percipient acknowledges its purpose in a timely fashion. The term percipient refers to the person receiving information and was coined by Robinson.^[8] The principle of figure-ground refers to this notion of engaging the user by presenting a clear presentation, leaving no confusion concerning the purpose of the map. This will enhance the user’s experience and keep his attention. If the user is unable to identify what is being demonstrated in a reasonable fashion, the map may be regarded as useless. An effectively designed map is one in which the intended message is clearly communicated to the percipient, or map user. ...

Illustrated map

Making a meaningful map is the ultimate goal. MacEachren explains that a well designed map "is convincing because it implies authenticity" (1994, pp. 9). An interesting map will no doubt engage a reader. Information richness or a map that is multivariate shows relationships within the map. Showing several variables allows comparison, which adds to the meaningfulness of the map. This also generates hypothesis and stimulates ideas and perhaps further research. In order to convey the message of the map, the creator must design it in a manner which will aid the reader in the overall understanding of its purpose. The title of a map may provide the "needed link" necessary for communicating that message, but the overall design of the map fosters the manner in which the reader interprets it (Monmonier, 1993, pp. 93). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (7828x5386, 5187 KB) Summary L.L. Ivanov et al, Antarctica: Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005 Released... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (7828x5386, 5187 KB) Summary L.L. Ivanov et al, Antarctica: Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005 Released...

In the 21st century it is possible to find a map of virtually anything from the inner workings of the human body to the virtual worlds of cyberspace. Therefore there are now a huge variety of different styles and types of map - for example, one area which has evolved a specific and recognisable variation are those used by transit organisations to guide passengers, namely Urban rail and metro maps, many of which are loosely based on 45 degree angles as originally perfected by Harry Beck and George Dow. Physical Features of the Human Body The human body is the entire physical structure of a human organism. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Virtual world be merged into this article or section. ... Transit commonly refers to: Public transport, transportation systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles Astronomical transit, when one celestial body appears to move across the face of another celestial body, as seen by an observer at some particular vantage point Navigational transit, when a navigator... A passenger is a term broadly used to describe any person who travels in a vehicle, but bears no little or no responsibility for the tasks required for that vehicle to arrive at its destination. ... A map or diagram of an urban rail or metro system. ... Harry Beck (Henry C. Beck, 1903–1974) was a graphic designer, best known for creating the present London Underground Tube map in 1931. ... George Dow (born 1907) was a draughtsman and employee of the LNER in London, England. ...

Naming conventions

Most maps use text to label places and for such things as a map title, legend, and other information. Maps are often made in specific languages, though names of places often differ between languages. So a map made in English may use the name Germany for that country, while a German map would use Deutschland, and French map Allemagne. A word that describes a place using a non-native terminology or language is referred to as an exonym. An exonym is a name for a place or people that is created by people outside of that place and is different from the name used in the native language. ...

In some cases the proper name is not clear. For example, the nation of Burma officially changed its name to Myanmar, but many nations do not recognize the ruling junta and continue to use Burma. Sometimes an official name change is resisted in other languages and the older name may remain in common use. Examples include the use of Saigon for Ho Chi Minh City, Bangkok for Krung Thep, and Ivory Coast for Côte d'Ivoire. Anthem: Kaba Ma Kyei Capital Naypyidaw , Largest city Yangon (Rangoon) Official languages Burmese Recognised regional languages Jingpho, Shan, Karen, Mon, Rakhine Demonym Burmese Government Military junta  -  Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Senior General Than Shwe  -  Vice Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Vice-Senior General... Saigon redirects here. ... Location Coordinates: , Country Settled Ayutthaya Period Founded as capital 21 April 1782 Government  - Type Special administrative area  - Governor Apirak Kosayothin Area  - City 1,568. ...

Difficulties arise when transliteration or transcription between writing systems is required. National names tend to have well established names in other languages and writing systems, such as Russia for Росси́я, but for many placenames a system of transliteration or transcription is required. In transliteration the symbols of one language are represented by symbols in another. For example, the Cyrillic letter Р is traditionally written as R in the Latin alphabet. Systems exist for transliteration of Arabic, but the results may vary. For example, the Yemeni city of Mocha is written variously in English as Mocha, Al Mukha, al-Mukhā, Mocca, and Moka. Transliteration systems are based on relating written symbols to one another, while transcription is the attempt to spell in one language the phonetic sounds of another. Chinese writing is transformed into the Latin alphabet through the Pinyin phonetic transcription systems. Other systems were used in the past, such as Wade-Giles, resulting in the city being spelled Beijing on newer English maps and Peking on older ones. Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ... Transcription is the conversion into written, typewritten or printed form, of a spoken language source, such as the proceedings of a court hearing. ... A writing system, also called a script, is used to visually record a language with symbols. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced ; also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is actually a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by six Slavic national languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian) as well as non-Slavic (Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Tajik of... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing languages such as Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and others. ... Painting of Mocha in 1692 Mocha (Arabic: المخا [al-Mukhā]) is a port city on the Red Sea coast of Yemen. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ...

Further difficulties arise when countries, especially former colonies, do not have a strong national geographic naming standard. In such cases cartographers may have to choose between various phonetic spellings of local names versus older imposed, sometimes resented, colonial names. Some counties have multiple official languages, resulting in multiple official placenames. For example, the capital of Belgium is both Brussel and Bruxelles. In Canada, English and French are official languages and places have names in both languages. British Columbia is also officially named la Colombie-Britannique. English maps rarely show the French names outside Quebec, which itself is spelled Québec in French.^[9] Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944...

The study of placenames is called toponymy, while that of the origin and historical usage of placenames as words is etymology. Toponymy is the taxonomic study of toponyms (place-names), their origins and their meanings. ... Etymologies redirects here. ...

Map symbology

The quality of a map’s design affects its reader’s ability to extract information, and to learn from the map. Cartographic symbology has been developed in an effort to portray the world accurately and effectively convey information to the map reader. A legend explains the pictorial language of the map known as its symbology. The title indicates the region the map portrays; the map image portrays the region and so on. Although every map element serves some purpose, convention only dictates inclusion of some elements while others are considered optional. A menu of map elements includes the neatline (border), compass rose or north arrow, overview map, scale bar, projection, and information about the map sources, accuracy and publication. The word “symbology” appears in several English dictionaries. ... A common compass rose as is found on a nautical chart showing both true and magnetic north with magnetic declination A compass rose is a figure displaying the orientation of the cardinal directions, north, south, east and west on a map or nautical chart. ... The Mercator projection shows courses of constant bearing as straight lines. ...

When examining a landscape, scale can be intuited from trees, houses and cars. Not so with a map. Even such a simple thing as a north arrow is crucial. It may seem obvious that the top of a map should point north but this might not be the case.

Color likewise is equally important. How the cartographer displays the data in different hues can greatly affect the understanding or feel of the map. Different intensities of hue portray different objectives the cartographer is attempting to get across to the audience. Today, personal computers can display up to 16 million distinct colors at a time even though the human eye can distinguish only a minimum number of these (Jeer, 1997). This fact allows for a multitude of color options for even for the most demanding maps. Moreover, computers can easily hatch patterns in colors to give even more options. This is very beneficial when symbolizing data in categories such as quintile and equal interval classifications.

Quantitative symbols give a visual measure of the relative size/importance/number that a symbol represents and to symbolize this data on a map there are two major classes of symbols used for portraying quantitative properties: Proportional symbols change their visual weight according to a quantitative property. These are appropriate for extensive statistics. Choropleth maps portray data collection areas (such as counties, or census tracts) with color. Using color this way, the darkness and intensity (or value) of the color is evaluated by the eye as a measure of intensity or concentration (Harvard Graduate School of Design, 2005). The US Presidential Election of 2004, visualised using a choropleth map A choropleth map (Greek χωρα + πληθαίν:, (area/region + multiply) is a map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income. ...

Map generalization

A good map has to provide a compromise between portraying the items of interest (or themes) in the right place for the map scale used, against the need to annotate that item with text or a symbol, which takes up space on the map medium and very likely will cause some other item of interest to be displaced. The cartographer is thus constantly making judgements about what to include, what to leave out and what to show in a slightly incorrect place - because of the demands of the annotation. This issue assumes more importance as the scale of the map gets smaller (i.e the map shows a larger area), because relatively, the annotation on the map, takes up more space on the ground. A good example from the late 1980's was the Ordnance Survey's first digital maps, where the absolute positions of major roads shown at scales of 1:1250 and 1:2500 were sometimes a scale distance of hundreds of metres away from ground truth, when shown on digital maps at scales of 1:250000 and 1:625000, because of the overriding need to annotate the features. A thematic map (also called a statistical or special purpose map) displays the spatial pattern of a theme or series of attributes. ... A variable scale for measuring maps The scale of a map is the ratio of a single unit of distance on the map to the equivalent distance on the ground. ... Part of an Ordnance Survey map at 1 inch to the mile scale from 1945 Ordnance Survey (OS) is an executive agency of the United Kingdom government. ... In cartography, analysis of aerial photographs, satellite imagery and a range of other remote sensing techniques in which data are gathered at a distance, ground truth is information that is collected on location. In remote sensing, this is especially important in order to relate image data with real features and...

In popular culture

• Lewis Carroll's Sylvie and Bruno Concluded tells of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile."
• Jorge Luis Borges wrote a short story about a map made to 1:1 scale. It is an homage to Lewis Carroll's work mentioned above. The story, On Exactitude in Science, is located in a collection called, A Universal History of Infamy.
• J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth is a renowned example of fictional cartography.
• Nicholas Crane's television series Map Man made originally for BBC Two, portrays cartography and cartographers.
• In the television series Arrested Development (TV Series), character Byron "Buster" Bluth has purportedly studied cartography extensively.

The Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (IPA: ) (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll (), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. ... Harry Furniss title illustration for Sylvie and Bruno Concluded Sylvie and Bruno, first published in 1889, and its 1893 second volume Sylvie and Bruno Concluded form the last novel by Lewis Carroll published during his lifetime. ... Borges redirects here. ... On Exactitude in Science or On Rigor in Science (the original Spanish-language title is Del rigor en la ciencia) is a one-paragraph short story by Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares, written in the form of a literary forgery. ... A Universal History of Infamy by Jorge Luis Borges. ... J. R. R. Tolkien in 1916. ... A map of the Northwestern part of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age, courtesy of the Encyclopedia of Arda. ... Nicholas Crane (born 1954, Hastings) is a British explorer, writer and broadcaster. ... Map Man is a BBC documentary series first broadcast on BBC Two in 2004. ... For the BBC radio station, see BBC Radio 2. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Tony Hale as Byron Buster Bluth Byron Buster Bluth is a fictional character on the television series Arrested Development. ...

See also

The Georgian terrace of Royal Crescent (Bath, England) from a hot air balloon Intersection of E42 and E451 from an aircraft soon after takeoff from Frankfurt International Airport Moreton Island in Queensland, Australia Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground while not supported by a ground-based... This article needs cleanup. ... Area cartogram of the United States, with each county rescaled in proportion to its population. ... Terrain or relief is an essential aspect of physical geography, and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in cartography, and more recently GIS and 3D Visualization. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Digital Cadastral DataBase (DCDB) is a computerised map or spatial location showing property boundaries normally in relation to adjoining and other close properties or parcels of land. ... An effectively designed map is one in which the intended message is clearly communicated to the percipient, or map user. ... Example of a four-colored map The four color theorem (also known as the four color map theorem) states that given any plane separated into regions, such as a political map of the states of a country, the regions may be colored using no more than four colors in such... A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary, an important reference for information about places and place-names (see: toponomy), used in conjunction with an atlas. ... A geocode is a geographical code to identify a point or area at the surface of the earth. ... GIS redirects here. ... Geovisualization (short for Geographic Visualization) refers to techniques and tools designed to interactively visualize spatial phenomena. ... For the 1985 historical novel by the same name, see Here Be Dragons. ... Isolines are lines on a map describing the intersection of a real or hypothetical surface with one or more horizontal planes. ... Isostasy is a term used in Geology to refer to the state of ice above stasy and is angravitational equilibrium between the Earths lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates float at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density. ... This is a list of symbols appearing on Japanese maps. ... Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers. ... The Mercator projection shows courses of constant bearing as straight lines. ... The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is an agency of the United States Government with the primary mission of collection, analysis, and distribution of geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) in support of national security. ... OpenStreetMap of Chester OpenStreetMap is a collaborative, project create Free maps using data from portable GPS devices. ... GPS redirects here. ... An orthophoto or orthophotograph is an aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected (orthorectified) such that the scale of the photograph is uniform, meaning that the photo can be considered equivalent to a map. ... // section of Geopictorial map Pictorial maps are a category of maps that also loosely includes illustrated maps, panoramic maps, bird’s-eye view maps and Geopictorial maps. ... The Point of Beginning is a surveyors mark on the Ohio-Pennsylvania border, just east of East Liverpool, Ohio. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Terra incognita is a term used in exploration for unknown territory that has not been mapped or documented. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ [1] "A Tale of two obsessed archeologists, one ancient city, and nagging doubts about whether science can ever hope to reveal the past" by Robert Kunzig. Discover Magazine, May 1999.
2. ^ http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/NIP/PUB93/NSC/NSCFIG7.html The Nippur Expedition
3. ^ Sircar 327
4. ^ ^{a b} Sircar 330
5. ^ "Map Imitation" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
6. ^ Robinson, A.H. (1953). Elements of Cartography. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN. 
7. ^ Robinson, A.H. (1982). Early Thematic Mapping: In the History of Cartography.. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.. ISBN. 
8. ^ MacEachren, A.M. (1995). How Maps Work. New York: The Guilford Press. ISBN. 
9. ^ This section based on: "Transliteration Systems". Illustrated Atlas of the World. (1992). Rand McNally, A16-A17. ISBN 0-528-83492-4. 

Rand McNally & Company is the preeminent American publisher of maps, atlases, and globes for travel, reference, commercial, and educational uses. ...

Further reading

• Belyea, B. 1992. Amerindian Maps: the Explorer as Translator. Journal of Historical Geography 18, no.3 :267-277.
• Bender, B. 1999. Subverting the Western Gaze: mapping alternative worlds. In The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping your landscape (eds) P.J. Ucko & R. Layton. London: Routledge.
• Crawford, P.V. 1973. The perception of graduated squares as cartographic symbols. Cartographic Journal 10, no.2:85-88.
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1987). The History of Cartography Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5. 
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1992). The History of Cartography Volume 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31635-1. 
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1994). The History of Cartography Volume 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31637-8. 
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1998). The History of Cartography Volume 2, Book 3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. [Full text of the Introduction by David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis]. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-90728-7. 
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (2005). The History of Cartography Volume 3 (in press, 2005): Cartography in the European Renaissance.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-90733-3. 
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1987). The History of Cartography Volume 4 (edited by D. Graham Burnett, Matthew Edney, and Mary G. Sponberg Pedley with Founding Editor David Woodward): Cartography in the European Enlightenment.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5. 
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds). The History of Cartography Volume 5: Cartography in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN. 
• J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds). The History of Cartography Volume 4: Cartography in the Twentieth Century. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN. 
• MacEachren, A.M. (1994). Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University. ISBN. 
• Monmonier, Mark (1991). How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-53421-9. 
• Monmonier, Mark (1993). Mapping It Out. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN. 
• ESRI. 2004. ESRI Cartography: Capabilities and Trends. Redlands, CA. White Paper
• Harvard Graduate School of Design, 2005. http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/gis/manual/style/index.htm
• Jeer, S. 1997. Traditional Color Coding for Land Uses. American Planning Association. pp. 4-5
• Kent, A.J. 2005. "Aesthetics: A Lost Cause in Cartographic Theory?" The Cartographic Journal 42(2) pp.182-188
• Lewi, P.J. (2006). Speaking of Graphics. 
• Imus, D. and Dunlavey, P. 2002. Back to the Drawing Board: Cartography vs the Digital Workflow. MT. Hood, Oregon.
• Oliver, J. 2007. The Paradox of Progress: Land Survey and the Making of Agrarian Society in Colonial British Columbia. In Contemporary and Historical Archaeology in Theory (eds) L. McAtackney, M. Palus & A. Piccini, pp. 31-38. Oxford: BAR, International Series 1677
• Olson, Judy M. 1975. Experience and the improvement of cartographic communication. Cartographic Journal 12, no. 2:94-108
• Peterson, Michael P. (1995). Interactive and Animated Cartography. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0130791047. 
• Phillips, R., De Lucia, A., and Skelton, A. 1975. Some Objective Tests of the Legibility of Relief Maps. The Cartographic Journal. 12, pp. 39-46
• Phillips, R. 1980. A Comparison of Color and Visual Texture as Codes for use as Area Symbols on Relief Maps. Ergonomics. 23, pp. 1117-1128.
• Pickles, John (2003). A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping, and the Geo-Coded World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-14497-3. 
• Rice, M., Jacobson, R., Jones. D. 2003. Object Size Discrimination and Non-visual Cartographic Symbolization. CA. pp. 1-12.
• Slocum, T. (2003). Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-130-35123-7. 
• Wilford, John Noble (2000). The Mapmakers. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-70850-2. 
• "Map Imitations" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
• Sircar, D.C.C. (January 1990). Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 8120806905. 

DAVID WOODWARD, according to Malcolm Lewis in the (London) Independent, transformed the history of cartography from a directionless Eurocentric field into a respectable subject now global in scope. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Historical maps

• CartoTalk - The discussion board for cartographers and anyone who designs or just loves maps. A very rich resource about cartography from those who practice the art every day.
• National Cartographic Center of Iran (NCC), Tehran
• British Cartographic Society
• Mapping History - a learning resource from the British Library
• Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide, by the staff of the US Library of Congress.
• The history of cartography at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland
• Antique Maps by Carl Moreland and David Bannister - complete text of the book, with information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many cartographers
• North American Cartographic Information Society
• Society of Cartographerssupports the practising cartographer and encourages and maintains a high standard of cartographic illustration
• Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography, Newberry Library
• UPCT : project aimed at creating a world map (a French map to begin) with voluntaries using GPS
• OpenStreetMap : project aimed squarely at creating and providing free geographic data such as street maps to anyone who wants them.
• GITTA - A webbased open content eLearning course with basic and intermediate cartography lessons based on the eLML XML framework.

See Maps for more links to modern and historical maps; however, most of the largest sites are listed at the sites linked below. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 23 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... GPS redirects here. ... The eLesson Markup Language (eLML) [1] is an open source XML framework for creating eLessons using XML. It is a spin-off from the GITTA project [2], a Swiss GIS eLearning project, and was launched in spring 2004. ... See map for the navigational aid The acronym MAPS could refer to: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies Mail Abuse Prevention System Multi-jurisdictional Automated Preclearance System Mid-Atlantic Percussion Society Medical Advanced Pain Specialists Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship Multidisciplinary Academic PerspectiveS Metropolitan Area ProjectS Category: ...

• Map history has extensive links to online map resources, including several large collections of images online and articles on the history of cartography.
• Odden's fascinating world of maps and mapping has a huge database of links on maps and cartography (under "Literature").
• Online map catalogs in North America and Europe lists some good places to search for online maps.
• A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar
• MapRef A collection of map projections and reference systems for Europe - Zusammenstellung Europäischer Referenzsysteme und Kartenprojektionen
• UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library, web-site from the UN Environment Programme with hundreds of examples of thematic maps
• Kartografi-Indonesia A website displaying cartograms of various Indonesian-related data made by the Dept. Computational Sociology of Bandung Fe Institute.
• IslamicCartography A weblog on Islamic cartography by Tarek Kahlaoui a PhD student in the University of Pennsylvania
• Mapping Our World Oxfam's interactive site to help pupils develop geography skills through activities all about maps, globes and how we view the world
• Platial, The People's Atlas User-created maps