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Encyclopedia > Casein kinase

The Casein kinase 1 family of protein kinases are serine/threonine-selective enzymes that function as regulators of signal transduction pathways in most eukaryotic cell types. A protein kinase is an enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). ... Serine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ... Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ... In biology, signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. ...

Contents

Discovery

By the early 1950s it was known from metabolic labeling studies using radioactive phosphate that the phosphate of phosphoproteins inside cells can sometimes undergo rapid exchange of new phosphate for old. In order to perform experiments that would allow isolation and characterization of the enzymes involved in attaching and removing phosphate from proteins, there was a need for convenient substrates for protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Casein has been used as a substrate since the earliest days of research on protein phosphorylation [1]. By the late 1960s, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase had been purified and most attention was centered on kinases and phosphatases that could regulate the activity of important enzymes. Casein kinase activity associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of mammary glands was first characterized in 1974 and its activity was shown to not depend on cyclic AMP [2]. Above is a ball-and-stick model of the inorganic hydrogenphosphate anion (HPO42−). Colour coding: P (orange); O (red); H (white). ... Phosphoproteins are a group of proteins which are chemically attached to a substance containing phosphoric acid. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. ... A protein kinase is an enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). ... Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups that have been attached to amino acid residues of proteins by protein kinases. ... Casein is the most predominant phosphoprotein found in milk and cheese. ... A phosphorylated serine residue Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or a small molecule or the introduction of a phosphate group into an organic molecule. ... In cell biology, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), also known as protein kinase A (PKA, EC 2. ... The endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic meaning within the cytoplasm, reticulum meaning little net in Latin) or ER is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that is an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae that is responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins (e. ... Structure of cAMP cAMP represented in three ways, the left with sticks-representation, the middle with structure formula, and the right with space filled representation. ...

casein kinase 1, alpha 1
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CSNK1A1
Entrez 1452
OMIM 600505

Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ...

Roles

Casein kinase activity was found to be present in most cell types and to be associated with multiple enzymes. The type 1 casein kinase family of related gene products are now given designations such as "casein kinase 1 alpha" and "casein kinase 1 epsilon". Casein kinase 1 alpha has been suggested to play a role in phosphorylation of Disheveled in the Wnt signaling pathway [3]. The wnt signalling pathway is a network of proteins that has been implicated in embryogenesis and cancer. ...

casein kinase 1, gamma 1
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CSNK1G1
Entrez 53944
OMIM 606274
casein kinase 1, gamma 2
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CSNK1G2
Entrez 1455
OMIM 602214
casein kinase 1, gamma 3
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CSNK1G3
Entrez 1456
OMIM 604253

In humans there are three casein kinase 1 gamma enzymes. Working with the Xenopus system, Davidson et al screened for proteins that can regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by interacting with the Wnt receptor LRP[4]. They reported that Xenopus casein kinase 1 gamma (CK1gamma) is associated with the cell membrane and binds to LRP. CK1gamma was found to be needed for Wnt signaling through LRP. is both necessary and sufficient to transduce LRP6 signalling in vertebrates and Drosophila cells. Wnt binding to LRP causes a rapid increase in phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of LRP by CK1gamma. Davidson et al proposed that phosphorylation of LRP6 by CK1gamma promotes binding of Axin to LRP and activation of the Wnt signaling pathway[4]. Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... Species Xenopus amieti (volcano clawed frog) Xenopus andrei (Andres clawed frog) Xenopus borealis (Kenyan clawed frog) Xenopus boumbaensis (Mawa clawed frog) Xenopus clivii (Eritrea clawed frog) Xenopus fraseri (Frasers clawed frog) Xenopus gilli (Cape clawed frog) Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) Xenopus largeni Xenopus longipes (savannah clawed frog...

casein kinase 1, epsilon
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CSNK1E
Entrez 1454
OMIM 600863

Casein kinase 1 epsilon is also important in the Wnt signaling pathway [5] and the Hedgehog signaling pathway [6]. Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... The hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development conserved from flies to humans. ...


Casein kinase 1 epsilon also acts in a molecular pathway that regulates the circadian rhythm [7]. A circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. ...


See also

  • Casein kinase 2 - a distinct protein kinase family

References

  1. ^ G. Burnett and E. Kennedy (1954) "The enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins" in Journal of Biological Chemistry Volume 211, pages 969-980. Entrez PubMed 13221602
  2. ^ E. Bingham and H. Farrel (1974) "Casein kinase from the Golgi apparatus of lactating mammary gland" in Journal of Biological Chemistry Volume 249, pages 3647-3651. Entrez PubMed 4364664
  3. ^ R. Takada, H. Hijikata, H. Kondoh and S. Takada (2005) "Analysis of combinatorial effects of Wnts and Frizzleds on beta-catenin/armadillo stabilization and Dishevelled phosphorylation" in Genes Cells Volume 10, pages 919-928. Entrez PubMed 16115200.
  4. ^ a b G. Davidson, W. Wu, J. Shen, J. Bilic, U. Fenger, P. Stannek, A. Glinka and C. Niehrs (2005) "Casein kinase 1 gamma couples Wnt receptor activation to cytoplasmic signal transduction" in Nature Volume 438, pages 867-872. Entrez PubMed 16341016
  5. ^ Wojciech Swiatek, I-Chun Tsai, Laura Klimowski, Andrea Pepler, Janet Barnette, H. Joseph Yost and David M. Virshup (2004) "Regulation of casein kinase I epsilon activity by Wnt signaling" in Journal of Biological Chemistry Volume 279, pages 13011-13017. Entrez PubMed 14722104
  6. ^ L. Lum and P. A. Beachy (2004) "The Hedgehog response network: sensors, switches, and routers" in Science Volume 304, pages 1755-1759 Entrez PubMed 15205520
  7. ^ Erik J. Eide, Margaret F. Woolf, Heeseog Kang, Peter Woolf, William Hurst, Fernando Camacho, Erica L. Vielhaber, Andrew Giovanni and David M. Virshup (2005) "Control of mammalian circadian rhythm by CKIepsilon-regulated proteasome-mediated PER2 degradation" in Molecular and Cellular Biology Volume 25, pages 2795-2807. Entrez PubMed 15767683
v • d • e
Cell signaling

Key concepts: Ligand | Receptor (Transmembrane, Intracellular) | Second messenger system | Protein kinase | Transcription factor | Cell signaling networks | Signal transduction The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... First title page, November 4, 1869 Nature is one of the oldest and most reputable scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Cell signaling is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with ligand. ... In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... Transmembrane receptors are integral membrane proteins, which reside and operate typically within a cells plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of some subcellular compartments and organelles. ... Intracellular receptors or nuclear receptors are a class of receptor located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane. ... A Second messenger system is a method of cellular signaling where the signalling molecule does not enter the cell, but rather utilizes a cascade of events that transduces the signal into a cellular change. ... A protein kinase is an enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). ... In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription. ... Cell signaling pathways interact with one another to form networks in natural systems. ... In biology, signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. ...


Pathways: Apoptosis | Ca2+ signaling | Cytokine signaling | Hedgehog | Integrin signaling | JAK/STAT | Lipid signaling | MAPK/ERK pathway | mTOR | NF-kB | Notch | p53 | TGFβ | Wnt A cell undergoing apoptosis. ... Calcium ions act as second messengers in signal transduction. ... Cytokines is a group of proteinaceous signalling compounds that like hormones and neurotransmitters are used extensively for inter-cell communication. ... The hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development conserved from flies to humans. ... An integrin, or integrin receptor, is an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane of cells. ... The JAK-STAT signaling pathway takes part in the regulation of cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors. ... Lipid signaling refers to a number of cellular signal transduction pathways that use cell membrane lipids as second messengers. ... Diagram showing key components of the MAPK/ERK pathway. ... The mammalian target of rapamycin is commonly known as mTOR. It is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates translation and cell division. ... NF-κB, or Nuclear Factor kappa B, is a nuclear transcription factor found in all cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral antigens. ... The Notch pathway is a gene regulatory pathway involved in multiple differentiation processes. ... TP53 bound to a short DNA fragment. ... The Transforming growth factor (TGF) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. ... The wnt signalling pathway is a network of proteins that has been implicated in embryogenesis and cancer. ...


  Results from FactBites:
 
Pea DNA Topoisomerase I Is Phosphorylated and Stimulated by Casein Kinase 2 and Protein Kinase C -- Tuteja et al. 132 ... (4160 words)
In vitro phosphorylation of pea DNA topoisomerase I by endogenous kinases and its dephosphorylation.
In vitro phosphorylation of pea DNA topoisomerase I by exogenous kinases and its inhibition.
Li H, Roux SJ (1992) Casein kinase II protein kinase is bound to lamina-matrix and phosphorylates lamin-like protein in isolated pea nuclei.
Casein Kinase I (CKI), Protein Kinases, New England Biolabs (535 words)
Casein Kinase I (CKI), Protein Kinases, New England Biolabs
Incubation of a 50 μl reaction containing 10,000 units of Casein Kinase I (CKI) with 5 μg of MS2 RNA for 1 hour at 30ºC resulted in no detectable degradation of the RNA as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.
After incubation of 10,000 units of Casein Kinase I (CKI) with a standard mixture of proteins for 2 hours at 30ºC, no proteolytic activity could be detected by SDS-PAGE.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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