Area under Axis control over the course of the war shown in black.

World Map with the participants in World War II.
The Allies depicted in green (those in light green entered after the Attack on Pearl Harbor), the Axis Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey.

Cases of controversial relations with the Axis of World War II includes states which were not officially members of Axis but had controversial relations with one on more Axis members. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 405 KB) Animation of alliances during the Second World War. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 405 KB) Animation of alliances during the Second World War. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 31 KB)Map with the Participants in World War II: Dark Green: Allies before the Attack on Pearl Harbour Light Green: Allied countries that entered after the Attack on Pearl Habour Orange: Axis Powers Dark green dots represent countries that... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 31 KB)Map with the Participants in World War II: Dark Green: Allies before the Attack on Pearl Harbour Light Green: Allied countries that entered after the Attack on Pearl Habour Orange: Axis Powers Dark green dots represent countries that... The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. ... Combatants United States Empire of Japan Commanders Husband Kimmel (USN), Walter Short (USA) Chuichi Nagumo (IJN), Mitsuo Fuchida (IJNAS), Shigekazu Shimazaki (IJNAS) Strength 8 battleships, 8 cruisers, 29 destroyers, 9 submarines, ~50 other ships, ~390 planes 6 aircraft carriers, 9 destroyers, 2 battleships, 2 heavy cruisers, 1 light cruiser, 8... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Cases of controversial relations with the Axis

Denmark

Main article: Occupation of Denmark

Kingdom of Denmark.

On May 31, 1939, Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, which did not contain any military obligations for either party.^[1] On April 9, 1940, citing intended British mining of Norwegian and Danish waters as a pretext, Germany occupied both countries. King Christian X and the Danish government, worried about German bombings if they resisted occupation, accepted "protection by the Reich" in exchange for nominal independence under German military occupation. Three successive Prime Ministers, Thorvald Stauning, Vilhelm Buhl and Erik Scavenius, maintained this samarbejdspolitik ("cooperation policy") of collaborating with Germany. Headquarters of the Schalburgkorps, a Danish SS unit, after 1943. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Denmark. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Denmark. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Thorvald Stauning (26 October 1873 - 3 May 1942) was the first Social Democrat Prime Minister of Denmark. ... Vilhelm Buhl (16 October 1881 - 18 December 1954) was Prime Minister of Denmark from 4 May 1942 to 9 November 1942 as head of the unity government Cabinet of Vilhelm Buhl I during the German occupation of Denmark of World War II, until the nazis ordered him removed. ... Erik Scavenius with German plenipotentiary of Denmark, Dr. Werner Best. ...

• Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes and breaking diplomatic relations with the "governments-in-exile" formed by countries occupied by Germany. Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941.^[2]

• In 1941, a Danish military corps, Frikorps Danmark was created at the initiative of the SS and the Danish Nazi Party, to fight alongside the Wehrmacht on Germany's Eastern Front. The government's following statement was widely interpreted as a sanctioning of the corps.^[3] Frikorps Danmark was open to members of the Danish Royal Army and those who had completed their service within the last ten years. ^[4] Between 4,000 and 10,000 Danes joined the Frikorps Danmark, including 77 officers of the Royal Danish Army. An estimated 3,900 Danes died fighting for Germany during the Second World War.

• Denmark transferred six torpedo boats to Germany in 1941, although the bulk of its navy remained under Danish command until the declaration of martial law in 1943.

• Denmark supplied agricultural and industrial products to Germany as well as loans for armaments and fortifications. The German presence in Denmark, including the construction of the Danish part of the Atlantic Wall fortifications, was paid from an account in Denmark's central bank, Nationalbanken. The Danish government had been promised that these expenses would be repaid later, but this never happened. The construction of the Atlantic Wall fortifications in Jutland cost 5 billion Danish kroner.

The Danish protectorate government lasted until August 29, 1943, when the cabinet resigned following a declaration of martial law by occupying German military officials. The Danish navy managed to scuttle 32 of its larger ships to prevent their use by Germany. Germany succeded in seizing 14 of the larger and 50 of the smaller vessels and later to raise and refit 15 of the sunken vessels. During the scuttling of the Danish fleet, a number of vessels were ordered to attempt an escape to Swedish waters, and 13 vessels succeeded in this attempt, four of which were larger ships.^[5][6] By the autumn of 1944, these ships officially formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile^[7] In 1943, Swedish authorities allowed 500 Danish soldiers in Sweden to train themselves as "police troops". By the autumn of 1944, Sweden raised this number to 4,800 and recognized the entire unit as a Danish military brigade in exile.^[8] Danish collaboration continued on an administrative level, with the Danish bureaucracy functioning under German command. The Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded between Nazi Germany and Japan on November 25, 1936. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Schalburg Cross Frikorps Danmark (Free Corps Denmark) was a Danish volunteer army corps established to fight against the Soviet Union during the fighting in the USSR. On the 29th of June, 1941, days after the invasion of the USSR, it was set up at the initiative of the SS and... The   (German for Protective Squadron), abbreviated (Runic) or SS (Latin), was a large security and military organization of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany. ... DNSAPs logo. ... Eastern Front may refer to one of the following. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... German coastal artillery in the Pas-de-Calais area, with laborers at work on casemate. ... Danmarks Nationalbank (English: National Bank of Denmark - in Danish often simply Nationalbanken) is the central bank of Denmark. ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... The Royal Danish Navy (or Kongelige Danske Marine in Danish) is the sea-based branch of The Danish Defence force. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... A flotilla (from Spanish, meaning a flota of small ships, and this from French flotte), or naval flotilla, is a formation of small warships that may be part of a larger fleet. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ...

Active resistance to the German occupation among the populace, virtually nonexistent before 1943, increased after the declaration of martial law. The intelligence operations of the Danish resistance was described as "second to none" by Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery after the liberation of Denmark.^[9] The Danish Resistance Movement was an underground insurgency movement to resist the German occupation of Denmark during World War II. Due to the unusually lenient terms given to Denmark by the Nazi occupation authority, the movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other... Field Marshal Viscount Slim in his Field Marshals uniform, holding a marshals baton. ... Bernard Law Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976) was a British military officer during World War II often referred to as Monty. ...

Sweden

Kingdom of Sweden.

Perhaps the most important aspect of Sweden's concessions to Germany during the Second World War was the extensive export of iron ore to be used in the German weapons industry. As Germany's preparations for war became more apparent and the risk of another war became obvious, international interest in Swedish ore increased. Germany attempted to pressure Sweden into increasing their ore exports, but without success. However, relations between Germany and Sweden remained co-operative, as Sweden continued its exports off the record. In addition to iron ore, Germany required SKF Swedish ball bearings. Already during the Norwegian Campaign the Swedish Government gave the Wehrmacht access to the Swedish Rail System, allowing the Germans to transfer 60 soldiers under the guise of red-cross personnel from the occupied areas in Southern Norway to the fighting at the Narvik front. Access to the Swedish railways was granted on condition that the number of German soldiers travelling to Norway would balance the number leaving. Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... German battle cruisers in a Norwegian port in June 1940 The Norwegian Campaign led to the first direct confrontation between the military forces of the Allies — United Kingdom and France against Nazi Germany in World War II. The primary reason for Germany seeking the occupation of Norway was Germanys... Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary system. ... The Battles of Narvik were naval battles between the Royal Navy (Britain) and the Kriegsmarine (Germany) that occurred in April 1940 (during the Second World War). ...

Responding to German appeals for ethnic Aryan volunteers, dozens of Swedes ignored neutrality to enlist in Germany's elite Waffen-SS, and saw combat against Soviet troops on the Eastern Front. This was a choice made by individual Swedish citizens, and not Swedish government policy. Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...

Soviet Union

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Relations between the Soviet Union and the major Axis powers were generally hostile before 1939. In the Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union gave military aid to the Second Spanish Republic, against Spanish Nationalist forces, which were assisted by Germany and Italy. However the Nationalist forces were victorious. In 1938 and 1939, the USSR fought and defeated Japan in two separate border wars, at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol. The Soviets suffered another political defeat when an ally, Czechoslovakia, was partitioned and partially annexed, by Germany, Hungary and Poland — with the agreement of Britain and France — in 1938-39. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Soviet redirects here. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President¹  - 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1937-1939 Juan Negrín Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta ¹ Formal... The Kingdom of Spain or Spain (Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino de España; Asturian: Reinu dEspaña) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. ... Combatants Soviet Union Japan Commanders Vasily Blyukher, Nikolai Berzarin Kotoku Sato Strength 22,950 20,000+ Casualties 717 killed, 75 missing 525 killed, 913 wounded The Battle of Lake Khasan ( July 29, 1938 – August 11, 1938) and also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Chinese & Japanese: 張鼓峰事件, Chinese pinyin: ZhānggÇ”f... Combatants Soviet Union Mongolia Japan Manchukuo Commanders Georgy Zhukov Michitaro Komatsubara Strength 57,000 30,000 Casualties 6,831 killed, 15,952 wounded 8,440 killed, 8,766 wounded The Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Japanese: ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken), sometimes spelled Halhin Gol or Khalkin Gol after the Halha River passing through... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ...

There were talks between Soviet Union and United Kingdom and France for an alliance against the growing power of Germany but these talks failed. As a result, on August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which included a secret protocol whereby the independent countries of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties. August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... A sphere of influence is a metaphorical region of political influences surrounding a country. ...

On September 1, barely a week after the pact had been signed, the partition of Poland commenced with the German invasion. The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east on September 17. September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Poland Germany, Soviet Union, Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-Śmigły Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand Čatloš (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950... Combatants Poland Germany, Soviet Union, Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-Śmigły Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand Čatloš (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ...

Soon after that, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, in addition, it annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania. The Soviet Union attacked Finland on November 30, 1939 which started the Winter War. Finnish defence prevented an all-out invasion, but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near Leningrad. This term is generally used for the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) in the first phases of World War II. // History of the occupation Before the beginning of World War II Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed an ostensible non-aggression treaty known as... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 31 days remaining. ... Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft[1][2] 1,000,000 men 3,000 tanks 3,800 aircraft[3][4] Casualties 26,662 dead 39,886 wounded 1,000 captured[5] 126,875 dead... Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград) may mean: St. ...

The Soviet Union supported Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement with supplies of raw materials (phosphates, chromium and iron ore, mineral oil, grain, cotton, rubber). These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories and allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade. Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941. That resulted in the Soviet Union becoming one of the main members of Allies. The German-Soviet Commercial Agreement was an economic arrangement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on September 28, 1939. ... material is the substance or matter from which something is or can be made, or also items needed for doing or creating something. ... In chemistry, a phosphate is a polyatomic ion or radical consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum is a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline. ... This article is about cereals in general. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ... Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler, Ion Antonescu, C.G.E. Mannerheim, Benito Mussolini, Miklós Horthy, Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. ...

Germany then revived its Anti-Comintern Pact enlisting many European and Asian countries in opposition to the Soviet Union. World map showing the location of Asia. ...

The Soviet Union and Japan remained neutral towards each other for most of the war by Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact. The Soviet Union ended the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact by invading Manchukuo in Operation August Storm on August 8, 1945. The Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact refers to a pact between the Soviet Union and Japan signed on April 13, 1941, two years after the Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939). ... Combatants Soviet Union Peoples Republic of Mongolia Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Commanders Aleksandr Vasilevsky Otsuzo Yamada Strength Soviet Union 1,577,225 men, 26,137 artillery, 1,852 sup. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Spain and Portugal

Main article: Spain in World War II

Main article: Portugal in World War II

Spanish State.

Estado Novo.

Together, Generalísimo Francisco Franco's Spanish State and Salazar's Portugal gave moral, economic, and military assistance to the Axis powers, while nominally maintaining neutrality. Franco described Spain as a "nonbelligerent" member of the Axis and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini. The Portuguese position was more ambivalent; although Salazar was personally sympathetic to the Axis, Portugal and the United Kingdom were bound by the world's oldest defence treaty, the Treaty of Windsor. After the U.K. invoked the treaty, a major Allied air and naval base was established in the Azores. At the start of World War II, in September 1939, Spain had only recently come through its bitter civil war. ... Estado Novo (Portuguese for New State; pron. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Spain_Under_Franco. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Spain_Under_Franco. ... The Kingdom of Spain or Spain (Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino de España; Asturian: Reinu dEspaña) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892–20th (or possibly 19th) November[1] 1975), commonly abbreviated to Francisco Franco (pron. ... The Kingdom of Spain or Spain (Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino de España; Asturian: Reinu dEspaña) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. ... Ant nio de Oliveira Salazar Ant nio de Oliveira Salazar (April 28, 1889—July 27, 1970) was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, noted for the dictatorial nature of his government. ... War economy is the term used to describe the contingencies undertaken by the modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. ... Neutrality: Neutrality in international law is the status of a nation that refrains from participation in a war between other states and maintains an impartial attitude toward the belligerents. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister, and a faget and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... The English–Portuguese alliance was renewed in 1386 with the Treaty of Windsor and the marriage of João I of Aviz with Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt. ... Motto Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos Rather die free than in peace subjugated Anthem A Portuguesa (national) Hino dos Açores (local) Capital Ponta Delgada1 Angra do Heroísmo2 Horta3 Largest city Ponta Delgada Official languages Portuguese Government Autonomous region  -  President Carlos César Establishment  -  Settled 1439   -  Autonomy...

Franco had won the Spanish Civil War with the help Germany and Italy. Spain owed Germany over $212 million for supplies of matériel during the Spanish Civil War, and Italian combat troops had actually fought in Spain on the side of Franco's National. During the War, Salazar had been active in aiding the National factions, providing troops, equipment, and even executing Republicans attempting to flee during the final collapse of resistance. Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict... Matériel (from the French for equipment or hardware, related to the word material) is a term used in English to refer to the equipment and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management. ... National can refer to: Look up national in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion. This was accepted by Hitler and, within two weeks, there were more than enough volunteers to form a division - the Blue Division (División Azul in Spanish) under General Agustín Muñoz Grandes. The Blue Division (Spanish División Azul), also known as , was a unit of Spanish volunteers that served on the German side of the Second World War, mainly on the Eastern Front. ... Major General Muñoz Grandes. ...

Additionally, over 100,000 Spanish civilian workers were sent to Germany to help maintain industrial production to free up able bodied German men for military service, and Portugal implemented similar but smaller scale measures.

The Spanish situation was the following in its nonbelligerent position: it was neutral in the fight between the Axis and Allies, it was belligerent for Germany against the Soviet Union, and it was belligerent for the Philippines against Japan.

With Spain and Portugal's co-operation, the Abwehr, the German intelligence organisation, operated in Spain and Portugal themselves, and even in their African colonies, such as Spanish Morocco and Portuguese East Africa. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. ...

Relations between Portugal and the Axis deteriorated somewhat after Japanese incursions into Portugal's Asian colonies: the domination of Macau, from late 1941 onwards, and the killing of more than 40,000 civilians in the Japanese response to an Allied guerrilla campaign in Portuguese Timor, during 1942-43. The Battle of Timor (1942–43) occurred on the island of Timor, in the Pacific theatre of World War II. It involved forces from the Empire of Japan, which invaded on February 20, 1942, on one side and Allied personnel, predominantly from Australia and the Netherlands, on the other. ...

In early 1944, when it became apparent that the Allies had gained the advantage over Germany, the Spanish government declared its "strict neutrality" and the Abwehr operation in southern Spain was consequently closed down. Portugal had done the same even earlier.

During the war, Franco's Spain was an escape route for several thousands of mainly Western European Jews fleeing occupied France to evade deportation to concentration camps. Likewise, Spain was an escape route for Nazi officials fleeing capture at the end of the war. The borders of Western Europe were largely defined by the Cold War. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ...

United Kingdom

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

In England, during the late 1920s and 1930s existed some personalities and political groups that simpathized with Fascism doctrines. They included Rotha Lintorn-Orman (British Fascists), Arnold Leese (Imperial Fascist League), Oswald Mosley (British Union of Fascists), amongst William Joyce and John Beckett (National Socialist League), between others. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Motto  2(French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen 3 United Kingdom() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() [] Capital London Largest conurbation (population) Greater London Urban Area Official languages English, Welsh, Gaelic, Scots 4 Government and Parliamentary system  -  Monarch Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Rotha Beryl Lintorn-Orman (1895-1935) was a pioneer for women in British politics who went on to found the earliest British Fascist movement. ... Doctor Arnold Spencer-Leese (1877-1956) was a noted veterinarian, anti-Semite and fascist politician, born in 1877 in Lytham, Lancashire, England. ... Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (November 16, 1896 – December 3, 1980), was a British politician known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists. ... Joyce lies in an ambulance under armed guard before being taken from British Second Army Headquarters to hospital. ... John Beckett (1894-1964) was a leading figure in British politics between the world wars, both in the Labour Party and Fascist movements. ...

In Far East area in same period certain personalities how Reginald Johnston (as Puyi Preceptor and English Teacher) amongst Brigade General F.H. Burnell-Nugent (chief of British Embassy Guards in Tien-Tsin),between others supported the Japanese plans related with the "Mukden Incident," raising of the Empire of Manchukuo and the opened intervention in Northeast Chinese lands Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston (1874–1938) was a Scottish academic, diplomat and pedagogue and the teacher of Pu Yi, the last emperor of China, and later appointed as commissioner of British-held Weihaiwei. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

During wartimes some British POWs served in "Britisches Freikorps" (St. Georgs-Legion) organized in January 1943, based on the original idea of John Amery, son of Leopold Stennet Amery. Heinrich Himmler was interested in the concept and ordered to find volunteers who were morganized, but only approx 30 soldiers volunteered for this unit (including 3 Canadian, 3 Australians, 3 South Africans and 1 New Zealander). The unit never saw any action, but a few men from this unit are believed to have fought in the Battle of Berlin. Categories: Stub | British Army | Royal Air Force | Royal Navy ... John Amery (March 14, 1912–December 19, 1945) was a British anti-Communist who proposed to Hitler the forming of a British volunteer force (what became the British Free Corps), made recruitment efforts and propaganda broadcasts for Nazi Germany. ... Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( ; October 7, 1900 – May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Germany Commanders Georgiy Zhukov Ivan Konev Konstantin Rokossovskiy Vasiliy Chuykov Adolf Hitler â€  Gotthard Heinrici Helmuth Reymann Ernst Kaether (one day) Helmuth Weidling # Karl Dönitz # Wilhelm Mohnke # Strength 2,500,000 soldiers, 6,250 tanks, 7,500 aircraft, 41,600 artillery pieces [1] 1,000,000...

Switzerland

Swiss Confederation.

During World War Two, the Swiss franc was the only remaining major freely convertible currency in the world, and both the Allies and the Germans sold large amounts of gold to the Swiss National Bank. Between 1940 and 1945, the German Reichsbank sold 1.3 billion francs worth of gold to Swiss Banks in exchange for Swiss francs and other foreign currency. Hundreds of millions of francs worth of this gold was monetary gold plundered from the central banks of occupied countries. 581,000 francs of "Melmer" gold taken from Holocaust victims in eastern Europe was sold to Swiss banks. In total, trade between Germany and Switzerland contributed about 0.5% to the German war effort, but did not significantly lengthen. Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... ISO 4217 Code CHF User(s) Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Campione dItalia Inflation 1. ... The Swiss National Bank is a central bank and responsible for the monetary policy of Switzerland. ... A 100 Mark banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1908 (http://www. ...

Greece

Kingdom of Greece.

Main article: Axis occupation of Greece during World War II

Despite the fact that the vast majority of Greece's leaders, clerics, population, military, and persons on both left and right political spectrum resisted the Italian, German, and Bulgarian occupation, a small group of sympathizers, including the puppet governments of the Quisling Prime Ministers Georgios Tsolakoglou, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos and Ioannis Rallis emerged. From 1941 to 1944 the collaborationist governments and sympathizers comprising the infamous "Security Battalions" fought against the guerrilla forces of the both the rightist and leftist factions of the Greek Resistance. These were widely reviled in colloquial Greek as Germanotsoliades (Greek: Γερμανοτσολιάδες, literally meaning "German Tsolias"). Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Capital Athens Language(s) Greek Religion Greek Orthodox Government Constitutional Monarchy King  - 1832-1862 Otto  - 1863-1913 George I  - 1913-1917 Constantine I  - 1917-1920 Alexander  - 1920-1922 Constantine I  - 1922-1924 George II Historical era Enlightenment Era  - London Protocol August 30, 1832  - Military junta April 21, 1967 The Kingdom... German soldiers raising the Reich War Flag over the Acropolis. ... Georgios Tsolakoglou (Greek: , Agrafa, April 1886 - Athens, May 1948) was a Greek military officer who became the countrys first quisling Prime Minister during the Axis Occupation in 1941-1942. ... Konstantinos Logothetopoulos was a distinguished Greek medical doctor who became Prime Minister of a quisling government during the Axis occupation of Greece. ... Ioannis Rallis (1878-1946) was the third Nazi collaborator prime minister of Greece, from 7 April 1943 to 12 October 1944, succeeding Konstantinos Logothetopoulos in the Nazi-held puppet government in Athens. ...

Channel Islands

Bailiwick of Jersey.

Bailiwick of Guernsey.

Main article: Occupation of the Channel Islands

While the German Army was preparing to land an assault force of two battalions to capture the Channel Islands, a reconnaissance pilot landed in Guernsey on 30 June to whom the Island officially surrendered. Jersey surrendered on 1 July. Alderney, where no one remained, was occupied on 2 July, and a small detachment travelled from Guernsey to Sark which officially surrendered on 4 July. In Guernsey, the Bailiff, Sir Victor Carey and the States of Guernsey handed overall control to the German authorities. Day-to-day running of Island affairs became the responsibility of a Controlling Committee, chaired by Ambrose Sherwill. Image File history File links Flag_of_Jersey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jersey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Guernsey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Guernsey. ... As part of the Atlantic Wall, between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands such as this observation tower at Les Landes, Jersey The Occupation of the Channel Islands refers to the Military occupation of the Channel... This article is about the British dependencies. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... Flag of Sark The location of the Channel Islands in Europe An aerial view of Sark Sark (French: Sercq; Sercquiais: Sèr) is a small island in the English Channel. ... For the United States holiday, the Fourth of July, see Independence Day (United States). ... Bailiff (from Late Latin bajulivus, adjectival form of bajulus) is a governor or custodian (cf. ...

The policy of the Island governments, acting under instructions from the British government communicated before the occupation, was one of passive co-operation, although this has been criticised because of the deportation of Jews from the islands. Some island women fraternised with the occupying forces, although this was frowned upon by the majority of Islanders, who gave them the derogatory nickname "Jerry bags". Jerry was a nickname given to World War II German soldiers, the German armed forces, or collectively the entirety of Nazi Germany. ...

Liechtenstein

Principality of Liechtenstein.

According to some sources Prince Franz I of Liechtenstein — the absolute monarch of the small principality — was antipathetic to Nazism because his consort, Elisabeth (née von Gutmann), was Jewish.^[10] Franz I died in 1938 and was succeeded by Franz Joseph II. Liechtenstein remained neutral throughout World War II, and its neutrality was never violated by any of the combatants. However, two factors have linked the Lichtensteinian state to the Axis cause: Image File history File links Flag_of_Liechtenstein. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Liechtenstein. ... On 15 August 2004, Hans Adam II formally delegated the power to make decisions in Liechtenstein to his son, Alois of Liechtenstein. ... Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (28 August 1853 - 25 July 1938) was the prince of Liechtenstein between 1929 and 1938. ... Absolute monarchy is an idealized form of government, a monarchy where the ruler has the power to rule his or her country and citizens freely with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition telling him or her what to do, although some religious authority may be able to discourage the... The French word née (feminine) or né (masculine) (or the English word nee) is still commonly used in some newspapers when mentioning the maiden name of a woman in engagement or wedding announcements. ... HSH Franz Josef II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Franz Joseph Maria Aloys Alfred Karl Johannes Heinrich Michael Georg Ignaz Benediktus Gerhardus Majella , (August 16, 1906 - November 13, 1989) was the prince of Liechtenstein from 1938 until his death. ...

• In 2005, it was revealed that Franz Josef II profitted directly from the Holocaust. Labourers from the Strasshof concentration camp, provided by the SS, had worked on estates in Austria owned by the Liechtensteinian royal house.^[11] The family also bought property in Austria and Czechoslovakia which had been taken from Jews by the Nazis.

• At the end of the war, Liechtenstein gave asylum to about 500 soldiers of the Russian Liberation Army (also known as the Vlasov Army), which had been recruited by the German Wehrmacht from Soviet POWs.

2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The town of Strasshof (full name: Strasshof an der Nordbahn), Population 6,993 (2001 [1], is a suburban town 25 km east of Vienna. ... Look up asylum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A soldier of the Russian Liberation Army Russian Liberation Army or ROA (Русская Освободительная Армия, Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Armiya), also known as the Vlasov army, was a group of volunteer Russian forces allied with Nazi Germany during World War II. The ROA was organized by former Red Army general Andrey Vlasov, who tried...

Czech Republic

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

Main article: Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Bohemia and Moravia were declared a protectorate of Germany and were placed under the supervision of the Reichsprotektor, Freiherr Konstantin von Neurath. Emil Hácha remained as technical head of state with the title of State President; German officials manned departments analogous to cabinet ministries, while small German control offices were established locally. The Gestapo assumed police authority. Jews were dismissed from the civil service and placed in an extralegal position. Political parties were banned, and many Communist Party leaders fled to the Soviet Union. Image File history File links Flag_of_Bohmen_und_Mahren. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bohmen_und_Mahren. ... Capital Prague Language(s) Czech, German Politcal structure Protectorate Reichsprotector  - 1939-1941 Konstantin von Neurath  - 1941-1942 Reinhard Heydrich (acting)  - 1942-1943 Kurt Daluege (acting) Staatspresident  - 1939-1945 Emil Hácha Historical era World War II  - Occupation March 15, 1939  - Fall of Prague May 13, 1945 Currency Bohemian and Moravian... Capital Prague Language(s) Czech, German Politcal structure Protectorate Reichsprotector  - 1939-1941 Konstantin von Neurath  - 1941-1942 Reinhard Heydrich (acting)  - 1942-1943 Kurt Daluege (acting) Staatspresident  - 1939-1945 Emil Hácha Historical era World War II  - Occupation March 15, 1939  - Fall of Prague May 13, 1945 Currency Bohemian and Moravian... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Flag of Moravia Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: ; Hungarian: ; Polish: ) is a historical region in the east of the Czech RepublicCzechia. ... Protector is historical title with multiple meanings; this article also includes a few litteral equivalents thus rendered // Political & Administrative Heads of State in Europe in Iceland: one Sovereign was styled Beskytter af hele e Island (Protector of Land of Iceland) 25 Jun - 22 Aug 1809 (an intermezzo between Danish Governors... Emil Hácha (July 12, 1872 – June 26, 1945) was a Czech lawyer, the third President of Czechoslovakia, taking office in 1938, and the first and only State President of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. ...

The population of the protectorate was mobilized for labor that would aid the German war effort, and special offices were organized to supervise the management of industries important to that effort. Czechs were drafted to work in coal mines, the iron and steel industry, and armaments production; some young people were sent to Germany. Consumer goods production, much diminished, was largely directed toward supplying the German armed forces. The protectorate's population was subjected to strict rationing.

Vatican City

Stete of the Vatican City.

The Roman Question was solved on February 11, 1929 between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy. The treaty was signed by Benito Mussolini and Pietro Cardinal Gasparri in behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and Pope Pius XI (1922-1939), respectively. The Lateran Treaty and the Concordat established the independent State of the Vatican City and granted Catholicism special status in Italy. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Vatican_City. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Vatican_City. ... Anthem: Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Italian: Hymn and Pontifical March) Capital Vatican City1 Largest city Vatican City Official languages Latin2, Italian Government Absolute elective3 monarchy  - Head of State Pope Benedict XVI  - Secretary of State Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone  - Governor Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo Independence from the Kingdom of Italy   - Lateran Treaty 11... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pietro Cardinal Gasparri (May 5, 1852-November 18, 1934) was Roman Catholic archbishop, diplomat and politician in the Roman Curia. ... Victor Emmanuel III Victor Emmanuel III (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III) (November 11, 1869 - December 28, 1947), nicknamed The Soldier, was the King of Italy (July 29, 1900 - May 9, 1946), and claimed the titles Emperor of Ethiopia (1936 - 1943) and King of Albania (1939 - 1943). ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... The Lateran Treaties of February 11, 1929 provided for the mutual recognition of the then Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican City. ... A concordat is an agreement between the pope and a government or sovereign on religious matters. ...

The Holy See, was one of very little states why established diplomatical relations with the Empire of Manchukuo in wartimes. At last, more much of Nazi secret organization how Odessa or others the Proper Vatican was aided at Nazi dignataires during your left,in 1945 for proposed of Hudal with approved of Pope Pio XII, Montini, introduced some changes in routine of Vatican State Secretariat and Refugee Office were conceded relligious dresses and Vatican regular Passports at some Nazi personalities. For other uses, see Odessa (disambiguation). ...

Monaco

Principality of Monaco.

While Prince Louis II sympathies were strongly pro-French, he tried to keep Monaco neutral during World War II but supported the Vichy French government of his old army colleague, Marshall Philippe Pétain. Nonetheless, his tiny principality was tormented by domestic conflict partly as a result of Louis' indecisiveness, and also because the majority of the population was of Italian descent; many of them supported the fascist regime of Italy's Benito Mussolini. Image File history File links Flag_of_Monaco. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Monaco. ... Louis II of Monaco (July 12, 1870 – May 9, 1949) was the Sovereign Prince of Monaco from June 26, 1922 until May 9, 1949. ... Motto Travail, famille, patrie French: Work, family, fatherland Unoccupied zone of Vichy France (until November 1942) Capital Vichy Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholic Government Dictatorship Head of state  - 1940 — 1944 Philippe Pétain President of the Council  - 1940 — 1942 Philippe Pétain  - 1942 - 1944 Pierre Laval Legislature National Assembly...

In 1943, the Italian Army invaded and occupied Monaco, setting up a fascist puppet government. Soon after, following Mussolini's fall in Italy, the German Army occupied Monaco and began the deportation of the Jewish population. Among them was René Blum, founder of the Opera, who died in a Nazi concentration camp. Under Prince Louis' secret orders, the Monaco police, often at great risk to themselves, warned people in advance that the Gestapo was planning on arresting them. The country was liberated as German troops retreated. René Blum (Paris, 13 March 1878 - Auschwitz, 30 April 1942) was the founder of the Ballet de lOpera a Monte Carlo. He was the brother of the socialist Prime Minister of France, Leon Blum. ... The Opéra de Monte-Carlo is an opera house in Monaco. ...

Andorra and San Marino

Principality of Andorra.

Most Serene Republic of San Marino.

During the Second World War, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between Vichy France and Spain. During the Second World War, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between Vichy France and Spain. The last occupation of San Marino was during 1944. San Marino was officially neutral in World War II. However, German forces used the country to retreat through, and they were followed by Allied forces. The Allied armies only remained in occupation for as long as militarily necessary, which turned out to be only a few weeks, although it killed 60 people. Image File history File links Flag_of_Andorra. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Andorra. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_San_Marino. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_San_Marino. ... Motto: Libertas(Latin) Liberty Anthem: Inno Nazionale della Repubblica San Marino(circled in inset) on the European continent() Capital  San Marino Largest city Serravalle Official languages Italian1 Government Republic  -  Captains Regent Antonio Carattoni and Roberto Giorgetti  -  Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Fiorenzo Stolfi Foundation  -  Date September 3...

Ireland

Republic of Ireland.

Main article: The Emergency

Éire, as the Republic of Ireland was known at the time, was officially neutral during the war. Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. In 1939–40, Germany attempted to infiltrate spies into the UK by way of Éire, but these attempts consistently failed (see Operation Lobster and Operation Seagull). Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... The Emergency was an official euphemism used by the Irish Government (of the State now known as the Republic of Ireland) during the 1940s to refer to its position during World War II. The State was officially neutral during World War II and in government media, direct references to the... Map of Éire Éire (pronounced ) is the Irish name for Ireland. ... Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... In 1940 it was decided to send agents and saboteurs to infiltrate Britain from Norway and Northern France. ... Operation Seagull was a British action during the Second World War to destroy several Nazi-controlled industrial targets including a smelter at Arendal, with the help of Kompani Linge agents from Norway. ...

During the period 1939–43, German intelligence, the Abwehr made attempts to foster intelligence-gathering links with the Irish Republican Army (IRA), but found that the IRA was in no condition to be of serious use. IRA members such as Francis Stuart did travel to Germany for discussions, although these were largely ineffectual. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. ... This article is about the historical army of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919-21, and the Irish Civil War 1922-23. ... Francis Stuart (1902-2000) was a prolific Irish writer whose novels have a thrusting modernist iconoclasm. ...

The German military also drew up plans detailing how an invasion of Ireland might take place. These plans were titled Plan Green and any invasion was to act as a diversionary attack in support of a main attack to conquer Britain titled Operation Sealion. Both of these plans were shelved by 1942. Germans also came to Ireland, the most notable of whom was Hermann Görtz, who was captured in possession of "Plan Kathleen" — an IRA plan that detailed a Nazi supported invasion of Northern Ireland. Operation Green (Unternehmen Grün in German) often also referred to as Fall Grün (Case Green) or Plan Green (Plan Grün), was a fullscale operations plan for the invasion of the island of Ireland in support of Operation Sealion (Unternehmen Seelöwe in German). ... Operation Sealion (Unternehmen (Undertaking) Seelöwe in German) was a World War II German plan to invade the United Kingdom. ... Hermann Görtz (1890-1947) was a German spy in Britain and Ireland before and during World War II. Hermann Görtz (also Goertz in English) arrived to Britain in August 29 1935 with a secretary Marianne Emig. ... Plan Kathleen, sometimes referred to as Artus Plan (Artus Plan in German), was a plan for the invasion of Northern Ireland sanctioned by Stephen Hayes Acting Irish Republican Army (IRA) Chief of Staff in 1940. ...

On the occasion of the death of Adolf Hitler, Irish Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Éamon de Valera paid a controversial visit to German ambassador Eduard Hempel to express sympathy with the German people over the death of the Führer. The Taoiseach ( or [1]) — plural: Taoisigh ( or [1]) — or, more formally, An Taoiseach[2], is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet, the rough equivalent of a prime minister under the Westminster System. ... Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera,IPA: [1][2]) (14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. ... Eduard Hempel (1887–1972) was the German Ambassador to Ireland between 1937 and 1945. ...

Some Irish particulars was allegued served in German forces how James Brady and Frank Stringer served in SS-Jagdverband Mitte during 1944-1945 and was court-martialled and imprisoned after the war.and one third; Patrick O'Neill, an Irish doctor, may have served in SS-Sturmbataillon 500,if supposed.

Latvia

Main article: Reichskommissariat Ostland

Main article: Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany

Nazi troops occupied Riga on July 1, 1941. Immediately after the installment of German authority, a process of eliminating the Jewish and Gypsy population began, with many killings taking place in Rumbula. The killings were committed by the Einsatzgruppe A, the Wehrmacht and Marines (in Liepaja), as well as by Latvian collaborators, including the 500-1,500 members of the infamous Arājs Commando, which alone killed around 26,000 Jews, and the 2,000 or more Latvian members of the SD.By the end of 1941 almost the entire Jewish population was killed or placed in the death camps. In addition, some 25,000 Jews were brought from Germany, Austria and the present-day Czech Republic, of whom around 20,000 were killed. The Holocaust claimed approximately 85,000 lives in Latvia. Reichskommissariat Ostland was the German name for the Nazi civil administration of so called Eastern Territories of the Third Reich dring World War II, where Ostland (German for Eastern Territories) was the name given to the German occupied territories of the Baltic states, Belarus and Eastern Poland. ... Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Rumbula Forest is a pine forest enclave in Riga, Latvia. ... Liepāja. ... The Arajs Commando was a Latvian police unit that participated actively in the killing of Jews during the Holocaust. ...

Estonia

Main article: Reichskommissariat Ostland

Main article: Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany

After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and the Wehrmacht reached Estonia in July 1941, most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms and hoped to restore independence. But it soon became clear that sovereignty was out of the question. Estonia became a part of the German-occupied "Ostland". A Sicherheitspolizei was established for internal security under the leadership of Ain-Ervin Mere. Reichskommissariat Ostland was the German name for the Nazi civil administration of so called Eastern Territories of the Third Reich dring World War II, where Ostland (German for Eastern Territories) was the name given to the German occupied territories of the Baltic states, Belarus and Eastern Poland. ... Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Ain-Ervin Mere (February 22, 1903-April 5, 1969) was a leading Estonian collaborator with Nazi Germany. ...

Estonia had a relatively small Jewish population of 4,500 people before the war. Round-ups and killings of Jews began immediately following the arrival of the first German troops in 1941, who were closely followed by the extermination squad Einsatzkommando (Sonderkommando) 1A, part of Einsatzgruppe A. The initial formation of a volunteer SS Estonian legion was eventually to become in 1944 a full-sized Waffen SS volunteer division, the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian). The Estonian units saw action defending the Narva line throughout 1944. The reconstructed fortress of Narva (to the left) overlooking the Russian fortress of Ivangorod (to the right). ...

Lithuania

Main article: Reichskommissariat Ostland

People soon have realized that the Nazis had no plans for independent or even autonomous Lithuania and, in fact, they viewed the natives as second-class citizens. Lithuania however lost its independence fully and economic conditions were harsh, especially in cities and towns (in villages people were at least able to grow food for themselves). Reichskommissariat Ostland was the German name for the Nazi civil administration of so called Eastern Territories of the Third Reich dring World War II, where Ostland (German for Eastern Territories) was the name given to the German occupied territories of the Baltic states, Belarus and Eastern Poland. ...

There was substantial cooperation between the German forces and some Lithuanians. The Lithuanian Activist Front group formed five police companies to restore order in the country. Later, the units around Kaunas were incorporated into the Tautos Darbo Apsauga (National Labour Guard) and in Vilnius the Lietuvos Savisaugos Dalys (Lithuanian Self Defence). These were then joined into the Policiniai Batalionai (Lithuanian Police Battalions) called by the Germans the Schutzmannschaft, with a total of 8,388 men by August, 1942. Another infamous unit was the Lithuanian Secret Police (Saugumo policija). Despite the fact that the purpose of their creation was different, these Lithuanian units participated in the Holocaust, especially within Lithuania (including the areas of Vilnius region that are now in Belarus). This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Location Ethnographic region Aukštaitija County Kaunas County Municipality Kaunas city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 11 General Information Capital of Kaunas County Kaunas city municipality Kaunas district municipality Population 361,274 in 2005 (2nd) First mentioned 1361 Granted city rights 1408 Kaunas ( (help· info), approximate English transcription [ˈkəʊ.n... Location Ethnographic region Aukštaitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population About 600,000 in 2006 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Articles with similar titles include Vilnius... Lithuanian Security Police also referred to as Saugumas (Lithuanian: ) was a Lithuanian Nazi-sponsored collaborationist Police from 1941 to 1944. ...

Austria

Austrian Republic.

Main article: Austrian Civil War

Main article: Austrofascism

Main article: Anschluss

On February 12, 1934 the new Austrofascist regime provoked the Austrian Civil War by ordering search warrants for the headquarters of the socialist party. At that time the socialist party structures were already weakened and the uprising of its supporters was quickly defeated. Subsequently, the socialist party and all its ancillary organisations were banned. Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Capital Vienna Language(s) German Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic President  - 1919–20 Karl Seitz  - 1920–28 Michael Hainisch  - 1928–38 Wilhelm Miklas Chancellor  - 1918–20 Karl Renner (first)  - 1922–29 Ignaz Seipel (brief absence 1924–26)  - 1932–34 Engelbert Dollfuß  - 1934–38 Kurt Schuschnigg  - 1938 Arthur Seyß-Inquart (last... The Austrian Civil War, also known as the February Uprising, is a term sometimes used for a few days of skirmishes between socialist and fascist forces between 12 February and 16 February 1934 in Austria. ... Supporters of the Austrian Christian Social Party in 1934 Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Supporters of the Austrian Christian Social Party in 1934 Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. ... The Austrian Civil War, also known as the February Uprising, is a term sometimes used for a few days of skirmishes between socialist and fascist forces between 12 February and 16 February 1934 in Austria. ...

On May 1, 1934, the Dollfuss cabinet approved a new constitution that abolished freedom of the press, established one party system (known as "The Patriotic Front") and created a total state monopoly on employer-employee relations. This system remained in force until Austria became part of the Third Reich in 1938. The Patriotic Front government frustrated the ambitions of pro-Hitlerite sympathizers in Austria who wished both political influence and unification with Germany, leading to the assassination of Dollfuss on July 25, 1934. His successor Schuschnigg maintained the ban on pro-Hitlerite activities in Austria, but was forced to resign on March 11, 1938 following a demand by Hitler for power-sharing with pro-German circles May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Engelbert Dollfuss. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Kurt Schuschnigg in a propagando manifesto. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (71st in leap years). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

On March 12, German troops entered Austria, who met celebrating crowds, in order to install Nazi puppet Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Chancellor. With a Nazi administration already in place and the country integrated into the Third Reich, a referendum on April 10 approved of the annexation with a majority of 99.73%. This referendum is, however, believed by many observers and historians to have been rigged. March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... Arthur Seyss-Inquart Arthur Seyss-Inquart (born Arthur Zajtich, officially (German) Arthur Seyß-Inquart) (July 22, 1892 – October 16, 1946) was a prominent Nazi official in Austria and for wartime Germany in Poland and the Netherlands. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ...

As a result, Austria ceased to exist as an independent country during World War II. Technically, this annexation was forced by military invasion, but large parts of the Austrian population were in favour of the Nazi regime. The large Jewish population (about 200,000 Jews were living in Vienna at that time), which had had considerable significance for science and culture at that time, was killed or forced into exile, as were many socialist and Catholic Austrian politicians. Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...

Belarus

Generalbezirk Weißruthenien.

Main article: Reichskommissariat Ostland

Main article: Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany

During World War II, the Nazis attempted to establish a puppet Belarusian government, Belarusian Central Rada, with the symbolics similar to Belarusian National Republic. The Germans imposed a brutal racist regime, burning down some 9,000 Belarusian villages, deporting some 380,000 people for slave labour, and killing hundreds of thousands of civilians more. Almost the whole, previously very numerous, Jewish population of Belarus which did not evacuate was killed. One of the first uprisings of a Jewish ghetto against the Nazis occurred in 1942 in Belarus, in the small town of Lakhva. Image File history File links Flag_of_Belarus_1991. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belarus_1991. ... Belarusian partisan fighters behind German front lines in Belarus in 1943 Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. ... Reichskommissariat Ostland was the German name for the Nazi civil administration of so called Eastern Territories of the Third Reich dring World War II, where Ostland (German for Eastern Territories) was the name given to the German occupied territories of the Baltic states, Belarus and Eastern Poland. ... Belarusian partisan fighters behind German front lines in Belarus in 1943 Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Ukraine

Reichskommissariat Ukraine.

Main article: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

During World War II, some elements of the Ukrainian nationalist underground fought both Nazi and Soviet forces, forming the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in 1942, while other Ukrainians initially collaborated with the Nazis, having been ignored by all other powers. In 1941 the German invaders and their Axis allies initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful efforts of the Red Army. Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... UPA appeal poster. ...

Initially, the Germans were received as liberators by many Ukrainians, especially in western Ukraine which had only been occupied by the Soviets in 1939. However, German rule in the occupied territories eventually aided the Soviet cause. Nazi administrators of conquered Soviet territories made little attempt to exploit the population of Ukrainian territories' dissatisfaction with Soviet political and economic policies. Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system, systematically carried out genocidal policies against Jews, deported others (mainly Ukrainians) to work in Germany, and began a systematic depopulation of Ukraine to prepare it for German colonization.

Turkey

Republic of Turkey.

Germans had no intention of occupying Turkey, even though its neighbors to the West were all occupied by the Axis (including Greece, while Bulgaria was allied with Germany). Thus, Franz von Papen, German foreign minister, visited Ankara with hopes of getting Turkey to join the Axis powers. It would have helpful effects to the Germans, since Turkish and German troops could cut through the Caucasus to the oil fields in Baku, preventing a Russian front. Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen (29 October 1879 – 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman Catholic politician, General Staff officer, and diplomat, who served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Municipality: Baku Area: 260 km² Altitude: -28 m Population: 2,074,300 census 2003 Population density: 1280 persons/km² Postal Code: AZ10 Area code: +99412 Municipality code: BA Latitude: 40° 23 N Longitude: 49° 52 E Mayor: Hajibala Abutalybov The Baku region. ...

Turkey decided to remain neutral so as not to alienate the Allies, however signed a neutrality pact with Germany. Preciselly it was the last country during wartimes to be sold military equipment, (Panzer III-IVs, Focke-Wulf Fw 190As, etc) with interest of promoted the Turkish participation in Eastern Front also. The Panzerkampfwagen III (PzKpfw III), more commonly referred to as the Panzer III, was a tank developed in the 1930s by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed to fight other AFVs, serving alongside the infantry-support Pzkpfw IV. It soon became obsolete in this role... The Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV), more commonly referred to as the Panzer IV, was a tank developed by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed initially as an infantry-support medium tank, to work in conjunction with the anti-tank Pzkpfw III. Later in the war... The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Würger (Butcher-bird) was a single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft of the Luftwaffe, and one of the best fighters of its generation. ...

Macau

Macau Special Administrative Region.

Following the surrender of Hong Kong in December 1941, the Japanese decided not to formally occupy Macao. Reason may have been that the Japanese were supposed to respect Portuguese neutrality. The fact remains that Japanese troops went in and out of Macao at will with little protest from Portuguese authorities. However, in spite of this situation, the Allied flags were allowed to be displayed in Macao at their respective embassies. Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ...

After August 1943, Japanese influence in Macao increased after they attacked and captured a British cargo ship, the Sian (or X'ian), off the coast of Macao after killing 20 of its crew. Perhaps it was carrying contraband war supplies for Nationalist Chinese Forces.It was after this incident that Japan ordered the government of Macao to accept Japanese "Advisors" as an alternative to complete military occupation. Later, Japan became even more aggressive in ordering the Governor of Macao, Commander Gabriel Mauricio Teixeira, to recognize Japanese authority in South China. Furthermore, Japanese authorities ordered Portuguese troops to leave their barracks on Lappa Island, an island adjacent to Macao and occupied by the Portuguese troops. The Japanese also were given the authority to conduct house-to-house searches in Macao. Sian may refer to: Sian, a former transliteration of the name of the city of Xian, in China Siân (properly pronounced Shan or in some cases See -arn) a Welsh girls name, equivalent to Jane. ... North China (北方 Hanyu pinyin: Běifāng) and South China (南方 Hanyu pinyin: Nánfāng) are two approximate regions within China. ...

Macau remained almost isolated from the outside world, but was never occupied by the Japanese forces during World War II. It remained neutral during the war, but was essentially out of contact with the government in Lisboa (Portugal), isolated and out of touch. This prevented either reinforcement or withdrawal. Apparently the biggest problems were caused by Chinese civilians taking refuge from the Japanese. However, the Portuguese gunboat at Macau (river gunboat Macau??) was seized by the Japanese and renamed Maiko. This event happened shortly after Portugal made the Azores available to Allied aircraft. At the end of World War II, after the Japonese surrender, Macau returned to his normal situation. Maiko (apprentice geisha) in Kyoto, Japan Geisha (芸者) are traditional Japanese artist-entertainers. ...

Indonesia

Republic of Indonesia.

Main article: Japanese occupation of Indonesia

During the occupation, the Japanese encouraged and backed Indonesian nationalistic feeling, created new Indonesian institutions and promoted nationalist leaders such as Sukarno. In the decades before the war, the Dutch had been overwhelmingly successful in suppressing the small nationalist movement in Indonesia such that the Japanese proved fundamental for coming Indonesian independence.[10] Image File history File links Flag_of_Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Indonesia. ... The Japanese occupation of Indonesia refers to the period between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, when the Empire of Japan ruled Indonesia. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ...

The Japanese regime perceived Java as the most politically sophisticated, but economically the least important area; its people were Japan’s main resource. As such—and in contrast to Dutch suppression—the Japanese encouraged Indonesian nationalism in Java and thus increased its political sophistication (similar encouragement of nationalism in strategic resource-rich Sumatra came later, but only after it was clear the Japanese would lose the war). The outer islands under naval control, however, were regarded as politically backward but economically vital for the Japanese war effort, and these regions were governed the most oppressively of all. These experiences and subsequent differences in nationalistic politicisation would have profound impacts on the course of the Indonesian Revolution in the years immediately following independence (1945 – 1950). Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

In addition to new-found Indonesian nationalism, equally important for the coming independence strugle and internal revolution was the Japanese orchestrated economic, political and social dismantling and destruction of the Dutch colonial stat

In early 1929, during the so-called Indonesian National Revival, Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Mohammad Hatta (later Vice President), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for the Indonesian independence cause.[1] In February 1942 Imperial Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies quickly over-running outmatched Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno three hundred kilometres to Padang, Sumatra. They intended on keeping him prisoner, but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves. 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mohammad Hatta Mohammad Hatta (born August 12, 1902, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); died March 14, 1980, Jakarta) was Indonesias first vice president, after being the countrys Prime Minister. ... Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) Jusuf Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: | | ... Combatants China (from 1937) United States (1941) U.K. (1941) Australia (from 1941) Free France (1941) Netherlands (1941) New Zealand (1941) Canada (1941) Soviet Union (1945) Japan (from 1937)  Germany (1941) Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Fumimaro Konoe Hideki Tojo Kuniaki Koiso Kantaro Suzuki... Padang is the main capital of West Sumatra in Indonesia. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ...

The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno and approached him with respect wanting to use him to organise and pacify the Indonesians. Sukarno on the other hand wanted to use the Japanese to free Indonesia: "The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with Dai Nippon...For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in the mirror of Asia. Flag of Imperial Japan The Empire of Japan or Imperial Japan (: 大日本帝國; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国; pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku) commonly refers to Japan from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II. Politically, it covers the period from the enforced establishment of prefectures in place of feudal domains (廃藩置県; Hai-han Chi...

Subsequently, indigenous forces across both Sumatra and Java aided the Japanese against the Dutch, but would not cooperate in the supply of the aviation fuel which was essential for the Japanese war effort. Desperate for local support in supplying the volatile cargo, Japan now brought Sukarno back to Jakarta. He helped the Japanese in obtaining its aviation fuel and labor conscripts, called sukarela in Indonesian and Romusha in Japanese. Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha. He also was involved with Peta and Heiho (Javanese volunteer army troops) via speeches broadcast on the Japanese radio and loud speaker networks across Java. By mid-1945 these units numbered around two million, and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java. Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... Romushas were Indonesian forced laborers during the Japanese occupation in World War II. The word is Japanese and (reportedly) translates to wood log, indicating the disposable nature of the Indonesian labor force. ... Peta can refer to: Peta (prefix), a prefix meaning times 1015 in the International System of Units People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), an animal-rights organization People Eating Tasty Animals, a parody of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Peta, Greece, a town in the prefecture...

On November 10, 1943 Sukarno was decorated by the Emperor of Japan in Tokyo. He also became head of Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), the Japanese-organized committee through which Indonesian independence was later gained. On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Koiso Kuniaki promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set. This announcement was seen as immense vindication for Sukarno's apparent collaboration with the Japanese. November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... September 7 is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Kuniaki Koiso Kuniaki Koiso (小磯 国昭 Koiso Kuniaki, March 22, 1880–November 3, 1950) was the 41st Prime Minister of Japan from July 22, 1944 to April 7, 1945. ...

First Republic of Eastern Turkestan

Turkish Islamic East Turkestan Republic.

Main article: Republic of Eastern Turkestan and Axis Powers Links

The "Turkish-Islamic First East Turkestan Republic" poses some links with Axis Powers, because the Axis interest from 1930-37 was to exploit the Pan-Islamic sentiments amongst to support one pretend Pro-Axis client state near Central Asia as a way to watch the Soviets interests in the area. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Kokbayraq flag. ... The Kokbayraq flag. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... According to the notion of client states, just as a client of a corporation remains dependent on the corporation for a continued supply of products, and just as it is in the companys interest to make expendable products which need to be replaced regularly, client states of the two... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

Afghanistan and Iran

Imperial Islamic Kingdom of Iran.

Kingdom of Afghanistan.

In Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi, who had been in power since 1923, had a fondness for fascism and supported Hitler from the second he came to power. Hitler was interested in becoming friendlier with Iran due to its peoples Aryan background. Hitler believed that Iran had freed itself from all British influence. Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran_(1925). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran_(1925). ... Motto (official) Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ« 1(Persian) Independence, freedom, Islamic Republic (ancient) Kerdār-e nÄ«k, pendār-e nÄ«k, goftār-e nÄ«k (Persian) Noble deeds, noble thoughts, noble words Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān 2 Capital... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1615x1062, 108 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Iran national football team Flag of Afghanistan Luxembourg national football team Afghanistan national football team Afghanistan... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1615x1062, 108 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Iran national football team Flag of Afghanistan Luxembourg national football team Afghanistan national football team Afghanistan... Anthem SurÅ«d-i MillÄ« Capital (and largest city) Kabul Official languages Pashto, Persian (DarÄ«)1 Government Islamic Republic  -  President Hamid Karzai  -  Vice President Ahmad Zia Massoud  -  Vice President Karim Khalili Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland   -  Declared August 8, 1919   -  Recognized August 19 1919  Area... Reza Shah, also Reza Shah the Great, Reza Shah Pahlavi and Reza Pahlavi (Persian: , Rez̤ā PahlavÄ«), (March 16, 1878 – July 26, 1944), was Shah of Iran[1] from December 15, 1925 until he was forced to abdicate after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in September 16, 1941 by British... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Reza Shah allowed German agents to operate in Tehran and use the city as a base to stir up British and Jews in the region. The city also housed German, Italian, Romanian and Hungarian legations. Reza Shah was the one responsible for influencing the 1941 pro-Nazi coup in Baghdad. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...

Reza Shah planned to divert all of his country’s oil shipments from the Allies to the Nazis. Iran had already been using the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company as a way to supply Hitler's troops in Czechoslovakia and Austria. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) was founded in 1909, as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran. ...

The British and Soviets, who both feared Germanys push into the Soviet Union may open the door for the capture of Abadans oil refineries, put pressure on Iran. Their demands were for all German agents to leave Iran and to let the Allies use the country to train, supply and be used as a transport corridor to ship arms to the Soviet Union. This only increased hostilities and pro-German rallies in Tehran. In addition to this, Reza Shah refused to expel German agents and denied use of Iran’s railways. Arvand river between Abadan (left) and khorramshahr (right). ...

In August 1941, the British, Indians and Soviets overwhelmed Iran. Reza Shah was forced to abdicate first to Mauritius, then to Johannesburg, South Africa. After the invasion some Axis agents contacted Persian tribesmen to enact sabotage and disturb the Persian Corridor to cut-off the Allied supply route. Combatants Allies (UK, India and USSR) Persia/ Iran The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia was the invasion of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Countenance, from August 25 to September 17 of 1941. ... City motto: Unity in Development Province Gauteng Mayor Amos Masondo Area  - % water 1,644 km² 0. ... The Persian Corridor is the name for a supply route through Iran into Soviet Azerbaijan by which British aid and American Lend-Lease supplies were transferred to the Soviet Union during World War II. Map of Iran & Borders with former Soviet Republics of Armenia, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan // Background Note: The...

In Afghanistan, Mohammed Zahir Shah with the tutelage of his uncles and one of his cousins invited and received industrial support from Germany. By 1935, German engineers and businessmen had developed factories and hydroelectric projects within Afghanistan. Smaller support from Japan and Italy was also expected. // The Shah was born into the Persian speaking Pashtun Barakzai dynasty of Afghanistan. ... Categories: ...

Although Afghanistan declared their neutrality on August 17, 1940, the British and Soviets were still alarmed by the large number of German non-diplomatic personnel within the country. August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

In October, both British and Soviet governments ordered that Afghanistan remove every last Axis non-diplomatic personnel from the country. The Shah and his tutelages regarded the demands as insulting and illegitimate, but they had taken note of the swift invasion of Iran conducted in August. Not wanting the same thing to happen to their country, they accepted the demands and began practicing absolute neutrality.

Singapore

Republic of Singapore.

Main article: Battle of Singapore

Main article: Japanese Occupation of Singapore

Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival surrendered the Allied forces in Singapore to General Tomoyuki Yamashita of the Imperial Japanese Army on Chinese New Year, 15 February 1942. About 130,000 Indian, Australian and British troops became prisoners of war, many of whom would later be transported to Burma, Japan, Korea, or Manchuria for use as slave labour via prisoner transports known as "Hell Ships." The fall of Singapore was the largest surrender of British-led forces in history. Image File history File links Flag_of_Singapore. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Singapore. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... The Japanese Occupation of Singapore was to become a major turning point in the history of several nations, including that of the Japanese, who rampaged down the Malay Peninsula with the singular intent of occupying Singapore to gain greater control over her war-time resource gathering efforts, the British, with... Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival December 26, 1887 – January 31, 1966. ... Tomoyuki Yamashita, 1945 General Tomoyuki Yamashita (山下 奉文 Yamashita Tomoyuki) (November 8, 1885 – February 23, 1946) was a general of the Japanese Army during the World War II era. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国陸軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945 when it was Imperial Japan. ... Chinese New Year (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), or Spring Festival or the Lunar New Year (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), is the most important of the traditional Chinese holidays. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on January 18 1815 (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or ì¡°ì„ , see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Singapore, renamed Syonan-to (昭南島 Shōnan-tō, "Light of the South Island" in Japanese), was occupied by the Japanese from 1942 to 1945. The Japanese Occupation is the darkest period of Singaporean history as the Japanese army imposed harsh measures against the local population. Numerous atrocities were committed by Japanese troops, particularly by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police.[24] They were the enforcers of the Sook Ching Massacre of Chinese civilians, to retaliate against them for their support to war effort in China. The mass executions claimed between 25,000 and 50,000 lives in Malayaand Singapore. The rest of the population suffered severe hardship throughout the three and a half years of Japanese occupation. The Kempeitai (憲兵隊, Law Soldier Regiment) were the military police of the Imperial Japanese Army. ... The Sook Ching massacre (肅清大屠殺) was a systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among ethnic Chinese Singaporeans by the Japanese military administration during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, after the British colony surrendered in the Battle of Singapore on 15 February 1942 during World War II. Sook Ching was later extended...

Tibet

Kingdom of Tibet.

Main article: 1939 German Expedition to Tibet

In 1939, one Axis Powers expedition was arriving at British India, before to rupture of conflict, in way to continuing the mission to Tibet with objective of explore the region, mountains amongst contact with local autorities. Such group during the trip to Tibetan plateau, was contacted with native Indian followers in Aryan race doctrines and right nationalists. Image File history File links Flag_of_Tibet. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tibet. ... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: བོད་; Wylie: Bod; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 西藏, Hanyu Pinyin: XÄ«zàng; also referred to as 藏区 (Simplified Chinese), 藏區 (Traditional Chinese), ZàngqÅ« (Hanyu Pinyin), see Name section below) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the indigenous home to the Tibetan people. ... 1939 German Expedition to Tibet. ... The flag of British India British India, circa 1860 The British Raj (Raj in Hindi meaning Rule; from Sanskrit Rajya) was the British rule between 1858 and 1947 of the Indian Subcontinent, which included the present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma (Myanmar), whereby these lands were under the colonial... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: བོད་; Wylie: Bod; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 西藏, Hanyu Pinyin: XÄ«zàng; also referred to as 藏区 (Simplified Chinese), 藏區 (Traditional Chinese), ZàngqÅ« (Hanyu Pinyin), see Name section below) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the indigenous home to the Tibetan people. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ...

United States

United States of America.

The United States officially was not favoured by any Axis member, but previously on December 1941, some American Businessmen linked with Japanese commerce and supporters of these causes in the country. For example the 1939 Commerce Agreement permit why Elbert Gary (President of United States Steel), Thomas Lamont (from J.P.Morgan and Warranty Trust Company) and Frank A. Vanderlip (Director of National City Bank of New York) visited the country and stablished bussines with Count Aisuke Kabayama (as figure of Iron Manufacture Company of Japan),Fuji Fujizawa (charged of collect scrap iron in United States) or Noburo Ohtani (President of N.Y.K. Lines)between others. Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ... Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ... Elbert Henry Gary (1846-1927) was an American lawyer and corporation official, born at Wheaton, Ill. ... Thomas William Lamont was a partner of the J.P. Morgan bank in the early 20th century, ascending to the position of chairman after J.P. Morgan, Jr. ... John Pierpont Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913), American financier and banker, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, a son of Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890), who was a partner of George Peabody and the founder of the house of J. S. Morgan & Co. ...

Between supporters if mentioned George Bronson Rea, ex railway engineer and expert in Chinese affairs why in 1935 published "The Case of Manchukuo" (D.Appletone Century Co. New York) were himself comment "I am a Manchukuo representant in United States, I am your lawyer and defense partidaire, because belived why such raising constituted fundamental step why followed the East people for scaped and endemic bad government.the Japanese protection if the unique happy posibility"amogst added "if to much sudden why in all aspects for jugde the Japanese goodwill"

in wartimes some US POWs who were members of the German forces, but no unit organized up of American volunteers were ever raised (exist claims about an "Amerikan Freikorps" or "George Washington Brigade"). According with certain dates five US citizens served in the Waffen-SS in May 1940 how Martin James Monti (from St Louis),as a SS Untersturmführer and Peter Delaney (aka Pierre de la Ney du Vair),(from Louisiana),as SS-Haupsturmführer in Waffen-SS;both served in SS-Standarte Kurt Eggers unit,but Delaney later is believed to served also in Légion des Volontaires Français (LVF).He met Monti and probably arranged for him to enter the Waffen-SS;Delaney was killed in 1945.others eight American volunteers are known to have been killed during wartime service.

Mexico

United Mexican States.

Japanese in 1941,prior to erupt the Pacific War invited to visit at some Mexican personalities how Jose Pages Llergo director of Review "Hoy" and Isaac Diaz Araiza journalist in same review at Japan, Manchukuo and The Reformed Chinese State. Llergo was inteviewed by Japan Times and Advertiser, he stated "why plenty understand the Japan efforts in East Asia and support this.added why Latin America was defined at favour of Axis Powers policies also" Officially the Mexican Nation later was alingned with the Allied side in wartimes Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico_(1934-1968). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico_(1934-1968). ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Costa Rica, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic

Republic of Coasta Rica.

Republic of El Salvador.

Republic of Dominican Republic.

Before at your enter at interamerican TIAR defensive agreement and entering in Allied side, Costa Rica, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic offered some diplomatical reconossaince at Empire of Manchukuo during wartimes. Image File history File links Flag_of_Costa_Rica. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Costa_Rica. ... Motto Vivan siempre el trabajo y la paz(Spanish) May Work And Peace Live Forever Anthem Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera(Spanish) Noble homeland, your beautiful flag Capital San José Largest city San Jose Official languages Spanish Government Democratic republic  -  President Óscar Arias Independence  -  September 15, 1821   -  from the UPCA... Image File history File links Flag_of_El_Salvador. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_El_Salvador. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic. ... Motto Dios, Patria, Libertad(Spanish) God, Homeland, Liberty Anthem Quisqueyanos valientes Capital (and largest city) Santo Domingo Official languages Spanish Government Presidential Republic  -  President Leonel Fernández Independence from Haiti   -  Date 27 February 1844  Area  -  Total 48,442 km² (130th) 18,810 sq mi   -  Water (%) 1. ... Manchukuo (1932–1945), Manchu country, was a former state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia created by former Qing Dynasty officials and Imperial Japan in 1932. ...

Brasil

Federative Republic of Brazil.

Brasil before and during wartimes, poses commercial business with Germany and Italy; for example, the country acquired examples of Focke-Wulf Fw 200B-1s, Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihes, Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz, Junkers Ju 86Ks,CV33 Tankettes, SdKfz6s, SdKfz7s, and SdKfz8s among other adquired licenses for constructing some aircrafts in the country. Before and during wartimes, there were rising political groups with native Fascist doctrines. If reported, the movements of local German and Japanese settlements in that period. Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Focke-Wulf Fw 200 The Focke-Wulf Fw 200 was a German all-metal four-engined monoplane that entered service as an airliner and later as long range reconnaissance and anti-shipping bomber aircraft for the Luftwaffe. ... The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s by Junkers. ... Polish TK-3. ...

Bolivia and Peru

Republic of Bolivia.

Republic of Peru.

Bolivia and Peru during the 1930s pose some commercial links with Germany and Italy; these countries acquired a number of Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz,Junkers Ju 86Ks, Junkers K 43s, and Fiat-Ansaldo CV 33/II Tankettes, between other military and civil equipment in first case, and examples of Caproni-Bergamaschi Ca.135 P.XI (Ca.135bis) in second case. In both countries, some Fascists movements were surging amongst if allegued the activities of local German colony in same epoch. Image File history File links Flag_of_Bolivia_(state). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bolivia_(state). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru_(1825_-_1950). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru_(1825_-_1950). ... The Focke-Wulf Fw 44 was a two-seater biplane known as the Stieglitz (Goldfinch). ... The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s by Junkers. ...

Argentina

Argentine Republic.

Previous to Pearl Harbor Attack, when the Roosevelt Government take diplomatic measures against Japan;Tokio decided to stablish relations with Latin America for obtain new allieds and prime Materia.in 1941 Japan invited at Chief of Commercial section of Argentinian Foreing Relation Ministry Dr.Carlos Torriani for visit Japan,Manchukuo,Chosen and Chinese Reformed State;himself declared "with own new knowledge of visited places as directed our efforts for educated at Argentina people over such things why ours see and promoted the commerce and good relations" Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Attack on Pearl Harbor Conflict World War II, Pacific War Date December 7, 1941 Place Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Result Japanese victory On the morning of December 7, 1941, planes and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, carried out a surprise assault on the...

Argentina was officially neutral during most of World War II; the public remained divided, however the military governments that ruled between the years 1943-1946 favoured the Axis Powers. After World War II, during Juan Domingo Perón's first government period, Argentina became a leading haven for Nazi war criminals amongst French and Belgian supporters between other Collaborationists, with the explicit protection of the Government. 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and the President of Argentina from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ...

Chile

Republic of Chile.

Chile was officially neutral, and later entered the war on the Allied side, but during the 1930s period the country sustained commercial relations with Germany, for example it acquired a number of Arado Ar 95A-1Bs,Junkers Ju 86K among other military equipment and other goods. This poses other links (one great German settlement in nation). On the other hand, some personalities like Diaz Valderrama, Carlos Keller and Jorge González von Marées organized the Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile in accord with Adolf Hitler's ideals amongst allegued interventions of German General-Consul in the country during wartimes. Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... Carlos Keller (3 January 1898 in Concepción-1974) was a leading Chilean fascist ideologue. ... Jorge González von Marées (April 5, 1900-March 14, 1962) was El Jefe (the Head = Chief, compare Führer) of the Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile (MNS, National Socialist Movement of Chile), a politician and author. ...

New Zealand

New Zealand.

Under New Zealand administration, on January 15, 1934, Mr. Alfred Matthes and E.W. Bohle were authorized to establish a short-lived branch of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in West Samoa. Following this, they began to receive literature and printed propaganda from the Auslands Abteilung (Foreign Branch) of the Nazi Party in Hamburg. Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Zealand. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Zealand. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Independent State of Samoa (conventional long form) or Samoa (conventional short form) is a country comprising a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. ... Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  755 km² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 2,324 /km² (6,018...

On January 20, 1937, Matthes and Gerhard Stoeicht returned to Apia from the Nazi Party's World Congress organized in Hamburg, Germany. In the same year the German consul in Wellington visited the Nazi HQ. in Apia. During the Munich crisis in 1938 the local Nazis became active again and apparently planned to attempt seizure over some key government institutions. Later, Matthes went broke and Berlin dissolved the Samoan Nazi Party in April 1939. January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... API may refer to: In computing, application programming interface In petroleum industry, American Petroleum Institute In education, Academic Performance Index This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Wellington (disambiguation). ... Munich (German: , pronounced  ; Austro-Bavarian: Minga [1]) is the capital of the German Federal State of Bavaria. ...

Some documents that were found in Germany after the war proved that twelve Western Samoans had an official NSDAP membership card. Ten of them emigrated to New Zealand after the war.

See also

General information

• World War II
• Axis powers of World War II
• Participants in World War II
• List of Pro-Axis Leaders and Governments or Direct Control in Occupied Territories
• Expansion plans of the Axis
• Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers