The Caste War of Yucatán ( Years: 1844 1845 1846 - 1847 - 1848 1849 1850 Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1847 in art 1847 in literature 1847 in music 1847 in rail transport 1847 in science 1847 in sports List of state leaders in 1847 List of... 1847– Years: 1898 1899 1900 - 1901 - 1902 1903 1904 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1901 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1901) began with the revolt of native This article will mostly concern itself with the Maya civilization after the conquest by Spain. Their pre-Columbian culture is dealt with in the Maya civilization article. The Maya people are a native American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America. We are not myths of the past, ruins... Maya people of The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Central America and the Caribbean The Caribbean Sea is a body of water adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, south of the Gulf of Mexico. It is bounded on the south by Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama, to the west by Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras... Yucatán ( For other uses, see Mexico (disambiguation). The United Mexican States or Mexico (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México; regarding the use of the variant spelling Méjico, see section The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered to the north by the United States, to the... Mexico) against the population of European descent (called Yucatecos) in political and economic control. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of Chan Santa Cruz is a former name for the town now named Felipe Carrillo Puerto in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, as well as the name of an independent Maya Indian state which the town was the capital of for much of the second half of the 19th century... Chan Santa Cruz by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for over another decade.

Background to the War

In The Kingdom of Spain or Spain (Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino de España; Asturian: Reinu dEspaña) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra... Spanish colonial times, Yucatán (like most of Flag of New Spain New Spain (in the Spanish language Nueva España) was the name given to the Spanish colonial territory in North America from c. 1525 to 1821. The Capital of New Spain was Mexico City. New Spain was ruled by a Viceroy appointed by the King of... New Spain) was under a legal The word Caste is derived from the Portuguese word casta, meaning lineage, breed or race. The term caste, when used in human culture, is usually in conjunction with the social division in Hindu society, particularly in India. This term is also used in entomology to describe social insects species who... caste system, with officials born in Spain at the top, the For the languages, see Creole language The term Creole is used with different meanings in different contexts, which can generate confusion. Generally it refers to a people or a culture that is distinctive or local to a region, but with various additional shades of meaning. Contents // 1 Latin American Creole... Creoles of Spanish descent in the next level, followed by the Mestizo (Brazil Portuguese. Mestiço; Canada French. Métis) is a term of Spanish origin describing peoples of the specific mixture of European and Amerindian (First Nations) racial strain inhabiting the region spanning the entire American continent from Canada in the north to Patagonia in the south. The feminine form... Mestizo population, then the native "Hidalgos", descendants of the The term Pre-Columbian is used to refer to the cultures of the New World in the era before significant European influence. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus, in practice the term usually includes indigenous cultures as they continued to develop until they were conquered or significantly... Pre-Columbian nobility who had collaborated with the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, and at the bottom were the mass of native Indios.

With independence there was much rhetoric of a new equality before the law, but little actually changed other than the Creoles taking over the role of the Spaniards at the top of the political pyramid.

The opening of the Caste War is traditionally thought to have been the execution of three Maya at Valladolid, Yucatán, for planning an uprising which may have been originally intended to be political rather than a race war. The War seemed rooted in the defense of communal lands against the expansion of private ownership, and as a reaction to the economic and political power and the cultural bigotry of the European Yucatecos.

The Caste War

The greatest success of the Maya revolt was reached in the spring of 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). Years: 1845 1846 1847 - 1848 - 1849 1850 1851 Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1848 in art 1848 in literature 1848 in rail transport 1848 in science... 1848, with the Europeans driven from most of the peninsula other than the walled cities of Campeche and Mérida, with troops holding the road from Mérida to the port of Sisal. The Yucatecan governor Miguel Barbachano y Tarrazo (1806 - 17 December 1859) was a liberal Yucatecan politician, who was 5 times governor of Yucatán between 1841 and 1853. Miguel Barbachano was born in Campeche. He was one of the staunchest advocates for the independence of Yucatán from Mexico, but historical circumstances led... Miguel Barbachano had prepared a decree for the evacuation of Mérida, but was apparently delayed in publishing it by the lack of suitable paper in the besieged capital. The decree became unnecessary when the republican troops suddenly broke the siege and took the offensive with major advances. The majority of the Maya troops, not realizing the unique strategic advantage of their situation, had left the lines to plant their crops, planning to return after planting.

Yucatán had considered itself an independent nation, but during the crisis of the revolt had offered sovereignty to any nation that would aid in defeating the Indians. The Mexican government was in a rare position of being cash rich from payment by the For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). The United States of America, also referred to as the United States, U.S.A., U.S., US, America¹, or the States, is a federal republic of fifty states, mostly in central North America. The U.S. has three land... United States under the The Mexican Cession (red) and the Gadsden Purchase (orange) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. Under the treaty, Mexico surrendered a vast tract of land (known as the Mexican Cession) to the United States for a sum of USD $15 million. The... Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for the territory taken in the Military history of Mexico Military history of the United States Conflict Mexican-American War Date 1846–1848 Place Southern US and Northern and Eastern Mexico Result Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexican Cession Battles of the Mexican-American War Combatants United States of America Mexico Strength 60,000 40,000... Mexican-American War, and accepted Yucatán's offer. Yucatán was officially reunited with Mexico on August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 136 days remaining. August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... 17 August 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). Years: 1845 1846 1847 - 1848 - 1849 1850 1851 Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1848 in art 1848 in literature 1848 in rail transport 1848 in science... 1848. European Yucateco forces rallied, aided by fresh guns, money, and troops from Mexico, and pushed back the Maya from more than half of the state.

In the Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century Decades: 1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s Years: 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 Events and Trends Crimean war (1854 - 1856) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire, the... 1850s a stalemate developed, with the Yucatecan government in control of the north-west, and the Maya in control of the south-east, with a sparsely populated jungle frontier in between.

In 1850, the Maya of the south east were inspired to continue the struggle by the apparition of the "Talking Cross". This apparition, believed to be a way in which God communicated with the Maya, dictated that the War continue. Chan Santa Cruz (Small Holy Cross) became the religious and political center of the Maya resistance and the rebellion came to be infused with religious significance. Chan Santa Cruz also became the name of the largest of the independent Maya states, as well as the name of the capital town. The followers of the Cross were known as "Cruzob".

The government of Yucatán first declared the war over in Years: 1852 1853 1854 - 1855 - 1856 1857 1858 Decades: 1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1855 in art 1855 in literature 1855 in music 1855 in rail transport 1855 in science 1855 in sports List of state leaders in 1855 List of... 1855, but hopes for peace were premature. There were regular skirmishes, and occasional deadly major assaults into each other's territory, by both sides. The The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts England, Wales and... United Kingdom recognized the Chan Santa Cruz Maya as a de facto independent nation, in part because of the major trade between Chan Santa Cruz and Belize is a small nation on the eastern coast of Central America, on the Caribbean Sea bordering Guatemala to the west and south. The nation of Honduras is a near neighbor of Belize, 75 km away (47 miles) at the closest point across the Gulf of Honduras to the east... British Honduras.

Negotiations in Years: 1880 1881 1882 - 1883 - 1884 1885 1886 Decades: 1850s 1860s 1870s - 1880s - 1890s 1900s 1910s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1883 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Contents // 1 Events 1.1... 1883 led to a treaty signed on January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 354 days remaining (355 in leap years). January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... 11 January 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). Years: 1881 1882 1883 - 1884 - 1885 1886 1887 Decades: 1850s 1860s 1870s - 1880s - 1890s 1900s 1910s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1884 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science... 1884 in Memorial Park, Belize City The Swing Bridge, Belize City Belize City is the largest city in the Central American nation of Belize. According to the 2000 census, the city had a population of 49,040; unofficial estimates place the population at 60,000 or more people. It is located at... Belize City by a Chan Santa Cruz general and the vice-Governor of Yucatán recognizing Mexican sovereignty over Chan Santa Cruz in exchange for Mexican recognition of Chan Santa Cruz leader Crescencio Poot as "Governor" of the "State" of Chan Santa Cruz, but the following year there was a A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a A government is an organization that has the power to make and enforce laws for a certain territory. There are several definitions on what exactly constitutes a government. Contents // 1 Definitions 2 Operations 2.1... coup d'état in Chan Santa Cruz, and the treaty was declared cancelled.

The Independent Maya Communities

The Chan Santa Cruz state, stretching from north of Tulum (sometimes rendered as Tuluum) is a Pre-Columbian walled city of the Maya civilization located on the Caribbean Sea coast of the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. It may have been formerly also known by the name Zama. Ruined palace, Tulum While an inscription dated 564 has been found... Tulum to the Belize border and a considerable distance inland, was the largest of the independent Maya communities of the era but not the only one. The Ixcanha Maya community had a population of some 1,000 people who refused the Cruzob's break with traditional This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. See Catholicism (disambiguation) for alternative meanings Catholicism has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: a) the whole orthodox christian church, or adherence thereto; and b) the doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto... Catholicism. In the years of stalemate, Ixcanha agreed to nominal recognition of Mexico in exchange for some guns to defend themselves from Cruzob raids and the promise that the Mexican government would leave them alone. As Chan Santa Cruz was more of a worry, the Mexicans let Ixcanha govern itself through 1894.

Another important group was the Icaiche Maya, in the jungles of the lower center of the peninsula, who in the 1860s battled against the Mexicans, the Cruzob, and made raids and invasions against British Honduras as well, under their leader Marcos Canul. Canul's forces occupied Corozal Town is a town in the nation of Belize. It is the capital of Corozal District. Corozal Town is located about 96 miles north of Belize City, and 9 miles from the border with Mexico. The population is about 8,100. Corozal was a private estate before becoming a... Corazal Town in Years: 1867 1868 1869 - 1870 - 1871 1872 1873 Decades: 1840s 1850s 1860s - 1870s - 1880s 1890s 1900s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1870 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Contents // 1 Events 1.1... 1870 and attacked Orange Walk Town is the second largest town in the nation of Belize, with a population of about 14,000. It is the capital of Orange Walk District. Orange Walk Town is located on the left bank of the New River, 66 miles north of Belize City and 30 miles... Orange Walk Town on September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). There are 121 days remaining. September Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23... 1 September Years: 1869 1870 1871 - 1872 - 1873 1874 1875 Decades: 1840s 1850s 1860s - 1870s - 1880s 1890s 1900s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1872 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Contents // 1 Events 1.1... 1872. The British mounted a retaliatory raid, including in their weaponry incendiary rockets which set the houses of Icaiche on fire from a good distance away, to the awe of Icaiche's residents. Canul was deposed and the new Icaiche leaders promised respect and friendship with the British. They soon made an agreement with Mexico similar to that of Ixcanha.

The Gradual End of the War

In Years: 1890 1891 1892 - 1893 - 1894 1895 1896 Decades: 1860s 1870s 1880s - 1890s - 1900s 1910s 1920s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1893 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Events January 1 - Japan accepts... 1893 the United Kingdom was enjoying good relations with Mexico's Porfirio Díaz administration, and British investment in Mexico had become of much greater economic importance than the trade between the Cruzob and Belize. The UK signed a treaty with Mexico recognizing Mexican sovereignty over the region, formalizing the border between Mexico and British Honduras, and closing their colony's border to trade with the Chan Santa Cruz "rebels". As Belize merchants were Chan Santa Cruz's main source of Gunpowder is a substance which burns very rapidly and is used as a propellant in firearms. There are two types: Black powder—invented by the Chinese in the 9th Century—was the only widely-known and used practical explosive until the 20th Century. However, it is now primarily... gunpowder, this was a serious blow for the independent Maya.

The Mexican army had twice before managed to fight their way to the town of Chan Santa Cruz in previous decades, but was driven back both times. In Years: 1898 1899 1900 - 1901 - 1902 1903 1904 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1901 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1901 Mexican general Ignacio Bravo led his troops to the town to stay, occupying with a large force and over the next years subduing surrounding villages. Bravo Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio. This definition includes recent forms of data transmission such as fax, email, and computer networks... telegraphed the news that the war was over on May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). There are 240 days remaining. There are usually 92 days in Spring. We are considered halfway through Spring on May 5. May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4... 5 May (the Cinco de Mayo is increasingly celebrated in California and the U.S. Southwest Cinco de Mayo (Fifth of May in Spanish) is a national holiday in Mexico which commemorates the victory of Mexican forces led by General Ignacio Zaragoza over the French expeditionary forces in the Battle of Puebla on... Cinco de mayo) that year. While this is the date most frequently given for the end of the war, fighting continued, although on a smaller scale. With their capital lost, the Cruzob split into smaller groups often hiding in small hamlets in the jungle, and their numbers were seriously lessened by the epidemics of Measles virus Scientific classification Domain: Virus (unranked) (-)ssRNA viruses Order: Mononegavirales Family: Paramyxoviridae Genus: Morbillivirus Species: Measles virus Measles, also known as rubeola, is a common disease caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus. Reports of measles go back to at least 700, however, the first scientific description of... measles and Variola virus Scientific classification Domain: Virus (unranked) dsDNA viruses Family: Poxviridae Genus: Orthopoxvirus Species: Variola virus Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. It is caused by two virus variants called Variola major and Variola minor. V. major... smallpox that came with General Bravo's troops.

The Chan Santa Cruz Maya, under the influence of the persistent Talking Cross Cult, remained actively hostile well into the Twentieth Century. For many years, any non-Maya who entered the jungles of what is now the Mexican state of ESTADO DE QUINTANA ROO Other Mexican States Capital Chetumal Other major cities Cancún Cozumel List of municipalities Area 50,212 km² Ranked 19th Population (2000 census) 873,800 Ranked 29th Governor of Quintana Roo (1999-2005) Joaquín Ernesto Hendricks Díaz (PRI) Federal Deputies (2) PRI = 2 Federal... Quintana Roo would have been killed. The combination of new economic factors such as the appearance of the The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (NYSE: WWY (http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=WWY)) was founded on April 1, 1891 originally selling products such as soap and baking powder. In 1892, William Wrigley, Jr., the companys founder, began offering chewing gum with each can of... Wrigley Company's Chicle Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. Modern classification has its roots in the system of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have been revised since Linnaeus to improve consistency with the... chicle hunters and the political and social changes resulting from the The Mexican Revolution was a violent social and cultural movement, colored by socialist, nationalist, and anarchist tendencies beginning with popular rejection of dictator Porfirio Díaz in 1910 and culminating in the promulgation of a new constitution seven years later. Violence continued until the late 1920s, ending only with the... Mexican Revolution eventually reduced the hatred and hostility. In one form or another, war and armed struggle had continuned for more than 50 years and an estimated 40,000 - 50,000 people had died in the hostilities.

The war was officially declared over for the final time in September Years: 1912 1913 1914 - 1915 - 1916 1917 1918 Decades: 1880s 1890s 1900s - 1910s - 1920s 1930s 1940s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1915 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1915 by General Salvador Alvarado is a municipality in the Mexican state of Sinaloa. It stands at 25° 0809 N. and 107° 5145 W. The municipality reported 73 303 inhabitants in the 2000 census. External links http://www.sinaloa.gob.mx/conociendo/municipios/salvador.htm Categories: Stub ... Salvador Alvarado. General Alvarado, sent by the revolutionary government in Mexico City to restore order in Yucatán, implemented reforms which more-or-less removed the historical basis of the wars.

Although the war had been declared over many times before in previous decades, records show that the last time the Mexican army considered it necessary to take by force one of the area's villages which had never recognized Mexican law was in April Years: 1930 1931 1932 - 1933 - 1935 1936 1937 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1933 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1933, when five Maya and two Mexican soldiers died in the battle for the village of Dzula – the last skirmish of a conflict lasting over 85 years.

see also: Chan Santa Cruz is a former name for the town now named Felipe Carrillo Puerto in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, as well as the name of an independent Maya Indian state which the town was the capital of for much of the second half of the 19th century... Chan Santa Cruz

Further reading

• The Caste War of Yucatan by Nelson Reed, Stanford University Press, 1964

External links

• Tales From The Yucatan: The Caste War of the Yucatan (http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/yucatan/tales/0303yucatan.html)
• The Caste Wars of the Yucatan and Northern Belize (http://www.northernbelize.com/hist_caste.html)