Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant, Ricinus communis, is not a member of the bean family). Castor oil (CAS number 8001-79-4) is a colorless to very pale yellow liquid with mild or no odor or taste. Its boiling point is 313°C and its density is 0.961 kg·m^-3. ^[1] It is a triglyceride in which approximately ninety percent of fatty acid chains are ricinoleic acid. Oleic and linoleic acids are the other significant components.^[2] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with cooking oil. ... Binomial name Ricinus communis The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is not a true bean, but a member of the Euphorbiaceae or spurge family. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Legume, Pulse (legume) and Fabaceae (Discuss) Green beans Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae) used for food or feed. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: ρ (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kg·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is... Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... Ricinoleic acid (12-Hydroxy-9-Octadecenoic Acid) is an unsaturated fatty acid and naturally occurs (is synthesized) in mature Castor plant (Ricinus Communis L., Euphorbiaceae) seeds. ... Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources. ... Linoleic acid (LA) is an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. ...

Ricinoleic acid, a monounsaturated, 18-carbon fatty acid, is unusual in that it has a hydroxyl functional group on the twelfth carbon. This functional group causes ricinoleic acid (and castor oil) to be unusually polar, and also allows chemical derivatization that is not practical with most other seed oils. It is the hydroxyl group which makes castor oil and ricinoleic acid valuable as chemical feedstocks. Compared to other seed oils which lack the hydroxyl group, castor oil demands a higher price. As an example, in July 2007 Indian castor oil sold for about $US 0.90 per kilogram ($US 0.41 per pound)^[3] while US soybean, sunflower and canola oil sold for about $US 0.30 per kilogram ($US 0.14 per pound)^[4]. An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there are one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ... In organic chemistry, functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... A commonly-used example of a polar compound is water (H2O). ... Binomial name (L.) Merr. ... Sunflower Oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. ... In agriculture, Canola is a trademarked cultivar of genetically engineered rapeseed variants from which rapeseed oil is obtained. ...

Castor oil and its derivatives have applications in the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, hydraulic and brake fluids, paints, dyes, coatings, inks, cold resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, pharmaceuticals and perfumes. A collection of decorative soaps used for human hygiene purposes. ... A lubricant (colloquially, lube, although this may also refer to personal lubricants) is a substance (usually a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction and wear between them. ... Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake applications in automobiles and light trucks. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A coating is a covering that is applied to an object to protect it or change its appearance. ... An ink is a liquid containing various pigments and/or dyes used for coloring a surface to render an image or text. ... The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or fibers. ... candle wax This page is about the substance. ... Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell. ...

The castor seed contains ricin, a toxic protein removed by cold pressing and filtering. ^[5]. However, harvesting castor beans is not without risk, ^[6] allergenic compounds found on the plant surface can cause permanent nerve damage, making the harvest of castor beans a human health risk. India, Brazil and China are the major crop producers and the workers suffer harmful side effects from working with these plants. ^[7]. These health issues, in addition to concerns about the toxic byproduct (ricin) from castor oil production, have encouraged the quest for alternative, domestic sources for hydroxy fatty acids.^{[8] [9]}. Alternatively, some researchers are trying to genetically modify the castor plant to prevent the synthesis of ricin.^[10] Castor beans The protein ricin (pronounced ) is a toxin from the castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... Castor beans The protein ricin (pronounced ) is a toxin from the castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...

Castor oil fatty acids

In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... Ricinoleic acid (12-Hydroxy-9-Octadecenoic Acid) is an unsaturated fatty acid and naturally occurs (is synthesized) in mature Castor plant (Ricinus Communis L., Euphorbiaceae) seeds. ... Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources. ... Linoleic acid (LA) is an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. ... Chemical structure of alpha-linolenic acid Linolenic acid is an 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds. ... Stearic acid, also called octadecanoic acid, is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. ... Palmitic acid, also called hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants. ...

Castor oil in food

In the food industry, castor oil (food grade) is used in food additives [3], flavorings, candy (i.e., chocolate) ^[11], as a mold inhibitor, and in packaging. Polyoxyethylated castor oil (eg. Cremophor EL)^[12] is also used in the foodstuff industries ^[13]. Cremophor EL is polyethoxylated castor oil. ...

Medicinal use of castor oil

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as "generally recognized as safe and effective" (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a laxative.^[14] However, it is not a preferred treatment for constipation.^[15] hi “FDA” redirects here. ... Laxatives are foods, compounds, or drugs taken to induce bowel movements, most often taken to treat constipation. ...

Undecylenic acid, a castor oil derivative, is also FDA-approved for over-the-counter use on skin disorders or skin problems.^[16] Undecylenic Acid is an organic fatty acid derived from natural Castor oil (ricinoleic acid). ...

Ricinoleic acid is the main component of castor oil and it exerts anti-inflammatory effects.^[17] Ricinoleic acid (12-Hydroxy-9-Octadecenoic Acid) is an unsaturated fatty acid and naturally occurs (is synthesized) in mature Castor plant (Ricinus Communis L., Euphorbiaceae) seeds. ...

One study has found that castor oil decreased pain more than ultrasound gel or vaseline during extracorporeal shock wave application.^[18] Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy or ESWT is best known for its uses in the treatment of kidney stones (Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy). ...

Therapeutically, modern drugs are rarely given in a pure chemical state, so most active ingredients are combined with excipients or additives. Castor oil, or a castor oil derivative such as Cremophor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil, a nonionic surfactant), is added to many modern drugs, including: Cremophor EL is polyethoxylated castor oil. ... Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids. ...

• Miconazole, an anti-fungal agent;^[19][20]
• Paclitaxel, a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy;^[21]
• Sandimmune (cyclosporine injection, USP), an immunosuppressant drug widely used in connection with organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system;^[22]
• Nelfinavir mesylate, an HIV protease inhibitor;^[23]
• Saperconazole, a triazole antifungal agent (contains Emulphor EL -719P, a castor oil derivative);^[24]
• Prograf, an immunosuppressive drug (contains HCO-60, polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated Castor oil);^{[citation needed]}
• Balsam Peru - Castor oil - and Trypsin Topical (contains castor oil);^[25]
• Aci-Jel, a gel used to create or maintain the acidity of the vagina (comprises acetic acid/oxyquinoline/ricinoleic acid - vaginal);^{[citation needed]}

Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly applied topically (to the skin) or mucus membranes to cure fungal infections. ... Paclitaxel is a drug used in the treatment of cancer. ... Cyclosporine (IPA: ), ciclosporin (INN), or cyclosporin (former BAN), is an immunosuppressant drug. ... Nelfinavir (Viracept®) is an antitretroviral drug used in the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ... Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug. ... Tolu balsam or balsam of Tolu (a variant of balsam of Peru) is the resinous secretion of Myroxylon toluifera. ... Ricinoleic acid (12-Hydroxy-9-Octadecenoic Acid) is an unsaturated fatty acid and naturally occurs (is synthesized) in mature Castor plant (Ricinus Communis L., Euphorbiaceae) seeds. ...

Traditional or folk medicines

The use of cold pressed castor oil in folk medicine predates government regulations. Cold pressed castor oil is tasteless and odorless when pure. Uses include skin problems, burns, sunburns, skin disorders, skin cuts, abrasions, etc.

The oil is also used as a rub or pack for various ailments, including abdominal complaints, headaches, muscle pains, inflammatory conditions, skin eruptions, lesions, and sinusitis. A castor oil pack is made by soaking a piece of flannel in castor oil, then putting it on the area of complaint and placing a heat source, such as a hot water bottle, on top of it. This remedy was often suggested by the American Healing Psychic, Edgar Cayce, given in many healing readings in the early to mid-1900s. ^[26] Edgar Cayce (March 18, 1877 – January 3, 1945) (pronounced or like Casey) was an American who claimed psychic abilities. ...

Industrial castor oil

Castor oil has numerous applications in transportation, cosmetics and pharmaceutical, and manufacturing industries, for example: adhesives^[27], brake fluids ^[28], caulks, dyes^[27], electrical liquid dielectrics, humectants^[27], hydraulic fluids, inks^[27], lacquers, leather treatments,^[27] lubricating greases, machining oils, paints^[27], pigments, polyurethane adhesives ^[29] , refrigeration lubricants, rubbers^[27], sealants, textiles^[27], washing powders, and waxes. “Glue” redirects here. ... Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake applications in automobiles and light trucks. ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A humectant is a hygroscopic substance that is used as a food additive. ... An ink is a liquid containing various pigments and/or dyes used for coloring a surface to render an image or text. ... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ...

Vegetable oils, due to their good lubricity and biodegradability are attractive alternatives to petroleum-derived lubricants, but oxidative stability and low temperature performance limit their widespread use.^[30] Castor oil has better low temperature viscosity properties and high temperature lubrication than most vegetable oils, making it useful as a lubricant in jet, diesel, and race car engines.^[31] However, castor oil tends to form gums in a short time, and its use is therefore restricted to engines that are regularly rebuilt, such as motorcycle race engines. Biodegradability results in decreased persistance in the environment (relative to petroleum-based lubricants^[32]) in case of an accidental release. The lubricants company Castrol took its name from castor oil. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Biodegradation is the decomposition of organic material by microorganisms. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... A lubricant (colloquially, lube) is a substance introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction and wear between them. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress. ... A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A variety of parked motorcycles A motorcycle or motorbike is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle powered by an engine. ... Castrol is a brand of industrial and automotive lubricants which is applied to a large range of oil products for most lubrication applications. ...

Since it is has a relatively high dielectric constant (4.7), highly refined and dried castor oil is sometimes used as a dielectric fluid within high performance high voltage capacitors. The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... See Capacitor (component) for a discussion of specific types. ...

Castor oil is the raw material for the production of a number of chemicals, notably sebacic acid, undecylenic acid, nylon-11. A review listing numerous chemicals derived from castor oil is available. ^[33] Sebacic acid (IUPAC name: 1,10-Decanedioic Acid ) is a bi-carboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)-(COOH), and is naturally occurring. ... Undecylenic Acid is an organic fatty acid derived from natural Castor oil (ricinoleic acid). ... Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. ...

Castor oil: Use as a means of intimidation in Fascist Italy

In Fascist Italy under the regime of Benito Mussolini, castor oil was one of the tools of the blackshirts^{[34] [35] [36]} . Political dissidents were force-fed large quantities of castor oil by Fascist paramilitary groups. This technique was said to have been originated by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Victims of this treatment would experience severe diarrhea and dehydration, often resulting in death ^[37]. This is the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... The Blackshirts (Italian: camicie nere or squadristi) were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. The term was later applied to a similar group serving the British Union of Fascists before the War. ... A dissident is a person who actively opposes the established order. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... Gabriele dAnnunzio (12 March 1863, Pescara – 1 March 1938, Gardone Riviera, province of Brescia) was an Italian poet, writer, novelist, dramatist and daredevil, who went on to have a controversial role in politics as a precursor of the fascist movement. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ...

Sometimes when the blackshirts wished to make sure that the victim would die rather than simply be badly disabled, they would mix gasoline with the castor oil. Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ...

It is said that Mussolini's power was backed by "the bludgeon and castor oil." In lesser quantities, castor oil was also used as an instrument of intimidation, for example to discourage civilians or soldiers who would call in sick either in the factory or in the military. Since its healing properties were widely exaggerated, abuse could be easily masked under pretense of a doctor's prescription. It took decades after Mussolini's death before the myth of castor oil as a panacea for a wide range of diseases and medical conditions was totally demystified, as it was also widely administered to pregnant women, elderly or mentally-ill patients in hospitals in the false belief that it had no negative side effects. Hercules fights the Lernaean Hydra with a club A club or cudgel is perhaps the simplest of all melee weapons. ...

Linguistic connotations

Today the Italian terms manganello and olio di ricino, even used separately, still carry strong political connotations and if these words are still used to satirise patronising politicians or the authors of unpopular legislation, they should be used with caution when engaging in a common conversation. Usare l'olio di ricino, ("to use castor oil") o usare il manganello ("use the bludgeon"), means to coerce or abuse and can be misunderstood in the absence of a proper context.

References

1. ^ Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment, Sigma-Aldrich, 2003.
2. ^ Castor. The National Non-Food Crops Centre. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
3. ^ July 2007 commodity price for Indian castor oil. Retrieved on 2008-08-10.
4. ^ Seed oil prices from US Dept. of Agriculture, see page 31. Retrieved on 2008-08-10.
5. ^ Castor Oil is non-toxic. ICOA. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
6. ^ Auld, Dick L.; Pinkerton,Scott D.; Rolfe, Rial; Ghetie, Victor and Lauterbach, Brenda F. (1999). "Selection of Castor for Divergent Concentrations of Ricin and Ricinus communis Agglutinin and references therein". CROP SCIENCE 39 (MARCH–APRIL): 353-357. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. 
7. ^ Hazards of harvesting castor plants. Retrieved on 2007-07-31.
8. ^ Dierig, David A. (1995). Lesquerella. New Crop FactSHEET. Center for New Crops & Plant Products, at Purdue University. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
9. ^ Dierig, David A. (2002). Lesquerella. The National Non-Food Crops Centre. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
10. ^ Wood, M. (2001). "High-Tech Castor Plants May Open Door to Domestic Production". Agricultural Research Magazine 49 (1). Retrieved on 2007-08-02. 
11. ^ Overview of the preperation, use and biological studies on polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR).. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-26.
12. ^ BASF Technical data sheet on Cremophor EL®. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
13. ^ Cremophor EL® stimulates mitotic recombination in uvsH//uvsH diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans.. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-26.
14. ^ Ingredient List A-C. FDA (see page 52 of this link). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
15. ^ Castor Oil. DRUGDEX® System. n.d. Thomson Micromedex. Retrieved February 19, 2007 [1]
16. ^ Ingredient List P-Z. FDA (see page 65 of this link). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
17. ^ Effect of ricinoleic acid in acute and subchronic experimental models of inflammation. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
18. ^ Castor oil decreases pain during extracorporeal shockwave application. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-15.
19. ^ Reversible Thrombocytosis and Anemia Due to Miconazole Therapy (pdf). PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06. See page 1, Methods and Materials.
20. ^ Overview of medically important antifungal azole derivatives (pdf). PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06. See page 6, /192, Clinical studies
21. ^ Abraxane in the treatment of ovarian cancer: the absence of hypersensitivity reactions. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
22. ^ Sandimmune ingredients. DailyMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
23. ^ Circulating Metabolites of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir in Humans: Structural Identification, Levels in Plasma, and Antiviral Activities. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
24. ^ Saperconazole Therapy of Murine Disseminated Candidiasis:. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
25. ^ Heparin - induced thrombocytopenia syndrome bullous lesions treated with trypsin - balsam of peru - castor oil ointment: a case study. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
26. ^ [2]
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Multiple uses of castor oil. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
28. ^ Castor oil as a component of brake fluid. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
29. ^ Azambuja, Maximiliano dos Anjos; Dias, Antonio Alves (2006, vol. 9, no. 3). "Use of castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive in the production of glued laminated timber beams". Mat. Res. [online]: 287-291. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. 
30. ^ Chemical modification to improve vegetable oil lubricants. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
31. ^ McGuire, Nancy (2004). Taming the Bean. The American Chemical Society. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
32. ^ Petroleum Oil and the Environment. DOE. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
33. ^ Ogunniyi, D.S. (June 2006). "Castor oil: A vital industrial raw material". Bioresource Technology 97 (9): 1086-1091. Retrieved on 2008-08-10. 
34. ^ "Italy The rise of Mussolini". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. 
35. ^ "Benito's Birthday", Time, in partnership with CNN, Monday, Aug. 06, 1923. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. 
36. ^ Bosworth, R. J. B. (2002). Mussolini. New York: Arnold/Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0340731443. 
37. ^ http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_028.html

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Castor plant
• Castor wax