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Encyclopedia > Cataplexy
Cataplexy
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 G47.4
ICD-9 347
DiseasesDB 16311
MeSH D002385

Cataplexy is a medical condition which often affects people who have narcolepsy, a disorder whose principal signs are EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness), sleep attacks, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations[1] and disturbed night-time sleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures. Cataplexy can also present as a side effect of SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // G00-G99 - Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G09) Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (G00) Bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (G01) Meningitis in bacterial diseases classified elsewhere (G02) Meningitis in other infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (G03) Meningitis due to other and unspecified causes (G04) Encephalitis, myelitis... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ... Hypnagogia (also spelled hypnogogia) describes vivid dream-like auditory, visual, or tactile sensations, which are often accompanied by sleep paralysis and experienced when falling asleep or waking up. ...


The term cataplexy originates from the Greek kata, meaning down, and plexis, meaning a stroke or seizure.

Contents

Presentation

Cataplexy manifests itself as muscular weakness which may range from a barely perceptible slackening of the facial muscles to the dropping of the jaw or head, weakness at the knees, or a total collapse. Usually the speech is slurred, vision is impaired (double vision, inability to focus), but hearing and awareness remain normal. These attacks are triggered by strong emotions such as exhilaration, anger, fear, surprise, orgasm, awe, embarrassment and laughter. Cataplexy may be partial or complete, affecting a range of muscle groups, from those controlling facial features to (less commonly) those controlling the entire body. [2] Weakness is the inability to exert force with ones muscles to the degree that would be expected given the individuals general physical condition. ... For other uses of Muscles, see Muscles (disambiguation). ... In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from visible light reaching the eyes. ... In biological psychology, awareness describes a human or animals perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event. ... For other uses, see Emotion (disambiguation). ... This article is about the emotion. ... For other uses, see Fear (disambiguation). ... An orgasm (sexual climax) is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle, and may be experienced by both males and females. ... Embarrassment is an unpleasant emotional state experienced upon having a socially or professionally unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to others. ... Two girls laughing Laughter is an audible expression or appearance of merriment or amusement or an inward feeling of joy and pleasure (laughing on the inside). ...

  • Arm weakness
  • Sagging jaw
  • Drooping head
  • Slumping of the shoulders
  • Slurred speech
  • Generalized weakness
  • Knee buckling

When cataplexy happens often, or cataplexy attacks make patients fall or drop things, it can have serious affects on normal activities. It can cause accidents and be embarrassing when it happens at work or with friends. For example, narcoleptics may not pick up babies because they are afraid they may drop them. [3]


Treatment

Despite its relation to narcolepsy, in most cases, cataplexy must be treated differently and separate medication must be taken. For many years, cataplexy has been treated with tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine, clomipramine or protriptyline. However these can have unpleasant side-effects and so have been generally replaced by newer drugs such as venlafaxine, a more recent antidepressant. Xyrem, the brand-name of the compound (sodium)gamma-Hydroxybutyrate GHB, has been shown to treat not only cataplexic attacks, but in narcoleptics, it has also been shown to significantly reduce daytime sleepiness.[4] Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be used to manage both cataplexy and the REM sleep-onset symptoms of sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.[1] Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Deprenil, Deprimin, Deprinol, Depsonil, Dynaprin, Eupramin, Imipramil, Irmin, Janimine, Melipramin, Surplix, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group. ... Clomipramine (brand-name Anafranil®) is a tricyclic antidepressant. ... Protriptyline (Vivactil®) is a tricyclic antidepressant indicated for depression and ADHD. Categories: | ... Venlafaxine (Effexor) is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class first introduced by Wyeth in 1993. ... GHB redirects here. ... Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (4-hydroxybutanoic acid, C4H8O3), commonly abbreviated GHB, is a neuroprotective therapeutic drug that is illegal in a number of countries[1], and is a naturally-occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits, and almost all living creatures in small amounts. ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. ...


A person's efforts to stave off cataplectic attacks by avoiding these emotions may greatly diminish their lives, and they may become severely restricted emotionally if diagnosis and treatment is not begun as soon as possible. [5]


Diagnosis

Cataplexy in severe cases can cause vital signs to be hard to detect without a continuous auditory pulse oximeter. As an anecdotal example, one Allison Burchell, a sufferer of severe Cataplexy, has been sent to the morgue three times.[6]


In the Media

Recently, The Learning Channel (TLC) aired an episode of "My Shocking Story: I Woke Up in a Morgue" which detailed several cases of cataplexy.


References

  1. ^ a b Narcolepsy. Childhood Sleep Disorders. Armenian Medical Network (2006). Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  2. ^ Cataplexy. Sleep Disorders - Cataplexy (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  3. ^ Cataplexy Introduction for Patients. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  4. ^ Black J, Houghton WC (2006). "Sodium oxybate improves excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy". Sleep 29 (7): 939-46. PMID 16895262. 
  5. ^ Narcolepsy and Cataplexy. NODSS Narcolepsy and Overwhelming Daytime Sleep Society of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  6. ^ "The woman who died three times", The Argus, 2000-10-18. Retrieved on 2006-12-20. 

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External links

  • Center for Sleep Research, Siegel Lab, UCLA
  • Narcolepsy Association UK
v • d • e
Pathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G00-G47, 320-349)
Inflammatory diseases
of the CNS
Systemic atrophies
primarily affecting the CNS
Huntington's

Spinocerebellar ataxia (Friedreich's ataxia, Ataxia telangiectasia, Hereditary spastic paraplegia) Binomial name Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 The largemouth triplefin, Ucla xenogrammus, is a fish of the family Tripterygiidae and only member of the genus Ucla, found in the Pacific Ocean from Viet Nam, the Philippines, Palau and the Caroline Islands to Papua New Guinea, Australia (including Christmas Island), and the... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ... Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Meningitis is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the central nervous system, known collectively as the meninges. ... Arachnoiditis describes a pain disorder caused by the inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes that surround and protect the nerves of the spinal cord. ... Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection. ... Myelitis is a human disease involving swelling of the spinal cord, which disrupts central nervous system functions linking brain and limbs. ... Encephalomyelitis is a general term for inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, describing a number of disorders: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis, a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, possibly triggered by vaccination or viral infection; encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis; equine encephalomyelitis, a... Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune mediated disease of brain. ... Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is an infection of the spinal cord by Human T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis or weakness of the legs. ... Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. ... Huntingtons disease (HD), known historically as Huntingtons chorea and chorea major, is a rare genetic neurological disorder inherited by approximately 3 to 7 per 100,000 people of Western European descent, varying geographically, down to 1 per 1,000,000 of Asian and African descent. ... Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a genetic disease with multiple types, each of which could be considered a disease in its own right. ... Friedreichs ataxia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in Gene X25 that codes for frataxin, located on chromosome 9. ... Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) (Boder-Sedgwick syndrome or Louis-Bar syndrome) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder that occurs in an estimated incidence of 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 300,000 births (Lederman, 2000). ... Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), also called Familial Spastic Paraplegias or Strumpell-Lorrain disease, is not a single disease but is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders in which the main feature is progressive spasticity in the lower limbs due to pyramidal tract dysfunction. ...

Spinal muscular atrophy: Werdnig-Hoffman - Kugelberg-Welander - Fazio Londe - MND (ALS, PMA, PBP, PP, PLS)
Extrapyramidal and
movement disorders
Parkinson's disease - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - Postencephalitic parkinsonism - Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration - Progressive supranuclear palsy - Striatonigral degeneration

Dystonia/Dyskinesia (Spasmodic torticollis, Meige's, Blepharospasm) Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a term applied to a number of different disorders, all having in common a genetic cause and the manifestation of weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. ... Werdnig-Hoffman disease (or Infantile spinal muscular atrophy, type I) is an autosomal recessive muscular disease. ... Kugelberg-Welander disease (or juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, type III) is an autosomal recessive muscular disease. ... Fazio Londe Syndrome is an inherited motor neuron disease found in children and young adults. ... The motor neurone diseases (MND) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurones, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. ... Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs Disease, or Maladie de Charcot) is a progressive, usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. ... Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is a rare subtype of Motor neurone disease (MND) which affects only the lower motor neurones. ... Progressive bulbar palsy is a form of motor neuron disease characterized by dysfunction of the muscles controlled by the cranial nerves of the lower brain stem (the bulb) -- specifically, the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and hypoglossal nerve (XII). ... Pseudobulbar palsy is a form of motor neuron disease which can be associated with paralysis. ... Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles. ... In human anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system involved in the coordination of movement. ... List of Movement disorders Akinesia (lack of movement) Athetosis (contorted torsion or twisting) Ataxia Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements) Hemiballismus Bradykinesia (slow movement) Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement) Sydenhams chorea Rheumatic chorea Huntingtons chorea Dystonia (sustained torsion) Dystonia muscularum Blepharospasm Writers cramp Spasmodic torticollis (twisting of... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. ... This disease is believed to have been caused by a viral illness, stimulating degeneration of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra, leading to clinical parkinsonism. ... PKAN: Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration Symptoms Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is one of many forms of neurodegeneration, or brain deterioration . ... Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (or the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, after the Canadian physicians who described it in 1963 ) is a rare degenerative disorder involving the gradual deterioration and death of selected areas of the brain. ... Striatonigral degeneration refers to a form of multiple system atrophy involving the loss of connections between two areas of the brain, the striatum and the substantia nigra, which work together to ensure smooth movement and maintain balance. ... Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. ... Dyskinesia refers to an impairment of voluntary movement. ... Torticollis, or wry neck, is a condition in which the head is tilted toward one side, and the chin is elevated and turned toward the opposite side. ... Meiges syndrome is a type of dystonia, also known as oral facial dystonia or hemifacial spasm, the main symptoms of which involve involuntary blinking and chin thrusting. ... A blepharospasm (from blepharo (eyelid) and spasm (uncontrolled muscle contraction)) is any abnormal tic or twitch of the eyelid. ...


Essential tremor - Myoclonus - Lafora This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Myoclonus is brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles. ... Lafora disease is a hereditary disease characterised by the presence of inclusion bodies, known as Lafora bodies, within the cells of neurons, heart, liver, muscle, and skin. ...

Chorea (Choreoathetosis) - Restless legs - Stiff person
Other degenerative /
demyelinating diseases
Seizure/epilepsy
Headache
Vascular
Transient ischemic attack (Amaurosis fugax, Transient global amnesia)
Cerebrovascular disease (MCA, ACA, PCA, Foville's, Millard-Gubler, Lateral medullary, Weber's, Lacunar stroke)
Sleep disorders
Other
// Chorea sancti viti (Latin for St. ... Choreoathetosis is a combination of chorea and athetosis. ... Restless legs syndrome (RLS, Wittmaack-Ekboms syndrome, or sometimes, but inaccurately, referred to as Nocturnal myoclonus) is a condition that is characterized by an irresistible urge to move ones body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations. ... Stiff person syndrome (SPS) (or occasionally, stiff-man syndrome) is a rare neurologic disorder of unknown etiology. ... A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. ... Alzheimer redirects here. ... Pick’s disease, also known as Pick disease and PiD, is a rare fronto-temporal neurodegenerative disease. ... Alpers disease, also called progressive infantile poliodystrophy, is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs in infants and children. ... Dementia with Lewy bodies is the second most frequent cause of hospitalization for dementia, after Alzheimers disease. ... Leighs disease, a form of Leigh syndrome, also known as Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy (SNEM), is a rare neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. ... Devics disease, also known as Devics syndrome, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), or optic-spinal MS, is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder in which a persons own immune system attacks myelin of the neurons of the optic nerves and spinal cord. ... Central pontine myelinolysis is a neurologic disease caused by severe damage of the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the brainstem, more precisely in the area termed the pons. ... Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by a loss of the myelin encasing the spinal cord, also known as demyelination. ... This article is about epileptic seizures. ... Focal seizures (also called partial seizures) are seizures which are characterized by: preserved consciousness in simple focal seizures impaired consciousness (dream-like) in complex focal seizures experience of unusual feelings or sensations sudden and inexplainable feelings of joy, anger, sadness, or nausea altered sense of hearing, smelling, tasting, seeing, or... Simple partial seizures are seizures which affect only a small region of the brain, often the temporal lobes and/or hippocampi. ... A complex partial seizure is an epileptic seizure that is limited to one cerebral hemisphere and causes impairment of awareness or responsiveness [1]. // Complex partial seizures are often preceded by a seizure aura[2]. The seizure aura is a simple partial seizure [3]. The seizure aura might occur as a... Generalised epilepsy is a form of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures, which are a result of abnormal activity in both sides of the brain. ... Tonic-clonic seizures (also known as Grand Mal Seizures, though this term is now discouraged and rarely used in a clinical setting) are a type of generalised seizure affecting the whole brain. ... Absence seizures are one of several kinds of seizures. ... Atonic seizures (also called drop seizures, drop attacks, or akinetic seizures), are a minor type of seizure. ... Benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of epilepsy. ... Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), also known as Lennox syndrome, is a difficult to treat form of childhood-onset epilepsy, that most often appears between the second and sixth year of life and is characterized by frequent seizures and different seizure types and is often accompanied by mental retardation and behavior... West syndrome, otherwise known as infantile spasms, is an uncommon to rare and serious form of epilepsy in infants. ... Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of recurrent motor epileptic seizures that are focal (hands and face), and recur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). ... Complex Partial Status Epilepticus (CPSE) is one of the non-convulsive forms of Status epilepticus, a rare form of epilepsy defined by its recurrent nature. ... A headache (cephalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant classical migraine subtype that typically includes hemiparesis (weakness of half the body) during the aura phase. ... Cluster headaches are rare, extremely painful and debilitating headaches that occur in groups or clusters. ... A vascular headache is a headache where blood vessel swelling or disturbance is causing the pain. ... Tension headaches, which were renamed tension-type headaches by the International Headache Society in 1988, are the most common type of primary headaches. ... A transient ischemic attack (TIA, often colloquially referred to as mini stroke) is caused by the temporary disturbance of blood supply to a restricted area of the brain, resulting in brief neurologic dysfunction that usually persists for less than 24 hours. ... Amaurosis fugax is a type of transient ischaemic attack (TIA). ... Transient global amnesia (TGA), is an anxiety-producing temporary loss of short-term memory. ... Cerebrovascular disease is damage to the blood vessels in the brain, resulting in a stroke. ... Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Anterior cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Posterior cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Fovilles syndrome is caused by the blockage of the perforating branches of the basilar artery in the region of the brainstem known as the pons. ... Millard-Gubler syndrome is a syndrome of unilateral softening of the brain tissue arising from obstruction of the blood vessels of the pons, involving the sixth and seventh cranial nerves and fibers of the corticospinal tract, and is associated with paralysis of the abducens (including diplopia, internal strabismus, and loss... Lateral medullary syndrome (also called Wallenbergs syndrome) is a disease in which the patient has difficulty with swallowing or speaking or both owing to one or more patches of dead tissue (known as an infarct) caused by interrupted blood supply to parts of the brain. ... Webers Syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is characterized by the presence of an oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Hypersomnia, also known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), is excessive amount of sleepiness. ... Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. ... Ondines Curse, also called congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) or primary alveolar hypoventilation, is a respiratory disorder that is fatal if untreated. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ... Kleine-Levin Syndrome, or KLS, is a rare sleep disorder characterized by episodes of near-constant sleep and altered behavior. ... Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a family of sleep disorders affecting the timing of sleep. ... Delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS) is a chronic disorder of sleep timing. ... Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) is a sleep disorder in which patients feel very sleepy early in the evening (e. ... Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), sometimes called benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) or pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP), in the absence of a tumor or other intracranial pathology. ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic type of communicating hydrocephalus whereby the increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) becomes stable and that the formation of CSF equilibrates with absorption. ... Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), sometimes called benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) or pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP), in the absence of a tumor or other intracranial pathology. ... Encephalopathy literally means disease of the brain. ... Herniation, a deadly side effect of very high intracranial pressure, occurs when the brain shifts across structures within the skull. ... Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intra- and/or extracellular spaces of the brain. ... Reyes syndrome is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver. ... An uncollapsed syrinx (before surgery). ... Syringobulbia is a medical condition when syrinxes, or fluid filled cavities, affect the brainstem. ... Spinal cord compression develops when the spinal cord is compressed by a tumor, abscess or other lesion. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
Cataplexy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (260 words)
Cataplexy is a medical condition which often affects people who have narcolepsy, a disorder whose principal signs are EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness), sleep attacks, and disturbed nighttime sleep.
Cataplexy manifests itself as muscular weakness which may range from a barely perceptible slackening of the facial muscles to the dropping of the jaw or head, weakness at the knees, or a total collapse.
Cataplexy is also sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimulus cause similar seizures.
Cataplexy | Cataplexy Definition | Cataplexy Symptoms | Cataplexy Treatment (517 words)
Cataplexy is a strange neurologic situation, which is sometimes confused with epilepsy.
Cataplexy may be most severe when the subject is tired rather than completely alert and can lead to considerable anxiety although anxiety itself is not a trigger.
Cataplexy may be partial or complete, affecting a range of muscle groups, from those controlling facial features to (less commonly) those controlling the entire body.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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