This is a page about catatonic state. For the band, see Catatonia (band).

Catatonia is a syndrome of psychic and motoric disturbances. In the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) it is not recognized as a separate disorder, but is associated with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (catatonic type), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other mental disorders, as well as drug abuse and/or overdose. It may also be seen in many medical disorders including infections (such as encephalitis), autoimmune disorders, focal neurologic lesions (including strokes), metabolic disturbances and abrupt or overly rapid withdrawal from benzodiazepines.^[1] It can be an adverse reaction to prescribed medication. It bears similarity to conditions such as encephalitis lethargica and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. There are a variety of treatments available, and depending on the case, one or more drugs may be used, including antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... Catatonia were a popular music band from Wales who gained a national following in the United Kingdom in the mid-late 1990s. ... For other uses, see Bipolar. ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ... Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or unipolar depression when compared to bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. ... A drug overdose occurs when a chemical substance (i. ... Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, caused by withdrawal or dosage reduction of benzodiazepines, is the symptoms which appear when a patient who has taken the drug for a period of time stops taking the drug. ... Encephalitis lethargica is an atypical form of encephalitis. ... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. ... The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ... Alprazolam 2mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , or benzos for short) are a class of psychoactive drugs considered as minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are brought on by slowing down the central nervous system. ...

Clinical features

Patients with catatonia may experience an extreme loss of motor ability or constant hyperactive motor activity. Catatonic patients will sometimes hold rigid poses for hours and will ignore any external stimuli. Patients with catatonic excitement can die of exhaustion if not treated. Patients may also show stereotyped, repetitive movements. They may show specific types of movement known as "waxy flexibility" in which they maintain positions after being placed in them by someone else, or gegenhalten (lit. "counterhold"), in which they resist movement in proportion to the force applied by the examiner. They may repeat meaningless phrases or speak only to repeat what the examiner says.

Diagnostic criteria

According to the DSM-IV, the "With catatonic features" specifier can be applied if the clinical picture is dominated by at least two of the following: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries. ...

• motor immobility as evidenced by catalepsy (including waxy flexibility) or stupor;
• excessive motor activity (purposeless, not influenced by external stimuli);
• extreme negativism (motiveless resistance to all instructions or maintenance of a rigid posture against attempts to be moved) or mutism;
• pecularities of voluntary movement as evidenced by posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent grimacing
• echolalia or echopraxia.

Catalepsy is a condition characterized most often by rigidity of the extremities and by decreased sensitivity to pain. ... Echolalia is the repetition or echoing of verbal utterances made by another person. ... Etymology: Greek echo (repetition) and praxia (action). Echopraxia is the involuntary repetition or imitation of the observed movements of another. ...

Subtypes

Stupor is a motionless, apathetic state in which one is oblivious or does not react to external stimuli. Motor activity is nearly non-existent. Individuals in this state make little or no eye contact with others and may be mute and rigid. One might remain in one position for a long period of time, and then go directly to another position immediately after the first position. Apathy is complete lack of emotion or motivation. ... In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. ... A motor skill is a skill that regards the ability of an organism to utilise skeletal muscles effectively. ... Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ...

Catatonic excitement is state of constant purposeless agitation and excitation. Individuals in this state are extremely hyperactive although the activity seems to lack purpose. Agitation may have the following special meanings Agitation, an emotional state Agitation, putting into motion (by shaking or stirring) Agitation, a term from the lexicon of Communists: political activities aimed at urging people to do something This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that...

Treatment

Initial treatment is aimed at providing relief from the catatonic state. Benzodiazepines are the first line of treatment, and high doses are often required. A test dose of 1-2 mg intramuscular lorazepam will often result in marked improvement within half an hour. In France, zolpidem has also been used in diagnosis and response may occur within the same time period. Ultimately the underlying cause needs to be treated. Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... Lorazepam is a drug of the benzodiazepine class and it has, to different extents, each of the five intrinsic benzodiazepine drug molecule effects: sedative/hypnotic, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, amnesic and anticonvulsant. ... Zolpidem is a prescription short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. ...

Electroconvulsive therapy is an effective treatment for catatonia as well as for most of the underlying causes (e.g. psychosis, mania, depression). Antipsychotics should be used with care as they can worsen catatonia and are the cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a dangerous condition that can mimic catatonia and requires the immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity. ... Psychosis is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a loss of contact with reality. Stedmans Medical Dictionary defines psychosis as a severe mental disorder, with or without organic damage, characterized by derangement of personality and loss of contact with reality and causing deterioration... Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ... Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or unipolar depression when compared to bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. ...

Catatonia in popular culture

• In Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1968 film, Teorema, the daughter of a bourgeois Milanese family goes into a catatonic stupor after being seduced and abandoned by a mysterious stranger.
• In Penny Marshall's 1990 movie Awakenings, actor Robert De Niro plays a decade-long catatonic patient who is temporarily cured of his state by a doctor played by Robin Williams.
• In Stephen King's novel The Green Mile, a villainous prison guard named Percy Wetmore is suddenly stricken with catatonia after receiving magical "black bugs" from inmate John Coffey.
• In Stephen King's novel It, the wife of Bill Denbrough becomes catatonic after seeing the true form of It.
• In Dean Koontz's novel Intensity, Ariel Delane falls into a catatonic state after being forced to watch the torture and murder of her six-year-old brother.
• Syd Barrett, the original frontman for Pink Floyd, is said to have suffered from catatonia during several of his stage performances with the band.
• In the film Analyze That (2002), Robert De Niro's character fakes a catatonic stupor in order to escape from prison.
• In the 2001 film K-PAX, the character Prot falls into a catatonic stupor.
• On TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the title character falls into a catatonic stupor in the Season 5 episode "The Weight of the World", as a result of culminating tragic events.
• On the soap opera General Hospital, the character of Laura Spencer (Genie Francis) has been in a catatonic state since 2002.
• In the movie The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Part 2, the beginning credits state that the lone survivor of the first film falls into a state of catatonia after her horrific experience.
• In the video game "Final Fantasy VII" and its prequel/sequels, persons affected by mako poisoning (overexposure to memories/emotions of the dead) to fall into a catatonic stupor while their minds try to recover their identity.
• In an album titled Trainwreck by the band Boys Night Out catatonia is mentioned quite often, and is what the story of the album is based on.
• In Metalocalypse, during the episode in which Toki's (and everyone else's) parents visit, Toki becomes catatonic.
• In the film Halloween, Michael Myers remained catatonic for 20 years before escaping from Smith Groves Institute and beginning his murderous rampage in Haddonfield, IL.
• In the 2004 film "The Grudge" by Stephen Susco, Emma turns catatonic after her traumatic meeting with Kayako.
• In the popular TV Series Monk, lead character Adrian Monk suffers from catatonia for almost 3 years.
• It is mentioned in the Ramone's song "Today Your Love, Tomorrow The World", as a state of mind of the main character.
• In Terry Gilliam's 1991 film The Fisher King, a character called Parry played by Robin Williams falls into catatonic stupor after recalling a traumatic experience from the past.
• In the Prison Break episode "J-Cat", Michael Scofield feigns catatonia in order to be admitted to the asylum in Fox River State Penitentiary.
• In the 1999 film American Beauty, Ricky's mother is catatonic.
• In the 1998 film Patch Adams, the mental patient Beany, whom the other patients are making fun of, is catatonic.
• In the scifi drama Doctor Who, in an episode called "The Shakespeare Code" (aired in April 7th of 2007), the architect of the London Globe Theatre is in an asylum, victim of a catatonia, a curse by witches who made him build the theatre.

• In 24 Audrey Raines is type 3 catatonic after being tortured by the Chinese.
• American Death Metal band Suffocation has a song on their Human Waste EP called Catatonia

• In the movie "Scarecrow", Al Pacino was described as being Catatonic.
• In the fictional history of "The Gorillaz" 2D, The lead singer, gets run over by Murdoc's Vauxhall Astra putting him in a catatonic state.

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Pier Paolo Pasolini (March 5, 1922 - November 2, 1975) was an Italian poet, intellectual, film director, and writer. ... Theorem is an Italian language movie directed in 1968 by Pier Paolo Pasolini with Laura Betti, Silvana Mangano, Massimo Girotti, Terence Stamp, and Anne Wiazemsky. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Western Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... Penny Marshall at the 1988 Emmy Awards Penny Marshall (born October 15, 1942) is an American actress, producer and director. ... Awakenings is a 1990 film based on Oliver Sacks memoir, Awakenings, which tells the story of a doctor who in 1969 discovers beneficial effects of the then-new drug L-Dopa on patients who are catatonic after surviving the 1917-1928 epidemic of encephalitis lethargica. ... Robert Mario De Niro Jr. ... Robin McLaurim Williams (born July 21, 1952)[1] is an Academy Award-winning American actor and comedian who has done television, stage, and film work. ... Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of over 200 stories including over 50 bestselling horror novels. ... Cover of the single volume version of The Green Mile The Green Mile (1996) is a serial novel by Stephen King, later republished with all six volumes in a trade paperback. ... The Green Mile is a 1999 movie, directed by Frank Darabont, based on the Stephen King novel The Green Mile. ... Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of over 200 stories including over 50 bestselling horror novels. ... It is a horror novel by Stephen King, published in 1986. ... Dean Ray Koontz (born July 9, 1945 in Everett, Pennsylvania), also known under a number of pseudonyms, including Leigh Nichols, is an American writer. ... This article or section contains a plot summary that may be overly long, confusing, or ambiguous. ... Roger Keith Syd Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, and artist. ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their avant-garde progressive rock music. ... Analyze That is a 2002 movie produced by Warner Brothers Studios. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Robert Mario De Niro Jr. ... K-PAX (2001) is a mystery and/or sci-fi drama about a mental patient who claims he is an alien. ... Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated American cult television series that initially aired from March 10, 1997 until May 20, 2003. ... Weight of the World refers to episodes of several science-fiction television series: The Weight of the World (Buffy episode), from the fifth season of the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. ... For Philippine soap opera, see Teleserye. ... General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is the longest-running daytime American serial broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company television network. ... Categories: Supercouples ... Image:GenieFrancis001. ... The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 is a 1986 sequel to the 1974 horror film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. ... Final Fantasy VII ) is a console and computer role-playing game developed and published by Square (now Square Enix), and the seventh installment in the Final Fantasy video game series. ... Materia ) are small spheres of crystallized spiritual energy used in the magic system of Square Enixs role-playing game Final Fantasy VII. These spheres allow their users to cast various magic and use special abilities. ... Train wreck at Gare Montparnasse, Paris, France, 1895 For the American rock band, see Trainwreck (band). ... Boys Night Out is a rock band on the 2005 Warped Tour. ... Metalocalypse is an animated television series on Adult Swim created by Brendon Small and Tommy Blacha. ... Halloween (sometimes referred to as John Carpenters Halloween) is a 1978 American independent horror film set in the fictional midwestern town of Haddonfield, Illinois on Halloween. ... The Grudge is the 2004 American remake of the Japanese film Ju-on: The Grudge. ... Monk is an Emmy Award winning television show about the private detective Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub), afflicted by Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and multiple phobias. ... Information Gender Male Age 48 Occupation SFPD Consultant Title Mr. ... Terrence Vance Gilliam (born November 22, 1940) is an American-born British filmmaker, animator, and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe. ... The Fisher King is a comedy-drama film made in 1991, written by Richard LaGravenese and directed by Terry Gilliam. ... Robin McLaurim Williams (born July 21, 1952)[1] is an Academy Award-winning American actor and comedian who has done television, stage, and film work. ... Prison Break is an American serial drama television series that premiered on the Fox Network on August 29, 2005. ... J-Cat is the seventeenth episode of television series Prison Break. ... Michael Scofield is the protagonist in the American television series, Prison Break. ... Prison Break is an American television series on Fox that premiered on August 29, 2005. ... American Beauty is a 1999 drama film that explores themes of romantic and paternal love, freedom, beauty, self-liberation, existentialism, the search for happiness, and family against the backdrop of modern American suburbia. ... Hunter Campbell Patch Adams (born May 28, 1945 in Washington, District of Columbia) founded the Gesundheit! Institute in 1972. ... 24 is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American television series created by Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran, and produced by Imagine Television. ... Death metal is a subgenre of heavy metal. ... Suffocation can mean two things: Suffocation, or Asphyxia, is a medical condition where the body is depraved of oxygen. ... Gorillaz: Russel, Noodle, 2D and Murdoc Gorillaz is an animated hip-hop/dark pop collective or supergroup and virtual band, comprising four animated band members: 2D, Murdoc, Noodle and Russel. ...

References

External links