This is a list of programming languages grouped by category. A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ...

Other lists of programming languages are:

1. Alphabetical
2. Categorical
3. Chronological
4. Generational

The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and historicaal ones, in alphabetical order. ... This is a timeline, i. ... Here, a genealogy of programming languages is shown. ...

Array languages

See also: Category:Array programming languages

Array programming (also known as vector or multidimensional languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays. Array programming languages (also known as vector or multidimensional languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays. ...

• A+
• Analytica
• APL
• F
• FISh
• Fortran 90 and later versions
• IDL
• J
• K
• MATLAB
• Octave
• NESL
• Nial
• PDL
• ZPL
• SAC

A+ is a powerful and efficient array programming language written at Morgan Stanley. ... Prior Analytics is Aristotles work on deductive reasoning, part of his Organon, the instrument or manual of logical and scientific methods. ... APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ... F is a compiled, structured, array programming language especially well suited to education and scientific computing. ... FISh is an array programming language that aims to combine the expressive power of functional programming with the efficient execution of imperative (procedural) programming. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... IDL, short for interactive data language, is a programming language which is a popular data analysis language among scientists. ... The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL functional programming languages created by John Backus (of FORTRAN, ALGOL, and BNF fame). ... K is a high level array programming language developed by Arthur Whitney, an influential APL programmer. ... Not to be confused with Matlab Upazila in Chandpur District, Bangladesh. ... Octave is a free computer program for performing numerical computations which is mostly compatible with MATLAB. It is part of the GNU project. ... NESL is a parallel programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon by the SCandAL project. ... Nial (from Nested Interactive Array Language) is a high-level array-based programming language developed from about 1981 by Mike Jenkins of Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. ... PDL (short for Perl Data Language) is a set of Array programming extensions to the Perl programming language. ... ZPL (short for Z-level Programming Language) is an array programming language designed to replace C and C++ programming languages in engineering and scientific applications. ... SAC (Single Assignment C) is a strict purely functional programming language which design is focussed on the needs of numerical applications. ...

Aspect-oriented languages

• AspectC++
• AspectJ
• CaesarJ
• Common Lisp
• Compose*
• JAsCo (and AWED)
• ObjectTeams

There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... AspectJ is an aspect-oriented extension to the Java programming language created at Xerox PARC. An AspectJ compiler weaves aspects into Java bytecode to implement crosscutting concerns. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ...

Assembly languages

Main article: List of assemblers

Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below) in order to allow machine code instructions to be written in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages allow programmers to use symbolic addresses which are later converted to absolute addresses by the assembler. Most assemblers also allow for macros and symbolic constants. This is a list of assemblers. ... See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler. ... See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler. ... For other uses, see Macro (disambiguation) A macro in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to an output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure. ...

• ASEM-51 [1]
• AKI (AvtoKod "Inzhener", "Engineer's Autocode" for Minsk family of computers)
• ASCENT (ASsembler for CENTral Processor Unit of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS)
• ASPER (ASsembler for PERipheral Processor Units of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS)
• BAL (Basic AssembLer) - for IBM System/360 and later mainframe systems
• C-- (name used by a few languages that bring C language closer to Assembly)
• COMPASS (COMPrehensive ASSembler)
• D (multiparadigm curly-brace language with built-in inline assembler)
• Emu8086 [2] (x86 assembler and Intel's 8086 microprocessor emulator)
• EDTASM (Microsoft editor/assembler for Motorola 6809 on the Color Computer)
• FAP (FORTRAN Assembly Program, for IBM 709, 7090, 7094 mainframes)
• FASM (Flat Assembler; IA-32, IA-64)
• GAS (GNU Assembler)
• HLA (High Level Assembly)
• HLASM (High Level Assembler, for mainframes)
• Linoleum (for cross platform use)
• MACRO-11 (for DEC PDP-11)
• MACRO-20 (for DEC DECSYSTEM-20)
• MACRO-32 (for DEC VAX)
• MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler)
• MI (Machine Interface, compile-time intermediate language)
• MIPS ( for MIPS architecture) Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
• Motorolla 68k Assembly ( for Motorola 68k ) Assembly Language for Motorolla 68k family of CPUs
• NASM (Netwide Assembler)
• NEAT (National's Electronic Autocoder Technique), for NCR computers, evolved into NEAT/3
• PAL-III (for DEC PDP-8)
• PASM (for Parrot virtual machine)
• RosAsm (32 bit Assembler; The Bottom Up Assembler)
• SC123 (for educational computer developed at CSU)
• Sphinx C-- (mixes Assembly commands with C-like structures)
• SSK (Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya, or "System of symbolic coding") for Minsk family of computers
• TASM (Turbo Assembler, Borland)

Minsk family of mainframe computers was developed and produced in Belarus from 1959 to 1975. ... Control Data Corporation (CDC), was one of the pioneering supercomputer firms. ... This article is about the navigational instrument. ... Control Data Corporation (CDC), was one of the pioneering supercomputer firms. ... This article is about the navigational instrument. ... BAL (Basic Assembly Language) is a low-level language used on IBM z/Series mainframes. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... System/360 Model 65 operators console, with register value lamps and toggle switches (middle of picture) and emergency pull switch (upper right). ... C-- is a name used for at least two different, unrelated programming languages, which goal is to bring the C programming language closer to computer hardware, thus creating more compact machine code while keeping C syntax, usage standards, and readability, to make use of the many programmers already familiar with... This article is about the navigational instrument. ... For other programming languages named D, see D (disambiguation)#Computing. ... The correct title of this article is . ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... 1 MHz Motorola 6809E processor, manufactured in 1983. ... 4k TRS-80 Color Computer from 1981, 26-3001 The Radio Shack TRS-80 color computer (also called Tandy Color Computer, or CoCo) was a home computer based around the Motorola 6809E processor and part of the TRS-80 line. ... FORTRAN Assembly Program (FAP) was a macro assembler for the IBM 709, 7090, and 7094 computers of the 1950s and 60s. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of incompatible large scale (mainframe) computer systems made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s. ... For the Royal Navy project also known as FASM, see Future Attack Submarine. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with X86 assembly language. ... In computing, IA-64 (short for Intel Architecture-64) is a 64-bit processor architecture developed cooperatively by Intel Corporation and Hewlett-Packard (HP), and implemented in the Itanium and Itanium 2 processors. ... Gas, commanded as as when typed from the shell, is the GNU assembler. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For Randall Hydes language see High Level Assembly. ... For other uses, see Mainframe. ... A diagram is needed here to show a scaled-down version of the L.In. ... MACRO-11 is an assembly language for minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation. ... Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... The PDP-11 was a 16-bit minicomputer sold by Digital Equipment Corp. ... Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... The DECSYSTEM-20 was a DEC PDP-10 computer running the TOPS-20 operating system. ... Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ... The Microsoft Macro Assembler (abbreviated MASM) is an assembler for the x86 family of microprocessors. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... In computer science, an intermediate language is the language of an abstract machine designed to aid in the analysis of computer programs. ... A MIPS R4400 microprocessor made by Toshiba. ... The Motorola 680x0, 0x0, m68k, or 68k family of CISC microprocessor CPU chips were 32-bit from the start, and were the primary competition for the Intel x86 family of chips. ... NASM, the Netwide Assembler, is a free software Intel x86 assembler. ... NCR Corporation (NYSE: NCR) is a technology company specializing in solutions for the retail and financial industries. ... PAL-III was the assembly language processor for the PDP-8 computer family sold by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts. ... A PDP-8 on display at the Smithsonians National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.. This example is from the first generation of PDP-8s, built with discrete transistors and later known as the Straight 8. ... The Parrot assembly language or PASM is the basic assembly language used by the Parrot virtual machine, a part of the Perl 6 project. ... Parrot is a register-based virtual machine being developed using the C programming language and intended to run dynamic languages efficiently. ... Minsk family of mainframe computers was developed and produced in Belarus from 1959 to 1975. ... The Turbo Assembler (TASM) mainly PC-targeted assembler package was Borlands offering in the x86 assembler programming tool market. ... Borland Software Corporation is a software company headquartered in Austin, Texas. ...

Authoring languages

• Bigwig (web design language)
• Coursewriter
• PILOT
• TUTOR

Bigwig is a programming language designed to run on web servers. ... The name PILOT is an acronym, and stands for Programmed Instruction, Learning, Or Teaching. ... The TUTOR programming language is a language developed for use on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois around 1965. ...

Command line interface languages

Command line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages, or job control languages. Examples: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

• 4DOS (extended command-line shell for IBM PCs)
• bash (the "Bourne-Again" shell from GNU/FSF)
• Ch (C-compatible shell)
• CHAIN (Datapoint)
• CLIST (MVS Command List)
• csh (C-like shell from Bill Joy at UC Berkeley)
• DCL DIGITAL Command Language - standard CLI language for VMS (DEC, Compaq, HP)
• DOS batch language (standard CLI/batch language for the IBM PC running DR-DOS, MS-DOS, or PC-DOS before Windows)
  • EA_QB_Command
• EXEC
• EXEC 2
• JCL (punch card-oriented batch control language for IBM/360 family mainframes)
• ksh (a standard UNIX shell, written by David Korn)
• REXX
• sh (the standard UNIX shell, written by Stephen Bourne)
• tcsh (a UNIX shell)
• Winbatch (Windows batch file language)
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
• zsh (a UNIX shell)

4DOS is a command line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in DOS and Windows 95/98/Me. ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... This article is about the UNIX shell named Bash. ... GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ... Ch, pronounced as C H, is an embedded C/C++ interpreter. ... CHAIN was Datapoints batch programming language, used in the late 1980s. ... Datapoint Corporation, originally known as Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC), was a computer company based in San Antonio, Texas. ... CLIST (Command List) is a procedural programming language for MVS/TSO systems. ... MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) was the most commonly used operating system on the System/370 and System/390 IBM mainframe computers. ... The C shell (csh) is a Unix shell developed by Bill Joy for the BSD Unix system. ... Bill Joy William Nelson Joy (born Nov 8, 1954), commonly known as Bill Joy, is an American computer scientist. ... DCL is the standard Command line interface (CLI) adopted by most of the operating systems that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation (which has since been acquired by Hewlett-Packard). ... OpenVMS[1] (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX[2] and Alpha[3] family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (DIGITAL was then purchased by Compaq, and is now owned... Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... This article is about the family of closely related operating systems for the IBM PC compatible platform. ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... This article is about the operating system. ... Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ... IBM PC-DOS was one of the three major operating systems that dominated the personal computer market from about 1985 to 1995. ... Windows redirects here. ... CMS EXEC, or EXEC, is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer programming language used by the CMS EXEC Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS) operating system. ... EXEC 2 is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer programming language used by the EXEC 2 Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS) operating system. ... Job Control Language (JCL) is a scripting language used on IBM mainframe operating systems to instruct the Job Entry Subsystem (that is, JES2 or JES3) on how to run a batch program or start a subsystem. ... Punched cards (or Hollerith cards, or IBM cards), are pieces of stiff paper that contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. ... System/360 Model 65 operators console, with register value lamps and toggle switches (middle of picture) and emergency pull switch (upper right). ... The Korn shell (ksh) is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn (AT&T Bell Laboratories) in the early 1980s. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... David Korn is a computer programmer, who is probably best known for creating the Korn shell, a command line shell interface/programming language for UNIX-like systems. ... REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is an interpreted programming language which was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language which was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read. ... The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7, and replaced the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Steve Bourne is a computer scientist, most famous as the author of the Bourne shell (sh), which remains the standard command line interface to Unix. ... tcsh (pronounced TC-Shell or T-shell) is a Unix shell based on and compatible with the C shell (csh). ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Winbatch is a Microsoft Windows scripting language developed by Wilson WindowWare. ... Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... The Microsoft . ... The Z shell (zsh) is a Unix shell written by Paul Falstad when he was a student at Princeton University. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ...

Compiled languages

These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted. See also compiled language. A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... A compiled language is a programming language whose implementations are typically compilers (translators which generate machine code from source code), and not interpreters (step-by-step executors of source code, where no translation takes place). ...

• Ada (multi-purpose language)
• ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
  • SMALL Machine Algol Like Language
• BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
• C (one of the most widely-used procedural programming languages)
• C++
• C# (compiled into Intermediate Language bytecode)
• CLEO (Clear Language for Expressing Orders) used the compiler for the British Leo computers
• CLush (Lush)
• COBOL
• Common Lisp
• Corn
• Curl
• D
• DASL compiles into Java, JavaScript, JSP, Flex, etc., which are further compiled into a .war file
• Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system)
• DIBOL (Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language)
• eC (Ecere C)
• Eiffel (object-oriented language developed by Bertrand Meyer)
  • Sather
  • Ubercode
• Forth (professional systems, like VFX and SwiftForth)
• Fortran (the first high level, compiled, language, from IBM, John Backus, et al)
• Java (originally from Sun Microsystems; usually compiled into JVM bytecode although true native-code compiled versions exist)
• JOVIAL
• Nemerle (compiled into Intermediate Language bytecode)
• Objective-C
• Pascal (most implementations)
• ppC++
• Scheme (some implementations, e.g. Gambit)
• ML
  • Standard ML
    • Alice
  • Ocaml
• Turing
• Urq
• Visual Basic (from Microsoft)
• Visual Foxpro
• Visual Prolog
• WinDev
• XL
• Z++

Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull during 1977–1983. ... It has been suggested that ALGOL object code be merged into this article or section. ... Small can refer to the following: Look up small in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Cleo is a female given name that is short for Cleopatra and an alternate spelling for Clio. ... The British LEO I (Lyons Electronic Office I) computer, ran its first business application in 1951. ... Lush, the Lisp Universal Shell, is an object-oriented dialect of Lisp that was initially developed as a scripting language for machine learning applications, but can also be used for general programming and system/network administration tasks and uses. ... Lush, the Lisp Universal Shell, is an object-oriented dialect of Lisp that was initially developed as a scripting language for machine learning applications, but can also be used for general programming and system/network administration tasks and uses. ... COBOL (pronounced //) is a Third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Curl The Curl programming language (unrelated to cURL) is a reflective programming language designed to create interactive web content. ... D is an object-oriented, imperative system programming language designed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars as a re-engineering of C/C++. He has done this by re-designing many C++ features, and borrowing ideas from other programming languages. ... The DASL Programming Language (Distributed Application Specification Language) is a high-level, strongly typed programming language originally developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories between 1999 and 2003 as part of the Ace Project to enable rapid development of web-based applications based on Suns J2EE architecture. ... Delphi is the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ... Borland Software Corporation is a software company headquartered in Austin, Texas. ... DIBOL or Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language is a is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language, which is well-suited for Management Information Systems (MIS) software development. ... A screenshot of the Ecere IDE and samples, running on Linux. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... Bertrand Meyer (born 1950 in France) developed the Eiffel programming language, and is an author, academic and consultant in the field of computer languages. ... Sather is an object-oriented programming language. ... Ubercode is a high level programming language designed by Ubercode Software and released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... John Backus (born December 3, 1924) is an American computer scientist, notable as the inventor of the first high-level programming language (FORTRAN), the Backus-Naur form (BNF, the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax), and the concept of Function-level programming. ... Java language redirects here. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which implements a specific virtual machine model. ... Bytecode is a binary representation of an executable program designed to be executed by a virtual machine rather than by dedicated hardware. ... JOVIAL stands for The International Algorithmic Language part of the name is from ALGOL. This high order language was developed to write software for the embedded systems of military aircraft by Jules Schwartz in 1959. ... Nemerle is a high-level statically-typed programming language for the . ... Objective-C, often referred to as ObjC or more seldomly as Objective C or Obj-C, is an object oriented programming language implemented as an extension to C. It is used primarily on Mac OS X and GNUstep, two environments based on the OpenStep standard, and is the primary language... Pascal is an imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... ML is a general-purpose functional programming language developed by Robin Milner and others in the late 1970s at the University of Edinburgh, whose syntax is inspired by ISWIM. Historically, ML stands for metalanguage as it was conceived to develop proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover (the language of... Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. ... Alice is a functional programming language designed by the Programming Systems Lab at Saarland University. ... Objective Caml (OCaml) is the main implementation of the Caml programming language, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996. ... Turing may refer to: Alan Turing Turing (programming language) Turing (cipher) Turing machine Turing completeness Turing test Reverse Turing test Turing Award Turing Police Church-Turing thesis TURing interface Turing (novel), by Christos Papadimitrou, published in 2003 Turing Scholars Category: ... This article is about the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio 6. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... VFP redirects here. ... Visual Prolog, also formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented extension of Prolog. ... WinDev is an integrated development environment, first published by PC SOFT in 1993, which allows programmers to create application based on a run-time engine (framework). ... XL stands for eXtensible Language. ... The design of Z++ rests on the principle that software development admits a monotonically increasing formalism analogous to mathematics. ...

Concurrent languages

See also: Category:Concurrent programming languages

Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memory concurrency based on monitors. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by CSP or the π-calculus, but have had little commercial success, except for Ada and Erlang. Ada is a multipurpose language and concurrent programming is only one option available. In computer science, message passing is a form of communication used in concurrent programming, parallel programming, object-oriented programming, and interprocess communication. ... The Dining Philosophers, a classic problem involving concurrency and shared resources In computer science, concurrency is a property of systems in which several computational processes are executing at the same time, and potentially interacting with each other. ... Java language redirects here. ... // Diagram of a typical Shared memory system. ... A monitor is an approach to synchronizing two or more computer tasks that use a shared resource, usually a hardware device or a set of variables. ... In computer science, Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) is a formal language for describing patterns of interaction in concurrent systems. ... In theoretical computer science, the π-calculus is a notation originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker to model concurrency (just as the λ-calculus is a simple model of sequential programming languages). ...

• Ada (multi-purpose language)
• Afnix – concurrent access to data is protected automatically (previously called Aleph, but unrelated to Alef)
• Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
• ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
• Cilk – a concurrent C
• Cω – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
• Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen)
• Corn
• Curry
• E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
• Eiffel (through the SCOOP mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)
• Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
• Java
  • Join Java – concurrent language based on Java
  • X10
• Join-calculus
• Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing
• Limbo – relative of Alef, used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system)
• MultiLisp – Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
• occam – influenced heavily by Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP).
  • occam-π – a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus
• Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures
  • Mozart Programming System – multiplatform Oz
• Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
• SALSA – actor language with token-passing, join, and first-class continuations for distributed computing over the Internet
• SR – research language

Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull during 1977–1983. ... Afnix (until 2003 developed under name Aleph) is a multi-threaded functional programming language with dynamic symbol bindings that support the object-oriented programming paradigm. ... The Alef programming language was designed by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs as part of the Plan 9 operating system. ... Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system, primarily used as a research vehicle. ... ChucK is a concurrent, strongly-timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Mac OS X, Linux, and Windows. ... Cilk is a general-purpose programming language designed for multithreaded parallel programming. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... Cω (pronounced C omega and usually written as Cw or Comega language) is a free extension to the C# programming language, developed by the WebData team in SQL Server in collaboration with Microsoft Research in the UK and Redmond. ... Concurrent Pascal was designed by Per Brinch Hansen for writing concurrent programs such as operating systems and real-time monitoring systems on shared-memory computers. ... Curry is an experimental functional logic programming language, based on the Haskell language. ... E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller and others at Electric Communities in 1997. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... Scoop is a content management system originally developed by Rusty Foster. ... Erlang is a general-purpose concurrent programming language and runtime system. ... Java language redirects here. ... Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the Join Semantics of the Join Calculus. ... X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of DARPAs High Productivity Computing Initiative (HPCS) program. ... The join-calculus is a process calculus developed at INRIA. It is based on the homonymous process calculus and supports statically typed distributed programming, transparent remote communication, agent-based mobility, and failure-detection. ... Joule is a concurrent dataflow programming language, designed for building distributed applications. ... Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. ... The Alef programming language was designed by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs as part of the Plan 9 operating system. ... Inferno is an operating system for creating and supporting distributed services. ... MultiLisp is a functional programming language and dialect of the Lisp dialect Scheme, extended with constructs for parallel execution and shared memory; MultiLisp is implemented in Interlisp. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... Occam is a parallel programming language that builds on Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and shares many of their features. ... In computer science, Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) is a formal language for describing patterns of interaction in concurrent systems. ... Occam-Pi is the new name for the derivation of occam developed by the KRoC team at the University of Kent. ... Occam is a parallel programming language that builds on Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and shares many of their features. ... In theoretical computer science, the π-calculus is a notation originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker to model concurrency (just as the λ-calculus is a simple model of sequential programming languages). ... Oz is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... The Mozart Programming System is a multi-platform implementation of the Oz programming language developed by the Mozart Consortium. ... Multiplatform (or multi-platform) is a term commonly used in the computer world about a project that can be used on multiple platforms. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... In theoretical computer science, the π-calculus is a notation originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker to model concurrency (just as the λ-calculus is a simple model of sequential programming languages). ... The SALSA programming language (Simple Actor Language System and Architecture) is an actor-oriented programming language that uses concurrency primitives beyond asynchronous message passing, including token-passing, join, and first-class continuations. ... SR (short for Synchronizing Resources) is a programming language designed for concurrent programming. ...

Curly-bracket languages

See also: Category:Curly bracket programming languages

The curly bracket programming languages have a syntax that defines statement blocks using the "curly bracket" or "brace" characters { and }. All these languages descend from or are strongly influenced by C. Examples of curly-bracket languages include: Curly brace or bracket programming languages are those which use balanced brackets ({ and }, also known as brace brackets or simply braces) to make blocks in their syntax or formal grammar, mainly due to being C-influenced. ...

• ABCL/c+
• Alef
  • Limbo
• AutoHotkey
• awk
• BCPL
• C - developed circa 1970 at Bell Labs
• csh ("C Shell")
• C++
• C#
• Ch - embeddable C/C++ interpreter
• ChucK - audio programming language
• Cilk - concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
• Coyote - safer C variant to lower the likelihood of some common errors, e.g., buffer overflows
• Cyclone - safer C variant
• D - C/C++ variant
• DASL - based on Java
• DINO
• eC (Ecere C)
• E
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript
  • JScript
  • MDMscript
• Frink
• ICI
• Java
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
  • X10
• LPC
• Nemerle - combines C# and ML features, provides syntax extension capabilities
• Perl
• PHP
• Pico
• Pike
• ppC++
• sed
• Suneido
• SuperCollider
• TorqueScript
• UnrealScript
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
• Yorick

The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The Alef programming language was designed by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs as part of the Plan 9 operating system. ... Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. ... AutoHotkey is a free, open source macro and automation software which allows users to automate repetitive tasks and modify the Windows user interface. ... AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams. ... BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) is a computer programming language that was designed by Martin Richards of the University of Cambridge in 1966; it was originally intended for use in writing compilers for other languages. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... The C shell (csh) is a Unix shell developed by Bill Joy for the BSD Unix system. ... C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Ch, pronounced as C H, is an embedded C/C++ interpreter. ... ChucK is a concurrent, strongly-timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Mac OS X, Linux, and Windows. ... Cilk is a general-purpose programming language designed for multithreaded parallel programming. ... The Cyclone programming language is intended to be a safe dialect of the C programming language. ... D is an object-oriented, imperative system programming language designed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars as a re-engineering of C/C++. He has done this by re-designing many C++ features, and borrowing ideas from other programming languages. ... The DASL Programming Language (Distributed Application Specification Language) is a high-level, strongly typed programming language originally developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories between 1999 and 2003 as part of the Ace Project to enable rapid development of web-based applications based on Suns J2EE architecture. ... A screenshot of the Ecere IDE and samples, running on Linux. ... E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller and others at Electric Communities in 1997. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ... Frink is a calculating tool and programming language designed by Alan Eliasen. ... The ICI Programming Language is a general purpose interpreted, computer programming language originally developed by Tim Long in 1992. ... Java language redirects here. ... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the Join Semantics of the Join Calculus. ... X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of DARPAs High Productivity Computing Initiative (HPCS) program. ... The LPC programming language is an object-oriented programming language derived from C and developed by Lars Pensjö to facilitate MUD building on LPMuds. ... Nemerle is a high-level statically-typed programming language for the . ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... Pico is a programming language developed at the PROG lab at the Dutch-speaking Free University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB). ... Pike is a general-purpose, high-level, dynamic programming language, with a syntax similar to that of C. Unlike many other dynamic languages, pike is statically typed, and requires explicit type definitions. ... The correct title of this article is . ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... SuperCollider [1] is an environment and programming language for real time audio synthesis and algorithmic composition. ... UnrealScript is the scripting language of the Unreal engine and is used for authoring game code and gameplay events. ... Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... The Microsoft . ... Yorick is an interpreted programming language designed for numerics, graph plotting and steering large scientific simulation codes. ...

Dataflow languages

Dataflow programming languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include: In computer programming, dataflow programming implements dataflow principles and architecture, and models a program, conceptually if not physically, as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations. ...

• Lucid
• Hartmann pipelines
• G (used in LabVIEW)
• Max
• Prograph
• Pure data
• VEE
• VisSim

Lucid was dataflow computer language designed to experiment with non-VonNeumann programming models. ... A Hartmann pipeline is an extension of the Unix pipeline concept, providing for more complex paths, multiple input/output streams, and other features. ... LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. ... A Max/MSP patch written and used by Autechre Max is a graphical development environment for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling 74. ... Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. ... Pure Data with many patches open (netpd project) Pure Data (or Pd) is a graphical programming language developed by Miller Puckette in the 1990s for the creation of interactive computer music and multimedia works. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... VisSim is a visual block diagram language for modeling, simulating and analyzing dynamic systems. ...

Data-oriented languages

Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets. Examples of data-oriented languages include:

• Clarion
• Clipper
• dBase a relational database access language
• M (known as MUMPS; an ANSI standard general purpose language with specializations for database work.)
• SPARQL
• SQL
• Tutorial D, see also The Third Manifesto
• Visual Foxpro native rdbms engine, object oriented, functional, RAD
• WebQL

Clarion is a 4GL programming language and Integrated Development Environment from SoftVelocity used to program database applications. ... Clipper is a computer programming language that is used to create software programs that originally operated primarily under DOS. Although it is a powerful general-purpose programming language, it was primarily used to create database/business programs. ... dBASE III The correct title of this article is dBASE. The initial letter is capitalized because of technical restrictions. ... For other uses of the word MUMPS, see Mumps (disambiguation). ... SPARQL (pronounced sparkle [1]) is an RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language. ... SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ... Tutorial D is an example of a truly relational database query language, developed by Christopher J. Date and Hugh Darwen and described in The Third Manifesto. ... The Third Manifesto (1995) is Christopher J. Dates and Hugh Darwens proposal for future relational database management systems that would avoid Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch between object-oriented programming languages and RDBMSs by fully supporting all the capabilities of the relational model. ... VFP redirects here. ... WebQL is a software tool produced by QL2 Software [1], that is used to automate data integration and collection from unstructured and structured sources including the Web, PDF and Word documents, spreadsheets, email repositories, corporate data stores and more. ...

Data-structured languages

See also: Category:Data-structured programming languages

Data-structured languages are those where logic is structured in ways similar to their data. Such languages are generally well suited to reflection and introspection. There are three main types: A Data-structured language is a programming language in which the data structure is a main organizing principle, representation, model, for data and logic (code) alike, in which both are stored and operated upon, i. ...

• Array-based
• List-based
• Stack-based

Assembly languages which statically link data inline with instructions can also be considered data-structured, in the most primitive way. See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler. ...

Declarative languages

See also: Category:Declarative programming languages

Declarative languages describe a problem rather than defining a solution. Declarative programming stands in contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where serial orders (imperatives) are given to a computer. In addition to the examples given just below, all (pure) functional and logic-based programming languages are also declarative. In fact, "functional" and "logical" constitute the usual subcategories of the declarative category. In computer science, a declarative programming language is a high-level language that describes a problem rather than defining a solution — it makes use of declarative programming. ... Declarative programming is a term with two distinct meanings, both of which are in current use. ... In computer science, imperative programming, as opposed to declarative programming, is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of a program state and statements that change the program state. ...

• ABSET
• Analytica
• Lustre
• MetaPost
• Prolog
• SQL
• XSL Transformations

ABSET was an early declarative programming language from the University of Aberdeen. ... Prior Analytics is Aristotles work on deductive reasoning, part of his Organon, the instrument or manual of logical and scientific methods. ... Lustre is a formally defined, declarative, and synchronous data-flow programming language, for programming reactive systems. ... MetaPost refers to both a programming language and the only known interpreter of the MetaPost programming language. ... Prolog is a logic programming language. ... SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ... Diagram of the basic elements and process flow of Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations. ...

Esoteric languages

See also: Category:Esoteric programming languages

An esoteric programming language is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke. An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang[1]) is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke. ...

• Befunge
• bondi
• Brainfuck
• Chef
• FALSE
• INTERCAL
• Shakespeare
• Whitespace
• Malbolge
• Lolcode
• Qwertycode
• merd

Befunge is a stack-based, reflective, esoteric fungeoid programming language. ... The brainfuck language is an esoteric programming language noted for its extreme minimalism. ... Chef is an esoteric programming language designed by David Morgan-Mar. ... False is the antonym of the adjective true. ... Jimbo Lyon, one of the authors of INTERCAL INTERCAL, programming language parody, is the canonical esoteric programming language created by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, two Princeton University students, in 1972. ... The Shakespeare Programming Language (SPL) is an esoteric programming language designed by Jon Ã…slund and Karl Hasselström. ... Whitespace hello world program with syntax highlighting  tabs  spaces Whitespace is an esoteric programming language developed by Edwin Brady and Chris Morris at the University of Durham. ... Malbolge is a public domain programming language invented by Ben Olmstead in 1998, named after the eighth circle of hell in Dantes Inferno, the Malebolge. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Qwertycode is an esoteric programming language created by nullbyte00, that has a command and operation for every character on a standard QWERTY keyboard, hence its name. ...

Extension languages

Extension programming languages are languages intended to be embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts.

• AutoLISP (specific to AutoCAD)
• CAL
• C/AL(C/SIDE)
• Guile
• VBA
• Lua
• SQL

etc.) AutoLISP is a programming language, a dialect of Lisp included with the CAD program AutoCAD to allow the user to add functionality to the software. ... AutoCAD is a CAD software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting, developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc. ... Produced by Cakewalk, (formerly known as Twelve Tone Systems, Inc. ... C/AL (Client Application Language) is the programming language used within the C/SIDE Integrated Development Environment in Microsoft Dynamics NAV (Formerly known as Navision Attain). ... The GNU Guile logo GNU Guile (first released in 1993[1]) is an interpreter/virtual machine for the Scheme programming language and modularized extensions thereof (such as POSIX system call extensions or APL array functionality, packaged as a object[2] library (libguile) so that it can be embedded in other... Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsofts Visual Basic, an event driven programming language and associated integrated development environment (IDE) which is built into most Microsoft Office applications. ... The Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ... SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ...

• Python (Maya and other 3-D animation packages)
• REXX
• Tcl
• Windows PowerShell

Python is an interpreted programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1990. ... REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is an interpreted programming language which was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language which was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ...

Fourth-generation languages

See also: Category:4GL

Fourth-generation programming languages are high-level languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments. b fourth-generation programming language(1970s-1990) (abbreviated 4GL) is a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software. ...

• ABAP
• ADMINS
• BuildProfessional
• CorVision
• CSC's GraphTalk
• Easytrieve report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus)
• Focus
• GEMBASE
• Informix-4GL / Aubit-4GL
• LINC
• MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) now part of BIS
• MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
• Oracle Express 4GL
• Revolution (not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs)
• SAS
• Today
• Ubercode (VHLL, or Very High Level Language)
• Uniface
• Visual DataFlex
• Visual Foxpro

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is a high level programming language created by the German software company SAP. It is currently positioned, alongside the more recently introduced Java, as the language for programming SAPs Web Application Server, part of its NetWeaver platform for building business applications. ... BuildProfessional is a 4GL programming language developed by Today Systems. ... CorVision Logo used by Cortex // CorVision CorVision is a fourth generation programming tool (4GL) currently owned by International Software Group Ltd (ISG). ... CSCs headquarters in El Segundo CSCs branch office in HITEC City Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) NYSE: CSC is an information technology (IT) and business services company headquartered in El Segundo, California, USA. Its stated mission is to help clients achieve strategic goals and profit from the use of... The GraphTalk programming language, or formally GraphTalk Developer Language, is an object oriented computer programming language, its now used only by the Computer Sciences Corporation. ... Focus is a software product of Information Builders Inc. ... Informix-4GL is a 4GL programming language developed by Informix during the mid-1980s. ... Aubit 4GL is a fourth-generation language developed to be source compatible with Informix-4GL. 4GL Examples Hello World This example is the 4gl version of the world famous Hello world program. ... LINC is a 4th-generation computer language, used mostly by Unisys machines LINC was originally developed as a short-cut by programmers finding that they needed larger numbers of very similar COBOL programs. ... MAPPER (Maintaining and Preparing Executive Reports) is a 4GL that was developed by the Sperry Corporation for use on its systems; MAPPERs heritage dates back to the 1960s when Louis Schlueter conceived of the CRT RPS (Report Processing System - to differentiate it from RPG) as a means to help... Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS), based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware[3], is a global provider of information technology services and solutions. ... MARK-IV is a Fourth-generation programming language that was created by Informatics, Inc. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Revolution is a commercially marketed Cross-platform rapid application development environment by Runtime Revolution Ltd. ... SAS Institute logo SAS Institute Inc. ... Ubercode is a high level programming language designed by Ubercode Software and released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows. ... Uniface is a 4GL programming language distributed and developed by Compuware. ... Visual DataFlex is a 4GL windows programming language by Data Access, targeted at creating database and client-server type programs. ... VFP redirects here. ...

Functional languages

See also: Category:Functional languages

Functional programming languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Not surprisingly, many of these languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include: Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ...

• APL
• Charity
• Clean (purely functional)
• Curl
• Curry
• Erlang
• F#
• Haskell (purely functional)
  • CAL
• J
• Joy
• Kite
• Lisp
  • Common Lisp
  • Dylan
  • Logo
  • Scheme
• Lush
• Maple
• Mathematica
• ML
  • Standard ML
    • Alice
  • Ocaml
• Nemerle
• Opal
• OPS5
• Poplog
• Q
• REFAL
• Spreadsheets

APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ... Charity is a purely functional experimental programming language, developed at Calgary. ... In computer science Clean is a general-purpose purely functional programming language. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Curl The Curl programming language (unrelated to cURL) is a reflective programming language designed to create interactive web content. ... Curry is an experimental functional logic programming language, based on the Haskell language. ... Erlang is a general-purpose concurrent programming language and runtime system. ... F# (pronounced F sharp) is a functional and object oriented programming language for the Microsoft . ... Haskell is a standardized purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics, named after the logician Haskell Curry. ... CAL (Conversational Algebraic Language) was a programming language and system designed and developed by Butler Lampson at Berkeley in 1967. ... The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL functional programming languages created by John Backus (of FORTRAN, ALGOL, and BNF fame). ... The Joy programming language is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of Latrobe University in Melbourne, Australia. ... Kite is a computer programming language that appeared in late 2006. ... “LISP” redirects here. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ... Dylan is a dynamic programming language created by a group led by Apple Computer. ... The Logo programming language is a functional programming language. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... Lush, the Lisp Universal Shell, is an object-oriented dialect of Lisp that was initially developed as a scripting language for machine learning applications, but can also be used for general programming and system/network administration tasks and uses. ... Maple 9. ... For other uses, see Mathematica (disambiguation). ... ML is a general-purpose functional programming language developed by Robin Milner and others in the late 1970s at the University of Edinburgh, whose syntax is inspired by ISWIM. Historically, ML stands for metalanguage as it was conceived to develop proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover (the language of... Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. ... Alice is a functional programming language designed by the Programming Systems Lab at Saarland University. ... Objective Caml (OCaml) is the main implementation of the Caml programming language, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996. ... Nemerle is a high-level statically-typed programming language for the . ... OPAL is a functional programming language first developed at the Technical University of Berlin. ... OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers. ... Poplog is a powerful multi-language reflective programming environment, originally created in the UK for use at the Universities of Birmingham and Sussex. ... Q (which stands for equational programming language) is an interpreted, interactive functional programming language created by Albert Gräf at the University of Mainz in Germany. ... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ...

Interactive mode languages

Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately.

• BASIC (some dialects)
• Forth
• Fril
• Haskell (with the GHCi interpreter)
• Lisp
• M (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
• Maple
• ML
• Perl
• Python
• Ruby (with IRB)
• Tcl (with the Tcl shell, tclsh)
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)

BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... Fril is a programming language for first-order predicate calculus. ... Haskell is a standardized purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics, named after the logician Haskell Curry. ... “LISP” redirects here. ... For other uses of the word MUMPS, see Mumps (disambiguation). ... Maple 9. ... ML is a general-purpose functional programming language developed by Robin Milner and others in the late 1970s at the University of Edinburgh, whose syntax is inspired by ISWIM. Historically, ML stands for metalanguage as it was conceived to develop proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover (the language of... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ... Interactive Ruby Shell (IRB) is a shell for programming in the object-oriented scripting language Ruby. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... The Microsoft . ...

Interpreted languages

Interpreted languages are programming languages which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. In computer programming, an interpreted language is a programming language whose programs may be executed from source form, by an interpreter. ...

• APL
• AutoIt scripting language
• BASIC (some dialects)
• Databus (later versions added optional compiling)
• Eiffel (via "Melting Ice Technology" in EiffelStudio)
• Forth (interactive shell only; otherwise compiled to native or threaded code)
• Frink
• Game Maker Language
• J
• Lisp (early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed)
• Lua
• Lush
• M (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
• Maple
• Pascal (early implementations)
• Perl
• Pikt
• PostScript
• Python
• REXX
• Spin
• SDYPAIKSSVDAYSF
• TorqueScript
• VBScript
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
• Some scripting languages (below)

APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ... AutoIt is a freeware Microsoft Windows automation language. ... BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... EiffelStudio is a development environment for the Eiffel programming language developed and distributed by Eiffel Software. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... In computer science, the term threaded code refers to an implementation technique for programming languages that produces very compact code. ... Frink is a calculating tool and programming language designed by Alan Eliasen. ... This article is about GML, the scripting language of Game Maker. ... The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL functional programming languages created by John Backus (of FORTRAN, ALGOL, and BNF fame). ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... In computing, the Lua (pronounced LOO-ah) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ... Lush, the Lisp Universal Shell, is an object-oriented dialect of Lisp that was initially developed as a scripting language for machine learning applications, but can also be used for general programming and system/network administration tasks and uses. ... For other uses of the word MUMPS, see Mumps (disambiguation). ... Maple 9. ... Pascal is an imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... PIKT® is cross-categorical, multi-purpose software for global-view, site-at-a-time system and network administration. ... For the literary term, see Postscript. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is an interpreted programming language which was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language which was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read. ... Spin is a multitasking object oriented high level programming language created by Parallax, Inc. ... VBScript (short for Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft. ... Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... The Microsoft . ...

Iterative languages

Iterative languages are built around or offering generators. In computer science, a generator is a special routine that can be used to control the iteration behaviour of a loop. ...

• Aldor
• Alphard
• CLU
• Eiffel, through "agents"
• Icon
• IPL-v
• Lua
• Lush
• Python
• Sather
• XL ("iterator" construct)

Aldor is a programming language. ... Alphard programming language is a Pascal-like language for data abstraction and verification. ... CLU is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... Icon is a very high-level programming language featuring goal directed execution and excellent facilities for managing strings and textual patterns. ... Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology from about 1956. ... The Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ... Lush, the Lisp Universal Shell, is an object-oriented dialect of Lisp that was initially developed as a scripting language for machine learning applications, but can also be used for general programming and system/network administration tasks and uses. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... Sather is an object-oriented programming language. ... XL stands for eXtensible Language. ...

List-based languages – LISPs

List-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the list data structure. A Data-structured language is a programming language in which the data structure is a main organizing principle, representation, model, for data and logic (code) alike, in which both are stored and operated upon, i. ... Look up list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

• Joy
• Lisp
  • Common Lisp
  • Arc
  • Dylan
  • Scheme
  • Logo
• Lush
• Tcl
• TRAC

The Joy programming language is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of Latrobe University in Melbourne, Australia. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ... Paul Graham For Paul Graham the photographer, see Paul Graham (photographer). ... The Dylan programming language (pronounced , like the name) is functional, object-oriented, reflective and dynamic. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... Logo turtle graphic The Logo programming language is a functional programming language. ... Lush, the Lisp Universal Shell, is an object-oriented dialect of Lisp that was initially developed as a scripting language for machine learning applications, but can also be used for general programming and system/network administration tasks and uses. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... TRAC (for Text Reckoning And Compiling) is a computer language developed in the early 1960s by Calvin Mooers (1919-1994). ...

Little languages

Little languages serve a specialized problem domain. Little languages are small domain specific programming languages developed for a narrow problem domain. ...

• apply is a domain-specific language for image processing on parallel and conventional architectures
• awk can serve as a prototyping language for C, because the syntax is similar
• SQL has only a few keywords, and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language

In mathematics and computer science, Apply is a function that applies functions to arguments. ... AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text based data, either in files or data streams. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ...

Logic-based languages

See also: Category:Logic programming languages

Logic-based languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution. Examples: Logic programming (which might better be called logical programming by analogy with mathematical programming and linear programming) is, in its broadest sense, the use of mathematical logic for computer programming. ...

• ALF
• Curry
• Fril
• Janus
• Leda
• Oz
  • Mozart Programming System a multiplatform Oz
• Poplog
• Prolog (formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called logical resolution)
  • Mercury (based on Prolog)
  • Strawberry Prolog (standard Prolog with some extensions)
  • Visual Prolog (object-oriented Prolog extension)
• ROOP

ALF is a programming language which combines functional and logic programming techniques. ... Curry is an experimental functional logic programming language, based on the Haskell language, that combines elements of functional programming and logic programming. ... Fril is a programming language for first-order predicate calculus. ... Janus is a computer programming language partially described by K. Kahn and Vijay A. Saraswat in Actors as a special case of concurrent constraint (logic) programming, in SIGPLAN Notices, October 1990. ... Leda is a multiparadigm programming language whose goal is to successfully mix imperative, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based programming features into one language. ... Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Saarland University. ... The Mozart Programming System is a multi-platform implementation of the Oz programming language developed by the Mozart Consortium. ... Multiplatform (or multi-platform) is a term commonly used in the computer world about a project that can be used on multiple platforms. ... Poplog is a powerful multi-language reflective programming environment, originally created in the UK for use at the Universities of Birmingham and Sussex. ... Prolog is a logic programming language. ... In logic, and in particular in propositional calculus, a Horn clause is a proposition of the general type (p and q and . ... In mathematical logic and automated theorem proving, first-order resolution is a theorem-proving technique. ... Mercury is a functional/logical programming language based on Prolog, but designed to be more useful for real-world programming problems. ... Strawberry Prolog is very close to ISO-Prolog syntax but it has many extensions which are not part from the standard. ... Visual Prolog, also formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented extension of Prolog. ... ROOP is a multi-paradigm programming language targeted at AI applications created at the Chengdu University of China. ...

Machine languages

Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each group of npatterns (often 1 or more bytes) causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (eg, CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are processor specific and are not portable. They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Since processors come in families which are based on a shared architecture, the same basic assembly language style can often be used for more than one CPU. Each of the following CPUs served as the basis for a family of processors: A system of codes directly understandable by a computers CPU is termed this CPUs native or machine language. ... The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. ... In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F, or a–f. ... See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler. ...

• ARM
• Intel 80x86
• IBM 360
• Intel 8008/8080/8085
• MIPS R2000|R3000
• MOS Tech 6502 and 6510 (Commodore 64 CPU)
• Motorola 680x
• Motorola 680x0
• National 32032
• Power Architecture - (POWER and PowerPC)
• StrongARM
• Sun SPARC, UltraSPARC

The ARM architecture (previously, the Advanced RISC Machine, and prior to that Acorn RISC Machine) is a 32-bit RISC processor architecture developed by ARM Limited that is widely used in a number of embedded designs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with X86 assembly language. ... The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a computer system family announced by International Business Machines on April 7, 1964. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Intel 8008 The Intel 8008 was an early microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and introduced in April, 1972. ... AMD clone NEC 8080AF (2nd-source). ... The Intel 8085 was an 8-bit microprocessor made by Intel in the mid-1970s. ... R1000 is an integrated development environment (IDE) created by Rational Software for the design, documentation, implementation, and maintenance of large software systems written using the Ada programming language. ... MOS Technology 65xx is a family of 8-bit microprocessors from MOS Technology, based on the Motorola 6800 (introduced ca. ... The Motorola 680x0, 0x0, m68k, or 68k family of CISC microprocessor CPU chips were 32-bit from the start, and were the primary competition for the Intel x86 family of chips. ... The 320xx or NS32000 is a series of microprocessors from National Semiconductor (NS, Natsemi). They were likely the first 32-bit general-purpose microprocessors on the market, but due to a number of factors never managed to become a major player. ... The Power Architecture logo Power Architecture is a broad term to describe similar instruction sets for RISC microprocessors developed and manufactured by such companies as IBM, Freescale, AMCC, Tundra and P.A. Semi. ... POWER is a RISC instruction set architecture designed by IBM. The name is a acronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC. POWER is also the name of a series of microprocessors that implements the instruction set architecture. ... PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ... DEC StrongARM SA-110 Microprocessor The StrongARM microprocessor is a faster version of the Advanced RISC Machines ARM design. ... Sun UltraSPARC II Microprocessor Sun UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara 8 Core) SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a RISC microprocessor instruction set architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ... SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) is a RISC microprocessor architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ...

Macro languages

See also: Category:Macro programming languages

Macro languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text. For other uses, see Macro (disambiguation) A macro in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to an output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure. ...

• cpp (the C preprocessor)
• m4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with UNIX)
• PHP
• SMX
• Stage 2

Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (ActionScript, DMDScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications so that they behave like macro languages. The C preprocessor (cpp) is the preprocessor for the C programming language. ... m4 is a macro processing language designed by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... SMX is a macro processing language originally shipped with the Internet Factorys Commerce Builder software. ... // A Stage 2 is a set of questions (usually six, one for each team in the finals of a quiz) with one common connection. ... Scripting languages (commonly called script languages) are computer programming languages that are typically interpreted. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ...

Metaprogramming languages

Metaprogramming is writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at run time during compile time. In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually. Metaprogramming is the writing of computer programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or that do part of the work during compile time that is otherwise done at run time. ... In computer science, runtime describes the operation of a computer program, the duration of its execution, from beginning to termination (compare compile time). ... In computer science, compile time, as opposed to runtime, is the time when a compiler compiles code written in a programming language into an executable form. ...

• Curl
• D
• Forth
• Lisp
• Maude
• Nemerle
• Python
• XL (concept programming)

Wikibooks has more about this subject: Curl The Curl programming language (unrelated to cURL) is a reflective programming language designed to create interactive web content. ... For other programming languages named D, see D (disambiguation)#Computing. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... For the programming language, see Lisp (programming language). ... Maude is a version of Matilda and may refer to: Empress Matilda (1101–1167), also called Empress Maud or Maude, first female ruler of England, mother of Henry II Maude is a surname, and may refer to Angus Maude, British politician Aylmer Maude with Louise Maude, British Tolstoyans Caitlín... Nemerle is a high-level statically-typed programming language for the . ... Python is an interpreted programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1990. ... XL stands for eXtensible Language. ... Concept programming is an programming paradigm focusing on how concepts, that live in the programmers head, translate into representations that are found in the code space. ...

Multiparadigm languages

Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a program to use more than one programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way. This does not cite any references or sources. ... A programming paradigm is a paradigmatic style of programming (compare with a methodology, which is a paradigmatic style of doing software engineering). ... A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ...

• Ada (concurrent, distributed, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• ALF (functional, logic)
• APL (functional, imperative)
• BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
• Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), aspect-oriented (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic))
• Corn (concurrent, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Curl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
• Curry (concurrent, functional, logic)
• D (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
• Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
• ECMAScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript
  • JScript
• Eiffel (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic)
• J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• LabVIEW (dataflow, visual)
• Lasso (macro, object-oriented (prototype-based), procedural, scripting)
• Lava (object-oriented (class-based), visual)
• Leda (functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based))
• Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
• Maple
• Metaobject protocols (object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based))
• Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming)
• Objective Caml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Oz (functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), logic, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed)
  • Mozart Programming System (multiplatform Oz)
• Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules))
• PHP (imperative, object-oriented)
• Pliant (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Poplog (functional, imperative, logic)
• ppC++ (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
• Python (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
• REBOL (functional, object-oriented (prototype-based))
• ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
• Ruby (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
• Seed7 (imperative, object-oriented, generic)
• SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional)
• Spreadsheets (functional, visual)
• Tcl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Windows PowerShell (functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based))
• XL (concept programming approach)

Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull during 1977–1983. ... Concurrent programming languages are programming languages that use language constructs for concurrency. ... This article or section should be merged with Distributed computing Distributed programming falls out of the use of computers to form networks. ... Generic programming is a style of computer programming where algorithms are written in an extended grammar and are made adaptable by specifying variable parts that are then somehow instantiated later by the compiler with respect to the base grammar. ... Template metaprogramming is a programming technique in which templates are used by a compiler to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled. ... In computer science, imperative programming, as opposed to declarative programming, is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of a program state and statements that change the program state. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. ... In object-oriented programming, a class is a programming language construct used to group related fields and methods. ... ALF is a programming language which combines functional and logic programming techniques. ... Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... Logic programming (which might better be called logical programming by analogy with mathematical programming and linear programming) is, in its broadest sense, the use of mathematical logic for computer programming. ... APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ... Look up beta, Beta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. ... ChucK is a concurrent, strongly-timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Mac OS X, Linux, and Windows. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ... Separation of concerns entails breaking down a program into distinct parts that overlap in functionality as little as possible. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Curl The Curl programming language (unrelated to cURL) is a reflective programming language designed to create interactive web content. ... Curry is an experimental functional logic programming language, based on the Haskell language. ... D is an object-oriented, imperative system programming language designed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars as a re-engineering of C/C++. He has done this by re-designing many C++ features, and borrowing ideas from other programming languages. ... The Dylan programming language (pronounced , like the name) is functional, object-oriented, reflective and dynamic. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL functional programming languages created by John Backus (of FORTRAN, ALGOL, and BNF fame). ... LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. ... In computer programming, dataflow programming implements dataflow principles and architecture, and models a program, conceptually if not physically, as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations. ... Visual Programming in Mindscript A Visual programming language (VPL) is any programming language that lets users specify programs by manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually. ... Lasso Professional combines an interpreted middleware programming language and server for developing internet applications which use web browsers for the client user interface to connect to HTTP and database servers. ... Lava is an experimental, object-oriented, interpreter-based programming language with an associated programming environment (LavaPE = Lava Programming Environment), which gets along without a text editor, but is totally based on structure editors. ... Leda is a multiparadigm programming language which goal is to successfully mix imperative, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based programming features into one language. ... The Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ... Prototype-based programming is a style of object-oriented programming in which classes are not present, and behavior reuse (known as inheritance in class-based languages) is performed via a process of cloning existing objects that serve as prototypes. ... Maple 9. ... In computer science, a metaobject or meta-object is any entity that manipulates, creates, describes, or implements other objects. ... Nemerle is a high-level statically-typed programming language for the . ... Objective Caml (OCaml) is a general-purpose programming language descended from the ML family, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996. ... Oz is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... Eager evaluation is the evaluation model in most traditional programming languages. ... In computer programming, lazy evaluation is a technique that attempts to delay computation of expressions until the results of the computation are known to be needed. ... Constraint programming is a programming paradigm where relations between variables can be stated in the form of constraints. ... The Mozart Programming System is a multi-platform implementation of the Oz programming language developed by the Mozart Consortium. ... Multiplatform (or multi-platform) is a term commonly used in the computer world about a project that can be used on multiple platforms. ... Object Pascal is an object oriented derivative of Pascal mostly known as the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... The Pliant programming language is based on a dynamic compiler, which makes it act like it is interpreted. ... Poplog is a powerful multi-language reflective programming environment, originally created in the UK for use at the Universities of Birmingham and Sussex. ... Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... REBOL, the Relative Expression Based Object Language (pronounced [rebl]), is a data exchange and programming language designed specifically for network communications and distributed computing. ... ROOP is a multiparadigm programming language targeted at AI applications created at the Chengdu University of China. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... Binomial name Agave sisalana Perrine Sisal or sisal hemp is an agave Agave sisalana that yields a stiff fiber used in making rope. ... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ... XL stands for eXtensible Language. ... Concept programming is an programming paradigm focusing on how concepts, that live in the programmers head, translate into representations that are found in the code space. ...

Numerical analysis

• Algae
• Seneca an Oberon variant

In computing, the algae programming language is an interpreted programming language for numerical analysis, a branch of mathematics. ... Seneca may refer to: Roman figures (any links to Seneca in Roman pages should be relinked to one of these two) Marcus (or Lucius) Annaeus Seneca also called rhetor, Roman orator and father of Seneca the philosopher and dramatist. ... Oberon is a programming language created in the late 1980s by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETHZ in Switzerland. ...

Non-English-based languages

Main article: non-English-based programming languages

• ARLOGO - Arabic
• Chinese BASIC - Chinese
• Fjölnir - Icelandic
• HPL - Hebrew
• Lexico - Spanish
• Rapira - Russian
• Glagol - Russian

Non-English-based programming languages are computer programming languages that, unlike most well-known programming languages, do not use keywords taken from, or inspired by, the English vocabulary. ... ARLOGO is the Arabic language Logo Project. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Chinese BASIC (中文培基) is the name given to several Chinese-localized versions of the BASIC programming language in the early 1980s. ... Fjölnir (also Fjolnir or Fjoelnir) is an Icelandic programming language used mostly in the 1980s. ... Hebrew Programming Language (HPL) is a project to make it possible to write PHP in Hebrew, and in the future in other languages. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Lexico is a Spanish language based object-oriented, educational programming language based on the . ... Rapira (Russian Рапира, rapier) is an educational procedural programming language developed in the USSR. It was an interpreted language with dynamic type system and high level constructions. ... Glagol (Russian Глагол) is a programming language based on Russian syntax. ...

Object-oriented class-based languages

Class-based Object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. An object-oriented programming language (also called an OO language) is one that allows or encourages, to some degree, object-oriented programming techniques such as encapsulation, inheritance, interfaces, and polymorphism. ...

In languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methods are generic functions (e.g. Bigloo's object system). In computer science, dynamic dispatch is the process of mapping a method call to a specific sequence of code at runtime (i. ... Multiple dispatch or multimethods is the feature of some object-oriented programming languages in which a function or method can be specialized on the type of more than one of its arguments. ... In certain systems for object-oriented programming such as the Common Lisp Object System and Dylan, a generic function is an entity made up of all methods having the same name. ... In computer science, dynamic dispatch is the process of mapping a method call to a specific sequence of code at runtime (i. ... In certain systems for object-oriented programming such as the Common Lisp Object System and Dylan, a generic function is an entity made up of all methods having the same name. ... Bigloo is an implementation of the Scheme programming language developed at the French IT research institute INRIA. Bigloo home page Categories: | | | | ...

Multiple dispatch

• Common Lisp
• Dylan
• Goo
• Cecil

Multiple dispatch or multimethods is the feature of some object-oriented programming languages in which a function or method can be specialized on the type of more than one of its arguments. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ... The Dylan programming language (pronounced , like the name) is functional, object-oriented, reflective and dynamic. ... GOO is a lexically scoped, dynamic, type-based, object-oriented programming language. ... Cecil is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1992 to be part of the Vortex project there. ...

Single dispatch

• Actor
• Ada 95 (multi-purpose language)
• BETA
• C++
• C#
• Chrome
• ChucK
• ColdFusion
• Corn
• Curl
• D
• DASL
• Delphi
• E
• eC (Ecere C)
• ECMAScript (originally from Sun and Netscape)
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript
  • JScript
  • MDMscript
• Eiffel
  • Sather
  • Ubercode
• F-Script
• Fortran 2003
• Fortress
• J
• Java
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
  • X10
• Kite
• Lava
• Lua
• Modula-2 (data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity -- from N Wirth)
  • Modula-3 (added more object oriented features to Modula-2)
  • Objective Modula-2 (Modula-2 with Smalltalk message passing, following the Objective-C object model)
• Moto
• Nemerle
• NetRexx
• Oberon-2 (full object orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
• Object Pascal
• Object REXX
• Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax)
• Objective Caml
• Oz
  • Mozart Programming System
• Perl 5
• PHP
• Pliant
• PowerBuilder
• ppC++
• Prograph
• Python (object oriented interpretive language)
• Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects)
• Ruby (object oriented interpretive language)
• Simula (the first object oriented language, from Norway)
• Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
  • Bistro
  • F-Script
  • Little Smalltalk
  • Squeak
  • VisualAge
  • VisualWorks
• SPIN
• SuperCollider
• VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)
• Visual Basic
• Visual DataFlex
• Visual Foxpro
• Visual Prolog
• XOTcl

In computer science, dynamic dispatch is the process of mapping a method call to a specific sequence of code at runtime (i. ... Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull during 1977–1983. ... Look up beta, Beta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Chrome is a programming language for the Common Language Infrastructure developed by RemObjects Software. ... ChucK is a concurrent, strongly-timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Mac OS X, Linux, and Windows. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Curl The Curl programming language (unrelated to cURL) is a reflective programming language designed to create interactive web content. ... D is an object-oriented, imperative system programming language designed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars as a re-engineering of C/C++. He has done this by re-designing many C++ features, and borrowing ideas from other programming languages. ... The DASL Programming Language (Distributed Application Specification Language) is a high-level, strongly typed programming language originally developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories between 1999 and 2003 as part of the Ace Project to enable rapid development of web-based applications based on Suns J2EE architecture. ... Delphi is the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ... E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller and others at Electric Communities in 1997. ... A screenshot of the Ecere IDE and samples, running on Linux. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... Sather is an object-oriented programming language. ... Ubercode is a high level programming language designed by Ubercode Software and released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows. ... F-Script is an object-oriented scripting programming language developed by Philippe Mougin at TechMetrix Research in France. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... Fortress is a draft specification for a new programming language currently developed by Sun Microsystems as part of a DARPA-funded supercomputing initiative. ... The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL functional programming languages created by John Backus (of FORTRAN, ALGOL, and BNF fame). ... Java language redirects here. ... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the Join Semantics of the Join Calculus. ... X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of DARPAs High Productivity Computing Initiative (HPCS) program. ... Kite is a computer programming language that appeared in late 2006. ... Lava is an experimental, object-oriented, interpreter-based programming language with an associated programming environment (LavaPE = Lava Programming Environment), which gets along without a text editor, but is totally based on structure editors. ... The Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ... Modula-2 is a computer programming language invented by Niklaus Wirth at ETH around 1978, as a successor to Modula, an intermediate language by him. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Objective Modula-2 (or ObjM2) is an extension to Modula-2 which follows the Objective-C object model and retains the bracketed Smalltalk message passing syntax introduced in Objective-C. Like Objective-C, Objective Modula-2 is a reflective, object oriented programming language with both static and dynamic typing. ... Moto is an Open Source server-side programming language much like PHP or JSP, developed by David Hakim. ... Nemerle is a high-level statically-typed programming language for the . ... NetRexx is IBMs implementation of the Rexx programming language to run on the Java virtual machine. ... Oberon is a programming language created in the late 1980s by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETHZ in Switzerland. ... Object Pascal is an object oriented derivative of Pascal mostly known as the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ... The Object REXX programming language is an object-oriented scripting language based on the REXX language, produced by IBM, originally for the OS/2 line of operating systems. ... Objective-C, often referred to as ObjC or more seldomly as Objective C or Obj-C, is an object oriented programming language implemented as an extension to C. It is used primarily on Mac OS X and GNUstep, two environments based on the OpenStep standard, and is the primary language... Objective Caml (OCaml) is the main implementation of the Caml programming language, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996. ... Oz is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... The Mozart Programming System is a multi-platform implementation of the Oz programming language developed by the Mozart Consortium. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... The Pliant programming language is based on a dynamic compiler, which makes it act like it is interpreted. ... PowerBuilder, sometimes abbreviated PB, is a computer application development system created by Powersoft, which was later purchased by Sybase. ... Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... Revolution is a commercially marketed Cross-platform rapid application development environment by Runtime Revolution Ltd. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... Simula is a name for two programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. ... For other uses, see Small talk. ... Bold text // Headline text Link title This article is about the computer research center. ... The Bistro programming language is object oriented, dynamically typed, and reflective. ... F-Script is an object-oriented scripting programming language developed by Philippe Mougin at TechMetrix Research in France. ... Little Smalltalk is a non-standard dialect of the Smalltalk object-oriented programming language invented by Timothy Budd. ... Screenshot of the Squeak VM running under X11 on Kubuntu Linux. ... VisualAge was the name of a family of computer integrated development environments from IBM, which included support for a few popular (and not so popular) computer Programming_languages. ... VisualWorks is one of the leading implementations of the Smalltalk programming language and environment. ... Spin is a multitasking object oriented high level programming language created by Parallax, Inc. ... For the particle accelerator, see Superconducting Supercollider. ... VBScript (short for Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft. ... This article is about the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio 6. ... Visual DataFlex is a 4GL windows programming language by Data Access, targeted at creating database and client-server type programs. ... VFP redirects here. ... Visual Prolog, also formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented extension of Prolog. ... XOTcl is an object-oriented extension for the reflective Tool Command Language, Tcl. ...

Object-oriented prototype-based languages

Prototype-based languages are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances have been removed: Prototype-based programming is a style of object-oriented programming in which classes are not present, and behavior reuse (known as inheritance in class-based languages) is performed via a process of cloning existing objects that serve as prototypes. ...

• ABCL/1
• ABCL/R
• ABCL/R2
• ABCL/c plus
• ActionScript
• Agora
• Cecil
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
  • JScript
• Etoys in Squeak
• Io
• Lisaac
• MOO
• NewtonScript
• Maple
• Obliq
• REBOL
• Self (the first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk)
• Slate
• TADS

ABCL/1 (Actor-Based Concurrent Language) is a prototype-based concurrent programming language for the ABCL MIMD system, created in 1986 by Akinori Yonezawa, of the Department of Information Science at the University of Tokyo. ... ABCL/R is a reflective subset of the ABCL/1 programming language, written by Professor Akinori Yonezawa of Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1988. ... ABCL/R2 is a second generation version of the object-oriented reflective concurrent programming language ABCL/R, designed for the Hybrid Group Architecture. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... Agora is a reflective, prototype_based, object_oriented programming language that is based exclusively on message passing and not delegation. ... Cecil is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1998 to be part of the Vortex project there. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ... EToy / EToys may refer to any of the following: The Etoy, Switzerland small town The eToys educational programming language that is part of the Squeak Smalltalk language. ... Screenshot of the Squeak VM running under X11 on Kubuntu Linux. ... Wikibooks Programming has more about this subject: Io Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp and NewtonScript. ... Lisaac is the first compiled object-oriented language based on prototype concepts, with system programming facilities. ... The MOO programming language is a programming language used to support the MOO system. ... NewtonScript is a prototype based programming language created to write programs for the Apple Newton. ... Maple 9. ... Obliq is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language designed to make distributed, and locally multi-threaded, computation simple and easy for the programmer, while providing program safety and untyped variables. ... REBOL, the Relative Expression Based Object Language (pronounced [rebl]), is a data exchange and programming language designed specifically for network communications and distributed computing. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Small talk. ... Slate is a prototype based object-oriented programming language with multiple dispatch. ... TADS is a programming system for creating interactive fiction games. ...

Off-side rule languages

Off-side rule languages are those where blocks are formed, indicated, by their indentation. A computer programming language is said to adhere to the off-side rule if in it the scope of declarations (a statement block) is expressed by their indentation, i. ... An indentation can mean two things: To make notches in something or form deep recesses in a coastline for instance. ...

• ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule
• ABC, Python's parent
  • Python
• Miranda, Haskell's parent
  • Haskell
    • Curry
• Occam
• Pliant
• SPIN
• XL

ISWIM is a programming language devised by Peter J. Landin and first described in his article, The next 700 programming languages, published in the CACM in 1966. ... ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... Miranda is a non-strict purely functional programming language developed by Professor David Turner as a successor to his earlier programming languages SASL and KRC, using some concepts from ML and Hope. ... Haskell is a standardized purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics, named after the logician Haskell Curry. ... Curry is an experimental functional logic programming language, based on the Haskell language. ... Occam is a parallel programming language that builds on Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and shares many of their features. ... The Pliant programming language is based on a dynamic compiler, which makes it act like it is interpreted. ... Spin is a multitasking object oriented high level programming language created by Parallax, Inc. ... XL stands for eXtensible Language. ...

Procedural languages

Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range of an executable code statement). A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include: This article is about the computer programming paradigm. ...

• Ada (multi-purpose language)
• ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
  • SMALL Machine Algol Like Language
• BASIC (BASICs are innocent of most modularity in (especially) versions prior to about 1990)
• BLISS
• C
• C++ (C with objects + much else)
• C# (from Microsoft, a next generation Java/C++ like language)
• ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
• ColdFusion
• COBOL
• Component Pascal (an Oberon-2 variant)
• Curl
• D
• DASL
• Delphi
• eC (Ecere C)
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
  • JScript
• Eiffel
• Fortran (better modularity in later Standards)
  • F
• FPC Pascal (Pascal dialect)
• HyperTalk
• Java
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
• JOVIAL
• Lasso
• Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules)
• Oberon-1 and Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
  • Component Pascal
  • Lagoona
  • Seneca
• MATLAB
• M (more modular in its first release than a language of the time should have been; the standard has become still more modular since then)
• Nemerle
• Occam
• Pascal (successor to Algol60 and predecessor of Modula-2)
  • Object Pascal
• Perl
• PL/C
• PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
• Rapira
• RPG (only available in IBM's System i midrange computers)
• VBScript
• Visual Basic
• Visual Foxpro
• XL

Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull during 1977–1983. ... It has been suggested that ALGOL object code be merged into this article or section. ... Small can refer to the following: Look up small in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, and A. N. Habermann around 1970. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... ChucK is a concurrent, strongly-timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Mac OS X, Linux, and Windows. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... COBOL (pronounced //) is a Third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ... Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Oberon and Oberon-2, the last language Niklaus Wirth designed before he retired in 1999. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Curl The Curl programming language (unrelated to cURL) is a reflective programming language designed to create interactive web content. ... D is an object-oriented, imperative system programming language designed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars as a re-engineering of C/C++. He has done this by re-designing many C++ features, and borrowing ideas from other programming languages. ... The DASL Programming Language (Distributed Application Specification Language) is a high-level, strongly typed programming language originally developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories between 1999 and 2003 as part of the Ace Project to enable rapid development of web-based applications based on Suns J2EE architecture. ... Delphi is the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ... A screenshot of the Ecere IDE and samples, running on Linux. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... F is a compiled, structured, array programming language especially well suited to education and scientific computing. ... The FreePascal IDE for Linux. ... HyperTalk is a high-level programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computers HyperCard hypermedia program by Bill Atkinson. ... Java language redirects here. ... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the Join Semantics of the Join Calculus. ... JOVIAL stands for The International Algorithmic Language part of the name is from ALGOL. This high order language was developed to write software for the embedded systems of military aircraft by Jules Schwartz in 1959. ... Lasso Professional combines an interpreted middleware programming language and server for developing internet applications which use web browsers for the client user interface to connect to HTTP and database servers. ... Modula-2 is a computer programming language invented by Niklaus Wirth at ETH around 1978, as a successor to Modula, an intermediate language by him. ... Oberon is a programming language created in the late 1980s by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETHZ in Switzerland. ... Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Oberon and Oberon-2, the last language Niklaus Wirth designed before he retired in 1999. ... Lagoona is an experimental computer programming language developed by Michael Franz, a former student of Niklaus Wirth. ... Oberon is a reflective programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETHZ in Switzerland. ... Not to be confused with Matlab Upazila in Chandpur District, Bangladesh. ... For other uses of the word MUMPS, see Mumps (disambiguation). ... Nemerle is a high-level statically-typed programming language for the . ... Occam is a parallel programming language that builds on Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and shares many of their features. ... Pascal is a structured imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ... Object Pascal is an object oriented derivative of Pascal mostly known as the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... PL/C is a large subset of IBMs PL/I language, designed in the early 1970s at Cornell University. ... PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced pee el one) is an imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. ... Rapira (Russian Рапира, rapier) is an educational procedural programming language developed in the USSR. It was an interpreted language with dynamic type system and high level constructions. ... RPG is a programming language for business applications. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... i5 Model 570 (2006) The Application System/400 (also known as AS/400), now System i (also known as iSeries), is a type of minicomputer produced by IBM. It was first produced in 1988. ... VBScript (short for Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft. ... This article is about the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio 6. ... VFP redirects here. ... XL stands for eXtensible Language. ...

Reflective languages

Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection: In computer science, reflection is the process by which a computer program of the appropriate type can be modified in the process of being executed, in a manner that depends on abstract features of its code and its runtime behavior. ... For other uses, see Small talk. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...

• Aspect-oriented
• Befunge
• ChucK
• Curl
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript
  • JScript
• Eiffel
• Forth
• Java
  • Java Virtual Machine
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
  • X10
• Maple
• Lisp
  • Common Lisp
  • Dylan
  • Logo
  • Scheme
• Lua
• Maude system
• .NET Common Language Runtime
• Objective-C
• Objective Modula-2
• Perl
• PHP
• Pico
• Pliant
• Poplog
  • POP-11
• Prolog
• Python
• REBOL
• Ruby
• Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
  • Bistro
  • F-Script
  • Little Smalltalk
  • Self
  • Squeak
  • VisualAge
  • VisualWorks
• Snobol
• Tcl
  • XOTcl
• XL

Separation of concerns entails breaking down a program into distinct parts that overlap in functionality as little as possible. ... Befunge is a stack-based, reflective, esoteric fungeoid programming language. ... ChucK is a concurrent, strongly-timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Mac OS X, Linux, and Windows. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Curl The Curl programming language (unrelated to cURL) is a reflective programming language designed to create interactive web content. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... Java language redirects here. ... A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which implements a specific virtual machine model. ... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the Join Semantics of the Join Calculus. ... X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of DARPAs High Productivity Computing Initiative (HPCS) program. ... Maple 9. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ... The Dylan programming language (pronounced , like the name) is functional, object-oriented, reflective and dynamic. ... Logo turtle graphic The Logo programming language is a functional programming language. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... The Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ... The Maude system is an implementation of rewriting logic developed at SRI International. ... Microsoft . ... The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine component of Microsofts . ... Objective-C, often referred to as ObjC or more seldomly as Objective C or Obj-C, is an object oriented programming language implemented as an extension to C. It is used primarily on Mac OS X and GNUstep, two environments based on the OpenStep standard, and is the primary language... Objective Modula-2 (or ObjM2) is an extension to Modula-2 which follows the Objective-C object model and retains the bracketed Smalltalk message passing syntax introduced in Objective-C. Like Objective-C, Objective Modula-2 is a reflective, object oriented programming language with both static and dynamic typing. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... Pico is a programming language developed at the PROG lab at the Dutch-speaking Free University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB). ... The Pliant programming language is based on a dynamic compiler, which makes it act like it is interpreted. ... Poplog is a powerful multi-language reflective programming environment, originally created in the UK for use at the Universities of Birmingham and Sussex. ... POP-11 is a powerful reflective programming language developed as part of the Poplog programming environment by the Universities of Birmingham and Sussex. ... Prolog is a logic programming language. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... REBOL, the Relative Expression Based Object Language (pronounced [rebl]), is a data exchange and programming language designed specifically for network communications and distributed computing. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... For other uses, see Small talk. ... Bold text // Headline text Link title This article is about the computer research center. ... The Bistro programming language is object oriented, dynamically typed, and reflective. ... F-Script is an object-oriented scripting programming language developed by Philippe Mougin at TechMetrix Research in France. ... Little Smalltalk is a non-standard dialect of the Smalltalk object-oriented programming language invented by Timothy Budd. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Screenshot of the Squeak VM running under X11 on Kubuntu Linux. ... VisualAge was the name of a family of computer integrated development environments from IBM, which included support for a few popular (and not so popular) computer Programming_languages. ... VisualWorks is one of the leading implementations of the Smalltalk programming language and environment. ... SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented symBOlic Language) is a computer programming language developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... XOTcl is an object-oriented extension for the reflective Tool Command Language, Tcl. ... XL stands for eXtensible Language. ...

Rule-based languages

Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set will be selected and the statements belonging to those rules will be executed. Examples of rule-based languages include:

• Clips
• Constraint Handling Rules
• Jess
• OPS5
• Prolog

The software CLIPS is an expert system. ... Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a declarative programming language extension introduced in 1991[1][2] by Thom Frühwirth. ... Jess, a rule engine for the Java platform, is a superset of CLIPS programming language, developed by Ernest Friedman-Hill of Sandia National Labs. ... OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers. ... Prolog is a logic programming language. ...

Scripting languages

"Scripting language" has two apparently different, but in fact similar meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs. Many complex application programs allow users to implement custom functions by providing them with built-in languages. Those which are of interpretive type, are often called scripting languages. Scripting languages (commonly called script languages) are computer programming languages that are typically interpreted. ... An interpreter is a computer program that executes other programs. ...

More recently many of these applications have chosen to "build in" traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there are quite a few "native" scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java). Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... This article is about the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio 6. ... A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which implements a specific virtual machine model. ...

• awk
• AppleScript
• BeanShell
• Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
• CLIST
• ColdFusion
• ECMAScript
  • ActionScript
  • DMDScript
  • E4X
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
  • JScript
• EXEC
• EXEC 2
• F-Script
• Falcon
• Frink
• Game Maker Language (GML)
• ICI
• Io
• JASS
• Java
  • Groovy
  • Join Java
• Lua
• MAXScript
• MEL
• Mondrian
• Perl
• PHP (intended for Web servers)
• Pikt
• Python
• REXX
• Ruby
• sed
• Tcl
• TorqueScript
• Revolution
• VBScript
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
• Many shell command languages such as the UNIX shell or DCL on VMS have powerful scripting capabilities.

AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams. ... AppleScript is a scripting language devised by Apple, Inc. ... BeanShell is a Java scripting language, invented by Pat Niemeyer. ... Ch, pronounced as C H, is an embedded C/C++ interpreter. ... CLIST (Command List) is a procedural programming language for MVS/TSO systems. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ActionScript is a scripting language based on ECMAScript, used primarily for the development of websites and software using the Adobe Flash Player platform (in the form of SWF files embedded into Web pages). ... The DMDScript programming language is Digital Mars implementation of the ECMAScript engine, and thus, scripting language. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ... JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting programming language specification. ... CMS EXEC, or EXEC, is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer programming language used by the CMS EXEC Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS) operating system. ... EXEC 2 is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer programming language used by the EXEC 2 Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS) operating system. ... F-Script is an object-oriented scripting programming language developed by Philippe Mougin at TechMetrix Research in France. ... Frink is a calculating tool and programming language designed by Alan Eliasen. ... This article is about GML, the scripting language of Game Maker. ... The ICI Programming Language is a general purpose interpreted, computer programming language originally developed by Tim Long in 1992. ... Wikibooks Programming has more about this subject: Io Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp and NewtonScript. ... Jass is the name of a trick taking card game. ... Java language redirects here. ... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the Join Semantics of the Join Calculus. ... The Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ... The Maya Embedded Language is a scripting language used to simplify tasks in Autodesks 3D Graphics Software Maya. ... The Mondrian programming language is a scripting language developed by Utrecht University for use with Internet applications. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... PIKT® is cross-categorical, multi-purpose software for global-view, site-at-a-time system and network administration. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is an interpreted programming language which was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language which was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... The correct title of this article is . ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... Revolution is a commercially marketed Cross-platform rapid application development environment by Runtime Revolution Ltd. ... VBScript (short for Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft. ... Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... The Microsoft . ... The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7, and replaced the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. ...

Stack-based languages

See also: Category:Stack-oriented programming languages

Stack-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the stack data structure. A Data-structured language is a programming language in which the data structure is a main organizing principle, representation, model, for data and logic (code) alike, in which both are stored and operated upon, i. ... Simple representation of a stack In computer science, a stack is a temporary abstract data type and data structure based on the principle of Last In First Out (LIFO). ...

• Cat
• colorForth
• Forth
• Factor
• Poplog via its implementation language POP-11
• PostScript
• RPL
• Urq

The Cat programming language is a functional stack-oriented programming language inspired by the Joy programming language. ... colorForth is a programming language from the Forth programming languages original designer, Chuck Moore, developed in the late 1990s. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... Factor is a dynamically typed concatenative programming language whose design and implementation is led by Slava Pestov. ... Poplog is a powerful multi-language reflective programming environment, originally created in the UK for use at the Universities of Birmingham and Sussex. ... POP-11 is a powerful reflective programming language developed as part of the Poplog programming environment by the Universities of Birmingham and Sussex. ... For the literary term, see Postscript. ... The RPL programming language (RPL meaning Reverse Polish LISP or, alternatively, ROM-based procedural language) is a handheld calculator system and application programming language used on Hewlett-Packards engineering graphing RPN calculators of the HP-28, HP-48 and HP-49 series. ...

Synchronous languages

See also: Category:Synchronous programming languages

Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called realtime systems, and are found often in embedded uses. Examples: A synchronous programming language is a programming language optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. ... Realtime redirects here. ... A router, an example of an embedded system. ...

• Argos
• Averest
• Esterel
• LEA
• Lustre
• Signal
• SyncCharts

Averest is a synchronous programming language and set of tools to specify, verify, and implement reactive systems. ... Esterel is a formally defined synchronous imperative language for the programming of reactive systems. ... Lustre is a formally defined, declarative, and synchronous data-flow programming language, for programming reactive systems. ... SyncCharts is a graphical formalism dedicated to reactive system modeling. ...

Syntax handling languages

• GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc)
• GNU Flex (FSF's version of Lex)
• lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
• M4
• yacc (yet another compiler compiler, from Bell Labs)
• javacc
• Coco/R (EBNF with semantics)

GNU bison is a free parser generator computer program written for the GNU project, and available for virtually all common operating systems. ... flex (fast lexical analyzer generator) is a free software alternative to Lex. ... lex is a program that generates lexical analyzers (scanners or lexers). Lex is commonly used with the yacc parser generator. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... yacc is a computer program that serves as the standard parser generator on Unix systems. ... JavaCC (Java Compiler Compiler) is an open source parser generator for the Java programming language. ... Coco/R is a compiler generator (Compiler-compiler), which takes an attributed grammar of a source language and generates a scanner and a parser for this language. ...

Visual languages

See also: Category:Visual programming languages

Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types. Visual Programming in Mindscript A Visual programming language (VPL) is any programming language that lets users specify programs by manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually. ...

• CODE
• Eiffel (program design from BON or UML diagrams, with back-and-forth facilities (round-trip engineering) through EiffelStudio)
• Fabrik
• Hyperpascal
• LabVIEW
• Lava
• Limnor
• Mindscript — software visualization and development environment, open source
• Max
• Pict
• Prograph
• Pure Data
• Quartz Composer
• Simulink
• Spreadsheets
• Subtext
• Tinkertoy
• VEE
• VisSim
• VVVV
• NXT-G

Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages. CODE is a visual programming language and system for parallel programming, letting users compose sequential programs into parallel ones. ... Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ... In the field of software engineering, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized specification language for object modeling. ... EiffelStudio is a development environment for the Eiffel programming language developed and distributed by Eiffel Software. ... Fabrik is a visual programming environment implemented in SmallTalk and designed at Apple Computer by Dan Ingalls, Scott Wallace, Yu-Ying Chow, Frank Ludolph, Ken Doyle and others during the mid-1980s. ... LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. ... Lava is an experimental, object-oriented, interpreter-based programming language with an associated programming environment (LavaPE = Lava Programming Environment), which gets along without a text editor, but is totally based on structure editors. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... A Max/MSP patch written and used by Autechre Max is a graphical development environment for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling 74. ... Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. ... Pure Data with many patches open (netpd project) Pure Data (or Pd) is a graphical programming language developed by Miller Puckette in the 1990s for the creation of interactive computer music and multimedia works. ... Aside from their main developer tools Xcode and Interface Builder, Apple Computer also provide a number of other tools that aid software developers in creating applications for the Apple Macintosh platform. ... Simulink, running a simulation of a thermostat-controlled heating system Simulink® is a block library tool for modeling, simulating and analyzing dynamic systems. ... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ... Subtext is a moderately visual programming language (VPL) and environment, for writing application software, not system software. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... VisSim is a visual block diagram language for modeling, simulating and analyzing dynamic systems. ... For other uses, see Mindstorm. ... In computer programming, dataflow programming implements dataflow principles and architecture, and models a program, conceptually if not physically, as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations. ...

Wirth languages

Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages. Niklaus E. Wirth (born February 15, 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. ...

• Algol W
• Modula
• Modula-2 (and Modula 3, etc. variants)
  • Obliq Modula 3 variant
• Oberon (Oberon and Oberon-2)
  • Component Pascal
  • Lagoona
  • Seneca
• Pascal
  • Object Pascal (original name for Borland Delphi language)

Algol-W is a programming language. ... In the mid-1970s, after designing the Pascal programming language, Niklaus Wirth began experimenting with program concurrency and modularization, which led to the design of the Modula programming language. ... Modula-2 is a computer programming language invented by Niklaus Wirth at ETH around 1978, as a successor to Modula, an intermediate language by him. ... Obliq is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language designed to make distributed, and locally multi-threaded, computation simple and easy for the programmer, while providing program safety and untyped variables. ... Oberon is a programming language created in the late 1980s by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETHZ in Switzerland. ... Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Oberon and Oberon-2, the last language Niklaus Wirth designed before he retired in 1999. ... Lagoona is an experimental programming language developed by Michael Franz, a former student of Niklaus Wirth. ... Oberon is a reflective programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETHZ in Switzerland. ... Pascal is a structured imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ... Object Pascal is an object oriented derivative of Pascal mostly known as the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ... Delphi has been released in many versions, including older versions which have been released in magazines for non-profit application use For the language Borland Delphi is programmed in, see Object Pascal. ...

XML-based languages

These are languages based on or that operate on XML. Although the big-boy equivalents of Oracle/PostgreSQL/MSSQL don't yet exist for XML, there are languages to navigate through it and its more tree-oriented structure. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a general-purpose markup language. ...

• ECMAScript E4X
• Jelly
• XPath
• XQuery
• XSLT
• Cω

ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... ECMAScript for XML (E4X) is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to ECMAScript (which include ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript). ... XPath (XML Path Language) is an expression language for addressing portions of an XML document, or for computing values (strings, numbers, or boolean values) based on the content of an XML document. ... XQuery is a query language (with some programming language features) that is designed to query collections of XML data. ... ... Cω (pronounced C omega and usually written as Cw or Comega language) is a free extension to the C# programming language, developed by the WebData team in SQL Server in collaboration with Microsoft Research in the UK and Redmond. ...

See also

• Programming paradigms
• IEC 61131-3 - a standard for PLC programming languages
• Educational programming language