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The Catholic League (German: Katholische Liga) was a confederation of Catholic German states formed in order to counteract the Protestant Union. Tension between Protestants and Catholics would eventually ignite into the first phase of the Thirty Years' War. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
The following is a list of rulers of Bavaria: Dukes of Bavaria, 889-1623 Liutpolding Dynasty Liutpold 889-907 Arnulf the Bad 907-937 Eberhard 937 Berthold 938-947 Liudolfing (Ottonian) Dynasty Henry I 947-955 Henry II the Quarrelsome 955-976 Otto I 976-982 Liutpolding Dynasty Henry III...
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Between 780/82 AD and 1802 AD the Archbishop of Mainz, was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince of the middle ages. ...
The Archbishopric of Cologne was one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. ...
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The Archbishopric of Trier was one of the important ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. ...
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The Bishopric of Constance was a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church that existed from about 585 until 1821. ...
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The Bishop of Augsburg is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg in the Archdiocese of München und Freising / Munich. ...
The Bishop of Passau is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau in the Archdiocese of München und Freising . ...
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The Bishopric of Würzburg was an ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Franconia. ...
The Archdiocese of Bamberg (lat. ...
The Bishop of Eichstätt is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Eichstätt in the Archdiocese of Bamberg. ...
The Bishop of Speyer is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer in the Archdiocese of Bamberg. ...
Ellwangen Abbey (Kloster Ellwangen) was the earliest Benedictine monastery established in what is now Baden-Württemberg, in Ellwangen about 30 miles / 50 km north-east of Stuttgart. ...
The Protestant Union or Evangelical Union or Union of Auhausen was a coalition of Protestant German states that was formed in 1608 to defend the rights, lands and person of each member. ...
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Frederick is also called the Winter King of Bohemia because his peers derisively thought he would only last through the Winter before he would be overthrown. ...
See Palatine Hill for geography of Rome. ...
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An image of Christian IV. Christian IV (1577–1648), king of Denmark and Norway, the son of Frederick II, king of Denmark and Norway, and Sophia of Mecklenburg, was born at Frederiksborg castle in 1577, and succeeded to the throne on the death of his father (April 4, 1588...
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Gustav II Adolph Gustav II Adolph (December 9, 1594 - November 6, 1632) (also known as Gustav Adolph the Great, under the Latin name Gustavus Adolphus or the Swedish form Gustav II Adolf) was a King of Sweden. ...
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Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 - May 14, 1643), called the Just (French: le Juste), was King of France from 1610 to 1643. ...
Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria Maximilian I of Bavaria This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
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Count Tilly on a portrait by van Dyck Bronze statue of Count Tilly in the Feldherrnhalle in Munich Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly (Nivelles,February 1559 - Ingolstadt, April 30, 1632) was a General (Field Marshal) who commanded the Imperial and Holy Roman Empires forces in the Thirty Years War...
The Peace of Prague of 30 May 1635 was a treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, and most of the Protestant states of the Empire. ...
Germany is a federation of 16 states called Länder (singular Land, which may be translated as country) or unofficially Bundesländer (singular Bundesland, German federal state). ...
The Protestant Union or Evangelical Union or Union of Auhausen was a coalition of Protestant German states that was formed in 1608 to defend the rights, lands and person of each member. ...
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The Situation leading to the Foundation of the Catholic League
In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg was signed, which confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer and ended the violence between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany. Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ...
The front page of the document. ...
January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ...
The term Diet of Speyer refers to any of several sessions of the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire when it chose to meet in the city of Speyer, Germany. ...
The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ...
It stated that:
- German Princes (numbering 225) could choose the religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism) for their realms according to their conscience (the principle of cuius regio eius religio).
- Lutherans living in an ecclesiastical state (under the control of a bishop) could remain Lutherans.
- Lutherans could keep the territory that they had captured from the Catholic Church since the Peace of Passau (1552).
- The ecclesiastical leaders of the Catholic Church (bishops) that converted to Lutheranism had to give up their territory (the principle called reservatum ecclesiasticum).
Those occupying a state that had officially chosen either Lutheranism or Catholicism could not practice the religon differing to that of the state. Cuius regio, eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means, Whose the region is, his religion. ...
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Events April - War between Henry II of France and Emperor Charles V. Henry invades Lorraine and captures Toul, Metz, and Verdun. ...
An ecclesiastical province is a unit of religious government existing in certain Christian churches. ...
Although the Peace created a temporary end to hostilities, the underlying bases of the religious conflict still remained unsolved. Both parties interpreted it at their convenience, the Lutherans in particular considering it only a momentary agreement. Further, Calvinism spread quickly throughout Germany, adding a third major Christian worldview to the region, but its position was not supported in any way by the Augsburg terms, since Catholicism and Lutheranism were the only permitted creeds. Calvinism is a theological system and an approach to the Christian life that emphasizes Gods sovereignty in all things. ...
The Foundation of the Catholic League The concrete reason of the foundation of the Catholic League was an occurance, that happended in the town of Donauwörth, a free emperial town within the territory of Bavaria. On April 25 1606, the Lutheran majority of the town barred the Catholic residents of the town from holding a markus procession, to show the rule of their confession over town. The catholics, lead by five monks wanted to pass town in direction to the nearby village of Ausesheim, showing their flags and singing hymns. They were granted to do so by the terms of the Peace of Augsburg. The city council did only wanted them to reenter town, if their flags without flags and singing. The conflict ended in a brawl.
On protest of the bishop of Augsburg, catholic Emperor Rudolf II of Habsburg, threatened an emperial ban in case of further violation of the rights of the catholic citizens. Nevertheless, next year similar events happened, the participants of the Markusprocession were yanked out of town. Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II Rudolf II Habsburg was an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary. ...
Now Emperor Rudolf declared the emperial ban on the town and ordered Maximilian I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria to execute the ban. Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria Maximilian I of Bavaria This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
 Maximilian I, Elector and Duke of Bavaria Facing his army, the town did surrender. According to emperial law, instead of the Duke of Bavaria (catholic), the Duke of Württemberg (protestant) as a member of the suebian emperial circle, whichs member donauwörth was, should have executed the ban. Maximilian de facto absorbed the former free town, which was a violation of emperial law as well. Image File history File linksMetadata Maximilian_1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Maximilian_1. ...
At the same year the catholic majority of the Reichstag decided that the renewal of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 should be conditional upon the restoration of all church land appropriated since 1552. Reacting on these events, the protestant princes May 14, 1608 formed a military alliance, the Protestant Union. Leader was Frederick IV of Wittelsbach, Prince Elector of the Palatinate
To create a union of Catholic states as a counterpart to this Protestant Union, arly in 1608 Maximilian started negotiations with other Catholic princes. On July 5, 1608, the spiritual electors, manifested a tendency in favour of the confederacy suggested by Maximilian. Opinions were even expressed as to the size of the confederate military forces to be raised.
In July 1909 the representatives of the Prince Bishops of Augsburg, Constance, Passau, Ratisbon, and Würzburg assembled at Munich. The Prince Archbishop of Salzburg after having shown disaproval, was not invited, and the Prince Bishop of Eichstädt hesitated. On July 10, 1609, the participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." The most important regulation of the League was the prohibition of attacks on each other. Instead of fighting, conflicts had to be decided by the laws of the Empire or, if these failed to solve the conflict, by arbitration within the League. Should one member be attacked, it had to be assisted with milirary or alternatively legal support DukeMaximilian was to be the president, and the Prince Bishops of Augsburg, Passau, and Würzburg his councillors. The League was to continue for nine years.
The Munich Diet failed to erect a substantial structure on the new formed League. On June 18, 1609, the Prince Electors of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier had proposed an army of 20,000 men. They had also considered the making ofMaximilian president of the alliance, and on 30 August they announced their adhesion to the Munich agreement, provided that Maximilian accepted the Elector of Mainz, arch-chancellor of the Empire, as co-president.
To create a structure, several general meetings of the members were arranged. On Feb. 10, 1610, at Würzburg the represetnants of all the important Catholic states, with the exception of Austria and Salzburg, and a great number of the smaller ones mte at Würzburg to decide the organisation, funding and arming of the League. This was the real beginning of the Catholic League The Pope, the emperor and the King of Spain, who had been informed by Maximilian, were all favourably disposed towards the undertaking.
Main problem of the League was the unreadiness of it´s members. In April 1610 the contributions of all it´s members were not yet payed. Maximilian threatened to resign. To prevent him from doing so, Spain, which had made the giving of a subsidy dependent on Austria's enrolment in the League, waived this condition, and the pope promised a further contribution.
The conduct of the Union in the Jülich disptute and the warlike operations of the Union army in Alsace, seemed to make a battle between League and Union inevitable.
In the year 1613 at Ratisbon Austria joined the League. The assembly now appointed no less than three war-directors: Duke Maximilian, and Archdukes Albert and Maximilian of Austria. The object of the League was now declared "a christian legal defense." The membership of Austria made the League part of the struggles between the emperor and his protestant vassals in Bohemia and Lower Austria, that should lead to the beginning of the Thirty Years War.
Duke Maximilian refused to accept the resolutions of Ratisbon and even resigned the post as president, when Archduke Maximilian of Austria, the Prince Elector of Mainz and the Prince Elector of Trier, protested against the inclusion of the Bishop of Augsburg, and the Provost of Ellwangen in the Bavarian Directory. On May 27, 1617, with the Prince Bishops Bamberg, Eichstädt, Würzburg, and the Provost of Ellwangen, Bavaria formed a separate league for nine years.
At the end of 1618 the position of the Emperor in Bohemia as in Lower and Upper Austria, gradually became critical. Searching for help, the Emperor tried to restore the League. A meeting of several of the eccliasiastical Princes decided to reconstruct the League on its original basis. It should consist of two groups: the Rhenish district under the presidency of Mainz, and the Oberland district, presided by Bavaria, the treasury and the military command were to be considered as separate. Maximilian might only lead the whole of the troops, when he had to appear in the Rhenish district. On 31 May the Oberland both groups were established and bound themselves to render mutual help for six years.
After death of Matthias, King of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Bohemia, in 1618,deprived his successor Ferdinand II of the Bohemian crown, and elected Elector Palatine Frederick V ( Aug. 26-27, 1619) King. After the election as Emperor Ferdinand conferred with the spiritual electors at Frankfurt, asking for the support of the League.
Now the formation of a confederate army began.. With 7000 men Bavaria supplied the largest contribution to the army, whose strength was fixed at Würzburg in Dec., 1619, as 21,000 infantry and 4000 cavalry. Commander in chief was Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, a decendant of a Catholic Brabantine family .
Facing the superiority of , the League´s army of 30,000 men confronting the Protestant Union´s army of 10,000, on July 3rd 1620 the Union agreed to cease all hostilities between both parties during the war in Austria and Bohemia.
The League in War Without the risk of an attack the League could use all of it´s military forces to support the emperor. The same month, the army was relocated to Upper Austria. Tilly won the Battle of White Mountain north of Prague on November 8 1620, in which half of the enemy forces were killed or captured, losing only 700 men. The Emperor regained control over Bohemia and the first stage of the League's activity during the Thirty Years War ended. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x644, 109 KB) Battle of White Mountain on a lithography from the epoch Scanned and uploaded by MatthiasKabel from the German wiki File links The following pages link to this file: Battle of White Mountain ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x644, 109 KB) Battle of White Mountain on a lithography from the epoch Scanned and uploaded by MatthiasKabel from the German wiki File links The following pages link to this file: Battle of White Mountain ...
After the End of the Bohemian War, the League´s army fought in central Germany, but was defeated at the Battle of Mingolsheim on April 27, 1622, after which they joined with the Spanish to fight and win the Battle of Wimpfen against the, Margrave of Baden-Durlach on May 6. Following these victories, the army captured the city of Heidelberg, the capital of the leader of the Protestanic Union, following an eleven-week siege on September 19. The protestant prince Christian of Brunswick, raised another army, but lost at the Battle of Stadtlohn where 13,000 out of his army of 15,000 were lost This victory virtually ended all protestand resistance in Germany. This caused Denmark's king Christian IV to enter the Thirty Years' War in 1625 to protect Protestantism and also in a bid to make himself the primary leader of Northern Europe.
 Johann Tserclaes Count Tilly, commander in chief of the army of the Catholic League The league´s army fought and defeated the Danish On August 26–August 27, 1626 at the Battle of Lutter, destroying more than half the fleeing Danish army. Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly on a contemporary painting by van Dyck From the Swedish wiki The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100...
Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly on a contemporary painting by van Dyck From the Swedish wiki The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100...
Because of this and other victories by Wallenstein, Denmark was forced to sue for peace at the Treaty of Lübeck. Now, the Catholic League hit it´s peak. Almost the whole German territories were under their control.
The danger of Emperial hegemony, which resulted of this sucess, in 1630 made the Swedish King and Gustavus Adolphus involve in the conflict.
While Adolphus landed his army in Mecklenburg and tred to make alliances with the leaders of Northern Germany, the Leagues´s army on March 20, 1631 made siege of two month to the city of Magdeburg in central Germany on the Elbe River, which promised to support Sweden. On May 20 40,000 successfully attacked the city . A massacre of the populace ensued in which 25,000 of the 30,000 inhabitants of the city perished while fires destroyed much of the city.
It is not clear, weather the commander in chief of the Leaguee´s forces, Count Tilly ordered the massacre. Magdeburg was a strategically vital city in the Elbe River region and was needed as a resupply center for the looming fight against the Swedes. Therefore it would have been logical behavior, not to destroy but to occupate the town with troops of the League
In 1630, Ferdinand II dismissed his Generalissimus Wallenstein. Now The Catholic League was in controll of all the Catholic armed forces.
The End of the Catholic League At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), the Catholic League led by General Tilly was defeated by the Swedish.. A year later, they met again, and this time General Tilly was killed (1632). The upper hand had now switched from the league to the union, led by Sweden, who were able to attack and destroy the territories of the Catholic League. Even Munic, the capital of Bavaria was conquered. The Leaque did not play a major role any more.
The Peace of Prague of 30 May 1635 was a treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, and most of the Protestant states of the Empire. It effectively brought to an end the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years' War. The Edict of Restitution of 1629 was effectively revoked, with the terms of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 being reestablished as at November 12, 1627.
One of the most important regulations was the prohibition of formal alliances between states of the Empire were prohibited. The armies of the various states were to be unified with those of the Emperor as an army for the Empire as a whole. Result of this clause was the end of the Catholic League, a now prohibited alliance between states of the Empire.
As well as bringing to an end the fighting between the various states, the treaty also brought to an end religion as a source of national conflict; the principle of cuius regio, eius religio was established for good within the Empire.
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