Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success

A Scene from the Caucasian War, by Franz Roubaud

Russian Invasion of the Caucasus, better known in Russia as the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, was a series of military actions of Imperial Russia against Chechnya, Dagestan and Northwestern Caucasus aimed at conquering these territories. Modern conflicts in this area of Caucasus are rooted in this 19th-century war. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x755, 218 KB) 19th-century postcard of Military Georgian Road near the Mount Kazbek. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x755, 218 KB) 19th-century postcard of Military Georgian Road near the Mount Kazbek. ... The Georgian Military Road (Военно-Грузинская дорога in Russian, or Voyenno-Gruzinskaya doroga) is a historic name of the main route through the Caucasus from Georgia to Russia. ... Image File history File links Caucwar. ... Image File history File links Caucwar. ... Franz Alekseevitch Roubaud was a Russian painter. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Capital Grozny Area - total - % water Ranked 80th - 15,300 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 49th - est. ... The Republic of Dagestan IPA: (Russian: ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) The 19th century lasted from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Three Russian Tsars waged this war: Alexander I, Nicholas I, and Alexander II. The leading Russian commanders were Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov in 1816-1827, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov in 1844-1853, and Aleksandr Baryatinskiy in 1853-1856. The writers Mikhail Lermontov and Leo Tolstoy took part in the hostilities, and the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin referred to it in his Byronic poem The Prisoner of Caucasus (1821). Monomakhs Cap symbol of Russian autocracy, the crown of Russian grand princes and tsars Czar and tzar redirect here. ... Aleksander I Pavlovich Romanov (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), was Emperor of Russia from March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825 and King of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... Nicholas I of Russia (Russian: Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796–March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855 and king of Poland from 1825 until 1831. ... Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevitch (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (born April 17, 1818 in Moscow; died March 13, 1881 in St. ... Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, or Ermolov (1777-1861), was the premier Russian military hero during the golden age of Russian Romanticism. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (1782–1856), was a Russian prince and field-marshal, renowned for his success in the Napoleonic wars, and most famous for leading the Russian invasion of the Caucasus from 1844 to 1853. ... 1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Aleksandr Ivanovich Baryatinsky (Александр Иванович Барятинский in Russian) (1814-1879), Russian General and Field Marshal (since 1859), Prince, governor of the Caucasus. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Mikhail Lermontov in 1837 Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (Михаил Юрьевич Лермонтов), (October 15, 1814–July 27, 1841), a Russian Romantic writer and poet, sometimes called the poet of the Caucasus, was the most important presence in the Russian poetry from Alexander Pushkins death until his own four years later, at the age... Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: , Lev Nikolaevič Tolstoj), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy (September 9, 1828 [O.S. August 28] – November 20, 1910 [O.S. November 7]) was a Russian novelist, writer, essayist, philosopher, Christian anarchist, pacifist, educational reformer, vegetarian, moral thinker and an influential member of... Aleksandr Pushkin was a Russian poet and a founder of modern Russian literature Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин) (June 6 (May 26, O.S...

Russian invasion was met with fierce resistance. The first period, coincidentally ended with the death of Alexander I and Decembrist Revolt in 1825, achieved surprisingly little success against "a handful of savages", as compared with the then recent defeat of Napoleon. Decembrists at the Senate Square The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising (Russian: ) was attempted in Imperial Russia by army officers who led about 3,000 Russian soldiers on December 14 (December 26 New Style), 1825. ... 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Kazan Cathedral in St Petersburg and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow were built to commemorate the Russian victory against Napoleon. ...

During 1825-1830 there was little activity, since Russia was engaged in wars with Turkey and Persia. After considerable successes in both wars, Russia resumed the activity in Caucasus, again met with the resistance, notably led by Ghazi Mollah, Gamzat-bek and Hadji Murad. They were followed by Imam Shamil, who led the montaigneers from 1834 until his capture by Dmitry Milyutin in 1859. Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 was sparked by the Greeks struggle for independence. ... The Russo-Persian Wars were wars fought between the Russian Empire and Persia in 18-20th centuries. ... Ghazi Mollah, also known as Ghazi Mohammed (Кази-Мулла, Гази-Магомед in Russian) (1795-1832) was the first imam of Dagestan and Chechnya (1828). ... Gamzat-bek (Гамзат-бек in Russian) (1789 — October 1(September 19), 1834) was the second imam of Dagestan, who succeeded Ghazi Mollah upon his death in 1832. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Imam Shamil of Chechnya Imam Shamil (1797 - March 1871) was an Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Count Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin (June 28, 1816, Moscow - January 25, 1912, Simeiz near Yalta) was Minister of War (1861-81) and the last Field Marshal of Imperial Russia (1898). ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ...

The second break was truce with Shamil in March 1855 while Russia was engaged in the Crimean War. However the truce was short and the war resumed that same year. 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants United Kingdom France Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Casualties 17,500 British 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease 256,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War lasted from 1854 until 1 April 1856 and was...

The Caucasian War ended with Russia conquering the North Caucasus, Shamil swearing allegiance to the Tsar and moving to live in Central Russia. The end was declared on June 2 (May 21 (O.S.)), 1864, by Tsar's manifesto. The North Caucasus, also called Ciscaucasus, Forecaucasus, or Front Caucasus (Russian: ), is the northern part of the Caucasus region. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... In Britain and countries of the British Empire, Old Style or O.S. after a date means that the date is in the Julian calendar, in use in those countries until 1752; New Style or N.S. means that the date is in the Gregorian calendar, adopted on 14 September... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Among the events after the end of the war, a tragic page in the history of indigenous peoples of Caucasus was Muhajirism, or population transfer of Muslim population into the Ottoman Empire. A great portion of the civilian population was also exterminated by the Russians, so this event has a genocidal aspect as well. Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ... Muhajirism was the emigration of Muslim indigenous peoples of the Caucasus into the Ottoman Empire and Middle East following the Caucasian War. ... Population transfer is a term referring to a policy by which a state, or international authority, forces the movement of a large group of people out of a region, most frequently on the basis of their ethnicity or religion. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...

Further reading

• N. Dubrovin. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе, volumes 4-6. SPb, 1886-88