This list of causes of hypoglycemia is separated from the main article because of its length. Despite its length, it is not exhaustive, as new causes are reported regularly in the medical literature. In many individual instances of hypoglycemia, more than one contributing factor may be identifiable. In this list are some factors not usually sufficient to cause hypoglycemia by themselves. Some of these causes are represented by single case reports. Hypoglycemia (hypoglycæmia in the UK) is a medical term referring to a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. ...

Causes of Transient Neonatal Hypoglycemia

• Prematurity
• Intrauterine growth retardation
  • Smaller of twins
• Severe infant respiratory distress syndrome
• Maternal toxemia
• Perinatal asphyxia
• Critical illness

Prematurity is the condition of being born before a full gestation. ... Intrauterine growth retardation or Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the condition during pregnancy where a fetus is considered to be too small for its gestational age (generally in the 10th percentile). ... Fraternal twin boys in the tub The term twin most notably refers to two individuals (or one of two individuals) who have shared the same uterus (womb) and usually, but not necessarily, born on the same day. ... Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, also called Respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, previously called hyaline membrane disease), is a syndrome caused by developmental lack of surfactant and structural immaturity in the lungs of premature infants. ... Toxemia is another term for blood poisoning, or the presence in the bloodstream of quantities of bacteria or bacterial toxins sufficient to cause serious illness. ... Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen (hypoxia) to a newborn infant long enough to cause apparent harm. ...

Starvation, Inadequate Intake Or Absorption

• Fasting, e.g. preoperative
• Severe malnutrition
• Kwashiorkor
• Anorexia nervosa
• Pyloric stenosis
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency
• Biotin deficiency
• Hypomagnesemia
• Diarrhea
• Renal glycosuria
• Combined intestinal monosaccharide transport defect

Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, drink, or both, for a period of time. ... For the symphonic black metal band, see Anorexia Nervosa (band) For other uses, see Anorexia Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes an eating disorder characterized by low body weight and body image distortion with an obsessive fear of gaining weight. ... Infantile pyloric stenosis is a pediatric condition where there is a congenital narrowing of the pylorus (the opening at the lower end of the stomach). ... Pyridoxine Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. ... Vitamin H redirects here. ... Hypomagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of magnesium in the blood. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is excreted in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. ... Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. ...

Major Organ Failure & Critical Illness

• Congestive heart failure
• Cyanotic congenital heart disease
• Renal failure, especially chronic
  • Dialysis
• Central nervous system disorders
  • Head trauma
  • Stroke
  • Severe encephalopathies
  • Hypothalamic tumor
• Liver disorders
  • Severe acute hepatitis due to infection or toxins
  • Chronic liver failure
  • Reye's syndrome
  • HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia)
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Sepsis
• Hypothermia
• Malignant hyperthermia

Congestive heart failure (CHF), also called congestive cardiac failure (CCF) or just heart failure, is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body. ... Cross-section of a healthy heart. ... Renal failure is the condition in which the kidneys fail to function properly. ... In medicine, dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy which is used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function due to renal failure. ... Head injury is a trauma to the head, that may or may not include injury to the brain (see also brain injury). ... Stroke (or cerebrovascular accident or CVA) is the clinical designation for a rapidly developing loss of brain function due to an interruption in the blood supply to all or part of the brain. ... Encephalopathy literally means disease of the brain. ... A brain tumor is any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either found in the brain itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland... Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to liver characterised by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue. ... Reyes syndrome is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver. ... HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening obstetric complication considered by many to be a variant of pre-eclampsia. ... Hemolysis (alternative spelling haemolysis) literally means the excessive breakdown of red blood cells. ... Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs), are groups of clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give a doctor or other health professional information about the state of a patients liver. ... Thrombocytopenia (or -paenia, or thrombopenia in short) is the presence of relatively few platelets in blood. ... Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. ... Sepsis (in Greek Σήψις, putrefaction) is a serious medical condition, resulting from the immune response to a severe infection. ... Hypothermia refers to any condition in which the temperature of a body drops below the level required for normal metabolism and/or bodily function to take place. ... Malignant hyperthermia (MH or MHS for malignant hyperthermia syndrome, or malignant hyperpyrexia due to anesthesia) is a rare life-threatening condition that is triggered by exposure to drugs used for general anaesthesia, such as volatile anaesthetics or the depolarizing muscle relaxant suxamethonium chloride. ...

Extrapancreatic Tumors

• Mechanisms
  • Increased utilization by large or active tumor
  • Cachexia and depletion of glycogen reserves
  • Insulin-like peptides, especially IGF-II (Doege-Potter syndrome)
  • Inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis
  • Blunted counterregulatory hormone responses
  • Autoimmune (see below)
• Tumors associated with hypoglycemia
  • Benign and malignant mesothelioma
  • Neurofibroma
  • Fibrosarcoma
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Leiomyosarcoma
  • Liposarcoma
  • Sarcomatous dysembryoma
  • Reticulum cell sarcoma
  • Hemangiopericytoma
  • Spindle cell sarcoma
  • Pseudomyxoma peritonei (Rosenfeld syndrome)
  • Hepatoma (Nadler Wolfer Elliott syndrome)
  • Adrenal carcinoma (Anderson syndrome)
  • Non-islet pancreatic carcinoma
  • Hypernephroma
  • Adenocarcinomas of prostate, colon, bile duct, breast, stomach
  • Simple fibroma
  • Leukemia
  • Lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Wilms' tumor
  • Apudoma
  • Carcinoid tumors
  • Pheochromocytoma (especially after removal)
  • Melanoma
  • Teratoma
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Paraganglioma

Electron micrograph of a section of a liver cell showing glycogen deposits as accumulations of electron dense particles (arrows). ... The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are polypeptides with high sequence similarity to insulin. ... Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is a protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. ... Pyruvic acid Oxaloacetic acid Phosphoenolpyruvate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (primarily alanine and glutamine). ... Glycogen Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen by removal of a glucose monomer and addition of phosphate to produce glucose-1-phosphate. ... Neurofibromas are moderately firm, benign, encapsulated, slow-growing tumors of the nervous system arising from the supporting cells (Schwann cells) of peripheral nerves. ... Fibrosarcoma (fibroblastic sarcoma) is a malignant tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells. ... A rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer, specifically a sarcoma (cancer of connective tissues), in which the cancer cells are thought to arise from skeletal muscle progenitors. ... Leiomyosarcoma is a type of sarcoma which is a neoplasm of smooth muscle. ... Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum. ... A hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that originates in the pericytes in the walls of capillaries. ... Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP, sometimes informally known as jelly belly) is a very rare form of tumor, commonly known as jelly belly due to its production of mucus in the abdominal cavity. ... Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. ... Adrenocortical carcinoma, also adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) and adrenal cortex cancer, is an aggressive cancer originating in the cortex (steroid hormone-producing tissue) of the adrenal gland. ... Pancreatic cancer (also called cancer of the pancreas) is represented by the growth of a malignant tumour within the small pancreas organ. ... Renal cell carcinoma, also known by the eponym Grawitz tumor, is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. ... Adenocarcinoma is a form of carcinoma that originates in glandular tissue. ... Prostate cancer is a group of cancerous cells (a malignant tumor) that begins most often in the outer part of the prostate. ... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Leukemia or leukaemia (see spelling differences) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). ... This article is about lymphoma in humans. ... Multiple myeloma (also known as MM, myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahlers disease after Otto Kahler) is a type of cancer of plasma cells which are immune system cells in bone marrow that produce antibodies. ... Wilms tumor is a neoplasm of the kidneys that typically occurs in children. ... In pathology, an apudoma is an endocrine tumour that arises from an APUD cell. ... Carcinoid syndrome refers to the array of symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumors. ... A pheochromocytoma (also phaeochromocytoma, English spelling) is a tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands originating in the chromaffin cells, which secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually epinephrine and norepinephrine. ... Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). ... A teratoma is a type of neoplasm (specifically, a tumor). ... Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in infancy and childhood. ... A paraganglioma is a rare neoplasm that can be found in the head and neck region and other less common areas. ...

Hyperinsulinism

• Hypoglycemia due to endogenous insulin
  • Congenital hyperinsulinism
    • Transient neonatal hyperinsulinism
      • Due to maternal factors
        • Maternal diabetes
        • Erythroblastosis fetalis
        • Excessive intravenous glucose during labor
        • Maternal sulfonylurea
        • Sympathomimetic tocolytic agents (e.g. ritodrine)
      • Due to infant factors
        • Intrauterine growth retardation
        • Perinatal asphyxia
        • Idiopathic transient hyperinsulinism
      • Iatrogenic
        • Malposition of umbilical catheter
    • Focal congenital hyperinsulinism
      • Paternal SUR1 mutation with clonal loss of heterozygosity of 11p15
      • Paternal Kir6.2 mutation with clonal loss of heterozygosity of 11p15
    • Diffuse congenital hyperinsulinism
      • Autosomal recessive forms
        • SUR1 mutations
        • Kir6.2 mutations
      • Autosomal dominant forms
        • Glucokinase gain-of-function mutations
        • Hyperammonemic hyperinsulinism (glutamate dehydrogenase gain-of-function mutations)
        • Loss of heterozygosity of 11p15 (Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome)
    • Donohue syndrome (leprechaunism)
  • Acquired tumors and hyperplasias of pancreatic beta cells
    • Islet cell adenoma
    • Islet cell carcinoma
    • Multiple endocrine adenomatosis syndrome
    • Pluriglandular syndrome of islet, pituitary, parathyroid hyperplasia
  • Autoimmune insulin syndrome
  • Reactive hypoglycemia (postprandial hypoglycemia syndrome)
  • Dumping syndrome
• Drug induced hyperinsulinism
  • Oral hypoglycemic agents, especially Sulfonylureas
    • Treatment of diabetes
    • Treatment of diabetes insipidus
    • Ingestion by child
  • Aspirin overdose
  • Acetaminophen overdose
  • Pentamidine
  • Quinine
  • Disopyramide
  • Bordetella pertussis vaccine or infection
• Hypoglycemia due to exogenous (injected) insulin
  • Insulin self-injected for treatment of diabetes
    • Excessive insulin dosage or accelerated absorption
    • Excessive activity
    • Inadequate food or delayed or decreased absorption
    • Alcohol
    • Drugs which contribute synergistically
    • Development of concurrent disease
    • Acquired endocrinopathies
    • Renal, cardiac or liver failure
  • Factitious & malicious insulin injection
    • Insulin self-injected surreptitiously (e.g., Munchausen syndrome)
    • Munchausen by proxy
  • Insulin tolerance test for pituitary or adrenergic response assessment
  • Treatment of hyperkalemia
  • Insulin potentiation treatment (cancer quackery)
  • Insulin-induced coma for depression or psychosis treatment (insulin shock)

Congenital hyperinsulinism is a medical term referring to a variety of congenital disorders in which hypoglycemia is caused by excessive insulin secretion. ... Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn is a condition that develops in a fetus when antibodies produced by the mother attack the fetuss red blood cells. ... Sulfonylurea derivatives are a class of antidiabetic drugs that are used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2 (adult-onset). They act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas. ... Tocolytics are medications used to suppress premature labor (toco refers to contractions, and lytic to removal). ... Ritodrine hydrochloride (Yutopar®) is a tocolytic drug, used to stop premature labor. ... Intrauterine growth retardation or Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the condition during pregnancy where a fetus is considered to be too small for its gestational age (generally in the 10th percentile). ... Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen (hypoxia) to a newborn infant long enough to cause apparent harm. ... It has been suggested that mutant be merged into this article or section. ... Loss of heterozygosity in a cell represents the loss of a single parents contribution to part of its genome. ... In genetics, the term recessive gene refers to an allele that causes a phenotype (visible or detectable characteristic) that is only seen in a homozygous genotype (an organism that has two copies of the same allele). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dominance relationship. ... Glucokinase Glucokinase (EC 2. ... Hyperammonemia is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood. ... Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a very rare genetic overgrowth syndrome (prevalence of about 1 in 36,000). ... Donohue Syndrome (also known as Leprechaunism) is an extremely rare medical condition. ... Islet cell carcinoma is an uncommon cancer of the endocrine pancreas. ... Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) (or multiple endocrine adenomas, or multiple endocrine adenomatosis -- MEA) consists of three syndromes featuring tumors of endocrine glands, each with its own characteristic pattern. ... Reactive hypoglycemia is a medical term describing recurrent episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia occurring 2-4 hours after a high carbohydrate meal (or oral glucose load). ... The dumping syndrome, or rapid gastric emptying, happens when the lower end of the small intestine fills too quickly with undigested food from the stomach. ... An oral hypoglycemic agent is a medication (usually a pill or capsule) that can be take by mouth to lower a high blood sugar toward normal. ... Sulfonylurea derivatives are a class of antidiabetic drugs that are used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2 (adult-onset). They act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas. ... Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. ... Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (IPA: ), (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (to relieve minor aches and pains), antipyretic (to reduce fever), and as an anti-inflammatory. ... Acetaminophen (USAN) or paracetamol (INN), is a popular analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. ... Pentamidine isethionate is a drug primarily given for prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a type of pneumonia often seen in people with HIV infection. ... Quinine (IPA: ) is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), antimalarial, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. ... Disopyramide (INN, trade names Norpace® and Rythmodan®) is an antiarrhythmic medication. ... Malcolm Farmer 10:57, 24 December 2005 (UTC) Category: ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the self-inflicted factitious disorder. ... Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, Baron von Münchhausen (May 11, 1720 - February 22, 1797) was a German nobleman who in his youth was sent to serve as page to Anton Ulrich and later joined the Russian military. ... Located at the base of the skull, the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5. ... Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or unipolar depression when compared to bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... Psychosis is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a loss of contact with reality. Stedmans Medical Dictionary defines psychosis as a severe mental disorder, with or without organic damage, characterized by derangement of personality and loss of contact with reality and causing deterioration...

Hormone Deficiencies

• Cortisol
  • Addison's disease (acquired adrenal destruction)
  • ACTH deficiency
  • ACTH unresponsiveness
  • Congenital adrenal hypoplasia
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Growth hormone
  • Isolated growth hormone deficiency
  • Laron dwarfism (GH unresponsiveness)
• Epinephrine and catecholamines
  • Adrenomedullary unresponsiveness
• Glucagon
• Combined deficiencies
  • Congenital hypopituitarism (various causes)
  • Psychosocial deprivation syndrome (hypothalamic)
  • Thyroid hormone (depresses GH and ACTH)

Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... Addisons disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism) is a rare endocrine disorder in which the body produces insufficient amounts of adrenal steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. ... X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita is a genetic disorder that mainly affects males. ... Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. ... Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesised, stored and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Growth hormone deficiency is the medical condition of inadequate production of growth hormone (GH) and its effects on children and adults. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... tyrosine is the precursor of catecholamines epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine Synthesis Catecholamines are chemical compounds derived from the amino acid tyrosine containing catechol and amine groups. ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ... Hypopituitarism is a medical term describing deficiency (hypo) of one or more hormones of the pituitary gland. ...

Metabolic Defects

• Defective glycogenolysis or glycogen accumulation
  • Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (glycogenosis type I, von Gierke dis)
  • Pseudoglycogenosis type I
  • Amylo-1,6-glucosidase (debrancher) deficiency (glycogenosis type III)
  • Hepatic phosphorylase deficiency (glycogenosis type VI)
  • Hepatic phosphorylase kinase deficiency (glycogenosis type IXb)
  • Glycogen synthase deficiency (glycogenosis type 0)
• Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency (galactosemia)
• Defects of gluconeogenesis or substrate supply
  • Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency
  • Isovaleric acidemia
  • Hypoalaninemia
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency
  • Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (Leigh syndrome)
  • Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency
• Defects of mitochondrial beta-oxidation and fatty acid metabolism
  • Systemic carnitine deficiencies
    • Enzyme deficiencies
    • Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
    • Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
    • Carnitine acyltransferase
  • Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase
  • Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA lyase
  • Methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase
  • Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase
  • Short chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase
  • Long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase
  • Multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase (glutaric aciduria type II)
  • Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
  • Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase
  • Carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase
• Enoyl CoA hydratase
• Ketothiolase
• Succinyl CoA:acetoacetate transferase
• Defects of amino acid metabolism
  • Maple syrup urine disease
  • Methylmalonic acidemia
  • [[hydroxy-methylglutaric aciduria]]
  • Tyrosinosis
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Propionic acidemia
• Miscellaneous metabolic defects
  • Defective type I glucose transporter in brain
  • Methylglutaconic aciduria
  • Sucrosuria
  • Glycerol intolerance
  • Rare variants of galactose intolerance
  • Other rare or poorly defined congenital metabolic defects

Glycogen storage disease is any one of several inborn errors of metabolism that result from enzyme defects that affect the processing of glycogen synthesis or breakdown within muscles, liver, and other cell types. ... Phosphorylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of glucose phosphate from glycogen and inorganic phosphate. ... Phosphorylase kinase is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which converts phosphorylase b to Phosphorylase a. ... Glycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a glycosyltransferase enzyme (EC number 2. ... Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (or GALT) is an enzyme (EC 2. ... Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder which affects an individuals ability to properly digest the sugar galactose. ... In Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency, there is not enough fructose bisphosphatase for gluconeogenesis to occur correctly. ... Isovaleric acidemia is a rare genetic disorder in which the body is unable to process certain proteins properly. ... Alanine (Ala, A) also 2-aminopropanoic acid is a non-essential α-amino acid. ... Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (or PEPCase) is an enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases. ... Pyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme of the ligase class (EC 6. ... Leighs Disease, a form of Leigh syndrome, is a rare neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... cart This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II is an enzyme associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. (Discuss) Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (or Carnitine palmitoyltransferase) is a mitochondrial transferase enzyme (EC 2. ... Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase is a flavoprotein. ... Organic acidurias are a class of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by urinary excretion of abnormal amounts or types of organic acids. ... Enoyl-CoA hydratase is the enzyme used to catalyze the second step of β-oxidation in Fatty acid metabolism. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder of amino acid metabolism. ... Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an inborn error of intermediary metabolism that may present in the early neonatal period with progressive encephalopathy and death due to a secondary hyperammonemia. ... Organic acidurias are a class of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by urinary excretion of abnormal amounts or types of organic acids. ... PhenylKetonUria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). ... Propionic acidemia is an inherited disorder of inborn error of intermediary metabolism that may present in the early neonatal period with progressive encephalopathy. ... Glycerol is a chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH. This colorless, odorless, viscous liquid is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. ... Galactose (also called brain sugar) is a type of sugar found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages. ...

Drugs And Toxic substances

• Insulin, antidiabetic agents (see above)
• Drugs associated with hypoglycemia alone
  • Ethanol
  • Beta blockers, e.g. propranolol
  • Salicylates
  • Acetaminophen
  • Acetazolamide
  • Aluminium hydroxide
  • Chloroquine
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Cimetidine, ranitidine
  • Diphenhydramine, other antihistamines
  • Propoxyphene
  • Disopyramide
  • Doxepin
  • Golytely (in distal intestinal obstruction syndrome of cystic fibrosis)
  • Imipramine
  • Indometacin
  • Isoxsuprine
  • Insulin-like growth factor 1
  • Lidocaine
  • Lithium
  • Pentamidine
  • Propranolol, nadolol, labetalol, metoprolol
  • Orphenadrine
  • Oxytetracycline
  • Quinine, quinidine
  • Perhexiline
  • Ritodrine
  • Haloperidol
  • Chelating agents (BAL and EDTA)
  • THAM
  • Colchicine
  • Para amino benzoic acid, para-amino salicylic acid
  • Cholestyramine added during glucocorticoid therapy (reduces absorption)
• Drugs which lower glucose in diabetics
  • Enalapril and captopril
  • Coumarin
  • Phenylbutazone
  • Antihistamines
  • Sulfa antibiotics, including SMX/TMP (especially in renal failure)
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • Medicines not available in U.S.
    • Azapropazone, buformin, carbutamide, cibenzoline, cycloheptolamide, glibornuride, gliclazide, mebanazine, metahexamide, perhexiline, sulphadimidine, sulphaphenazole, Nigerian cow urine medicine
• Environmental toxins
  • Amanita phalloides toxin
  • Abractylis gummifera (Mediterranean plant)
  • Hypoglycin from unripe Ackee fruit (Jamaican vomiting illness)
  • Parathion
  • Vacor rat poison

Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ... Beta blockers or beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a class of drugs used to treat a variety of cardiovascular conditions and some other diseases. ... Propranolol (INN) (IPA: ) is a non-selective beta blocker mainly used in the treatment of hypertension. ... Acetaminophen (USAN) or paracetamol (INN), is a popular analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. ... Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox®, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension and altitude sickness. ... Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions. ... Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline drug long used in the treatment or prevention of malaria. ... Chlorpromazine was the first antipsychotic drug, used during the 1950s and 1960s. ... Cimetidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in the stomach. ... Ranitidine (INN) (IPA: ) is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). ... Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (trade name Benadryl, as produced by J&J, or Dimedrol outside the U.S.) is an over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine and sedative. ... An antihistamine is a drug which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released during allergic reactions, through action at the histamine receptor. ... Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category that is used to treat severe pain and severe coughs. ... Disopyramide (INN, trade names Norpace® and Rythmodan®) is an antiarrhythmic medication. ... Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant, known under many brand-names such as Aponal®, the original preparation by Boehringer-Ingelheim, now part of the Roche group; Adapine®, Sinquan® and Sinequan® (Pfizer Inc. ... Chemical structure of the polymeric polyethylene glycol Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) are polymers having an identical structure except for chain length and end groups, and are the most commercially important polyethers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Indomethacin is an indole derived non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. ... Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. ... Lidocaine (INN) (IPA: ) or lignocaine (former BAN) (IPA: ) is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. ... Lithium salts are chemical salts of lithium used primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder as mood stabilizing drugs. ... Propranolol (INN) (IPA: ) is a non-selective beta blocker mainly used in the treatment of hypertension. ... The examples and perspective in this article do not represent a worldwide view. ... Quinine (IPA: ) is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), antimalarial, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. ... Haloperidol (sold under the tradenames Aloperidin, Bioperidolo, Brotopon, Dozic, Duraperidol (Germany), Einalon S, Eukystol, Haldol, Halosten, Keselan, Linton, Peluces, Serenace, Serenase, Sigaperidol) is a conventional, or typical, butyrophenone antipsychotic drug. ... Enalapril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure. ... Captopril is an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure. ... Coumarin is a chemical compound found in many plants, notably in high concentration in the tonka bean, woodruff, and bison grass. ... Phenylbutazone, often known as bute, is a crystalline substance having the structure shown at right. ... An antihistamine is a drug which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released during allergic reactions, through action at the histamine receptor. ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. ... Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) and is classified as a sulfonylurea. ... Binomial name Blighia sapida K.D.Koenig The Ackee or Akee (Blighia sapida) is a member of the Sapindaceae (soapberry family), native to tropical West Africa in Cameroon, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote DIvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo...

Idiopathic And Miscellaneous

• Ketotic hypoglycemia
  • Identifiable hormone and enzyme deficiencies
• Idiopathic
  • Idiopathic hypoglycemias, etiologies undetermined
  • Autoimmune
  • Antibodies to insulin
  • Antibodies to insulin receptor
  • Stimulating antibodies to islet cells
  • Thyrotoxicosis (extremely rare)
  • Infection
    • Mumps
    • Varicella
    • Pertussis
    • Measles
    • Malaria
• Extreme exercise
• Artifactual
  • In vitro glucose consumption after blood drawing
  • Leukemic WBC's may consume glucose in vitro
  • Polycythemia of infancy (RBCs consume glucose in vitro)
  • Inaccuracies of blood drop strips
  • Inherent variation inaccuracy at low end
  • Inadequate drop
  • Excessive wiping
  • Short time interval

Varicella is a Latin name for chickenpox. ... Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. ...

Reactive, Functional, Postprandial, Etc.

• Prediabetes (both categories controversial & may not be valid)
  • Juvenile diabetes (rare, anecdotal reports)
  • Adult onset diabetes (in early stages)
• After intravenous glucose load
• Abrupt discontinuation of parenteral nutrition or i.v. glucose
• After exchange transfusion with ACD preserved blood in neonate
• Alimentary (rapid jejunal emptying with exaggerated insulin response)
• Post fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux
• Post gastrectomy dumping syndrome
• Short bowel syndrome
• Idiopathic gastrointestinal motility disturbance
• Alternate day growth hormone therapy
• Idiopathic reactive or postprandial hypoglycemia (hypoglycemia documented at time of symptoms: rare)
• Idiopathic postprandial syndrome (hypoglycemia never documented: common)