|
A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter. Some people suggest that the term 'cave' should only apply to cavities that have some part which does not receive daylight; however, in popular usage, the term includes smaller spaces like sea caves, rock shelters and grottos. The word cave, in addition to its usual meaning of a subterranean chamber (see Cave), has these meanings: Places Three places in the United States are called Cave, located in Stevens County, Kansas, in Lincoln County, Missouri, and Pendleton County, West Virginia. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (681x1024, 305 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell showing stalagmites, stalactites, and draperies by a pool in Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USA File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (681x1024, 305 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell showing stalagmites, stalactites, and draperies by a pool in Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USA File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
The Chandelier Ballroom in Lechuguilla Cave Lechuguilla Cave is, as of 2006, the sixth longest cave (120 mi, or 193 km) known to exist in the world, and the deepest in the continental United States (489 m, or 1604 ft), but it is most famous for its unusual geology, rare...
A rock shelter is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Speleology is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves. Exploring a cave for recreation or science may be called "caving", "potholing", or occasionally (only in the United States) "spelunking". Grotte des Faux-Monnayeurs, Switzerland Speleology is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). ...
Caving frequently involves a lot of mud. ...
Inside the cave at Cave Stream, New Zealand Caving is the recreational sport of exploring caves. ...
Inside the cave at Cave Stream, New Zealand Caving is the recreational sport of exploring caves. ...
Types and formation
Caves are formed by geologic processes. These may involve a combination of chemical processes, erosion from water, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure and atmospheric influences. Most caves are formed in limestone by solution (see below). This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ...
Primary caves
Exploring a lava tube in Hawaii Some are formed at the same time as the surrounding rock. These are called primary caves. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x860, 734 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell A lava tube on the island of Hawaii, taken just above a lava falls. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x860, 734 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell A lava tube on the island of Hawaii, taken just above a lava falls. ...
- Lava tubes are formed through volcanic activity. They are the most common primary caves. Lava flows downhill and the surface cools and solidifies. The lava now flows under this crust, until the eruption ends. If the liquid lava inside the crust flows out, a hollow tube remains.
Numerous lava tubes are found on Hawaii (Big Island). Kazumura Cave near Hilo is the longest and deepest lava tube of the world and also the eighth longest cave of the United States. It is 65.6km long. Thurston Lava Tube in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. ...
This article is about volcanoes in geology. ...
Look up lava, Aa, pahoehoe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area Ranked 43rd - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²) - Width n/a miles (n/a km) - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km) - % water 41. ...
The Island of Hawaii (called the Big Island or Hawaii Island) is a volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean and one of the eight main islands that comprise the U.S. state of Hawaii. ...
Kazumura Cave is, at 160km,(99. ...
Hilo is the largest town on the island of Hawai‘i, and the county seat of Hawai‘i County, Hawai‘i. ...
- Blister caves are also formed through volcanic activity.
- Sea caves are found along coasts around the world. A special case is littoral caves, which are formed by wave action in zones of weakness in sea cliffs. Often these weaknesses are faults, but they may also be dykes or bedding-plane contacts. Some wave-cut caves are now above sea level because of later uplift. Elsewhere, in places like Thailand's Phang Nga Bay, solutional caves have been flooded by the sea and are now subject to littoral erosion. Sea caves are generally around 5–50m in length but may exceed 300m.
- Glacier caves occur in ice and under glaciers, formed by melting. They are also influenced by the very slow flow of the ice which tends to close the caves again. (These are sometimes called ice caves, though this term is properly reserved for caves which contain year-round ice formations).
- Solutional caves may form anywhere with rock which is soluble, and are most prevalent in limestone, but can also form in other material, including chalk, dolomite, marble, granite, salt, sandstone, fossilized coral and gypsum. The most common process of cave formation is karstification, which is the solution of rocks by rain water.
- Fracture caves are formed when layers of more soluble minerals such as gypsum dissolve out from between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks fracture and collapse in blocks.
- Talus caves are the openings between rocks that have fallen down into a pile, often at the bases of cliffs.
- Anchihaline caves are caves, usually coastal, containing a mixture of freshwater and saline water (usually sea water). They occur in many parts of the world, and often contain highly specialized and endemic faunas.
The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and naturally occurring organic acids. The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as karst, characterized by sinkholes, sinking streams, and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with calcium carbonate formations produced through slow precipitation, including the most common and well-known stalactites and stalagmites. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called speleothems. The world's most spectacularly decorated cave is generally regarded to be Lechuguilla Cave (New Mexico, USA). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 532 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell of Painted Cave, Santa Cruz Island, California. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 532 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell of Painted Cave, Santa Cruz Island, California. ...
NASA satellite image of Santa Cruz Island. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
Exploring a sea cave A sea cave, also known as a littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. ...
Phang Nga Bay is a 400 km² bay in the Andaman Sea between the island of Phuket and mainland of the Malay peninsula of southern Thailand. ...
Ice cave in Big Four Glacier, Big Four Mountain, Washington, ca. ...
Ice cave in Big Four Glacier, Big Four Mountain, Washington, ca. ...
One of Big Fours ice caves, ca. ...
For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ...
1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...
A glacier cave is a cave formed within the ice of a glacier. ...
This article is about the geological formation. ...
Ponded water ice inside an ice cave. ...
For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ...
The Needles, situated on the Isle Of Wight, are part of the extensive Southern England Chalk Formation. ...
For other uses, see Dolomite (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Marble (disambiguation). ...
Close-up of granite from Yosemite National Park, valley of the Merced River Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ...
For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ...
Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ...
Extant Subclasses and Orders Alcyonaria Alcyonacea Helioporacea Zoantharia Antipatharia Corallimorpharia Scleractinia Zoanthidea [1][2] See Anthozoa for details For other uses, see Coral (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that Selenite be merged into this article or section. ...
Karst topography occurs when a landscape is marked by underground drainage patterns. ...
Download high resolution version (600x776, 73 KB)The Hall of the Mountain Kings, Ogof Craig a Ffynnon, South Wales. ...
Download high resolution version (600x776, 73 KB)The Hall of the Mountain Kings, Ogof Craig a Ffynnon, South Wales. ...
A speleothem (from the Greek for cave deposit) is a formal term for what is also known as a cave formation, or amongst cavers, collectively known as pretties. ...
Speleothems in Hall of the Mountain Kings Ogof Craig a Ffynnon (Welsh for Rock and Fountain Cave) is a cave of around 13 km in length, making it currently the 6th longest in Wales and 10th in the UK. The cave is renowned as one of the most well-decorated...
Approximate extent of South East Wales. ...
Anchihaline caves are caves, usually coastal, containing a mixture of freshwater and saline water (usually seawater). ...
Missing main definition------ someone add if you know it please. ...
Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3. ...
An organic acid is an organic compound that is an acid. ...
Karst topography occurs when a landscape is marked by underground drainage patterns. ...
Devils Hole near Hawthorne, Florida, USA. A sinkhole, also known as a sink, shake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline or cenote, is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. ...
Water droplet coming out of the central canal of a stalactite A stalactite (Greek stalaktites, (Σταλακτίτης), from the word for drip and meaning that which drips) is a type of speleothem(secondary mineral) that hangs from the ceiling or wall of limestone caves. ...
The Witchs Finger in the Carlsbad Caverns A stalagmite (from the Greek stalagma (Σταλαγμίτης), drop or drip) is a type of speleothem that rises from the floor of a limestone cave due to the dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate. ...
A speleothem (from the Greek for cave deposit) is a formal term for what is also known as a cave formation, or amongst cavers, collectively known as pretties. ...
The Chandelier Ballroom in Lechuguilla Cave Lechuguilla Cave is, as of 2006, the sixth longest cave (120 mi, or 193 km) known to exist in the world, and the deepest in the continental United States (489 m, or 1604 ft), but it is most famous for its unusual geology, rare...
Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ...
Lechuguilla and nearby Carlsbad Caverns are now believed to be examples of another type of solutional cave. They were formed by acid rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes, rather than by acidic water percolating from the surface. Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a United States National Park located in the southeastern corner of New Mexico in Eddy County. ...
Geographic distribution of caves Caves are found throughout the world, but only a portion of them have been explored and documented by cavers. The distribution of documented cave systems is widely skewed toward countries where caving has been popular for many years (such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.). As a result, explored caves are found widely in Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania but are sparse in South America, Africa, and Antarctica. This is a great generalization, as large expanses of North America and Asia contain no documented caves, whereas areas such as the Madagascar dry deciduous forests and parts of Brazil contain many documented caves. As the world’s expanses of soluble bedrock are researched by cavers, the distribution of documented caves is likely to shift. For example China, despite containing around half the world's exposed limestone - more than 1,000,000 km² - has relatively few documented caves. sport of exploring caves. ...
Caving frequently involves a lot of mud. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ...
North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ...
South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Aerial photo of a portion of the Anjajavy Forest, inset by a swath of mangrove riparian forest. ...
For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (858x1024, 454 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell of canyon passage in Mammoth Cave These flat-ceilinged passages are typical of the cave. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (858x1024, 454 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell of canyon passage in Mammoth Cave These flat-ceilinged passages are typical of the cave. ...
Mammoth Cave National Park is a U.S. National Park in central Kentucky, encompassing portions of Mammoth Cave, the most elongated cave system known in the world. ...
Record caves The cave system with the greatest total length of passage is Mammoth Cave (Kentucky, USA) at 591 km in length. This record is unlikely to be surpassed in the near future as the next most extensive known cave is Jewel Cave near Custer, South Dakota, at 225 km.[1] Mammoth Cave National Park is a U.S. National Park in central Kentucky, encompassing portions of Mammoth Cave, the most elongated cave system known in the world. ...
Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area Ranked 37th - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²) - Width 140 miles (225 km) - Length 379 miles (610 km) - % water 1. ...
Jewel Cave National Monument contains Jewel Cave, the third longest cave in the world, with 130 miles of mapped cave. ...
Custer is a city located in Custer County, South Dakota. ...
The deepest known cave (measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point) is Voronya Cave (Abkhazia, Georgia), with a depth of 2,190 m.[2] This was the first cave to be explored to a depth of more than 2 km. (The first cave to be descended below 1 km was the famous Gouffre Berger in France). The Gouffre Mirolda - Lucien Bouclier cave in France (1733 m) and the Lamprechtsofen Vogelschacht Weg Schacht in Austria (1632 m) are the current second and third deepest caves. This particular record has changed several times in recent years. The Voronya Cave (aka Krubera-Voronia Cave) is the deepest known cave in the world. ...
Capital Sokhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Georgian Government - Chairman, Cabinet of Ministers - Chairman, Supreme Council Temur Mzhavia Autonomous republic of Georgia - Georgian independence Declared Recognised 9 April 1991 25 December 1991 Currency Georgian lari (GEL) Anthem Aiaaira Capital Sukhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Russian1 Government - President Sergei Bagapsh - Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab...
The deepest individual pitch (vertical drop) within a cave is 603 m in the Vrtoglavica cave in Slovenia, followed by Patkov Gušt (553 m) in the Velebit mountain, Croatia. For other uses, see Pitch A pitch is a significant underground vertical space in mining terminology. ...
The Velebit mountain of Croatia is believed to have several caves with the some of the worlds greatest subterranean vertical drops. ...
The middle part of Velebit Velebit is the largest though not the highest mountain range in Croatia. ...
The largest individual cavern ever discovered is the Sarawak chamber, in the Gunung Mulu National Park (Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia), a sloping, boulder strewn chamber with an area of approximately 600 m by 400 m and a height of 80 m. The Sarawak Chamber was found by three Englishmen late one day in January 1981. ...
State motto: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti State anthem: Ibu Pertiwiku Capital Kuching Ruling party Barisan Nasional - Yang di-Pertua Negeri Abang Muhammad Salahuddin - Ketua Menteri Abdul Taib Mahmud History - Brunei Sultanate 19th century - Brooke dynasty 1841 - Japanese occupation 1941-1945 - British control 1946 - Accession into Malaysia 1963 Area - Total 124,450...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ...
Cave ecology
Townsend's Big-eared bats in a cave Cave-inhabiting animals are often categorized as troglobites (cave-limited species), troglophiles (species which can live their entire lives in caves, but also occur in other environments), trogloxenes (species which use caves, but cannot complete their life cycle wholly in caves) and accidentals (animals not in one of the previous categories). Some authors use separate terminology for aquatic forms (e.g., stygobites, stygophiles, and stygoxenes). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (787x1023, 887 KB)Photo by Dave Bunnell of Townsends bats in a California cave File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (787x1023, 887 KB)Photo by Dave Bunnell of Townsends bats in a California cave File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
In archaeology, a troglodyte is any member of a primitive tribe of cave-dwelling people (from the Greek troglodytai, from trogle, a hole and dyein, to enter). More recently troglodyte is used to describe a technophobic person; i. ...
A troglobite is an animal that lives entirely in the dark parts of caves. ...
Categories: Possible copyright violations ...
Of these animals, the troglobites are perhaps the most unusual organisms. Troglobitic species often show a number of characteristics, termed troglomorphies, associated with their adaptation to subterranean life. These characteristics may include a loss of pigment (often resulting in a pale or white coloration), a loss of eyes (or at least of optical functionality), an elongation of appendages, and an enhancement of other senses (such as the ability to sense vibrations in water). Aquatic troglobites (or stygobites), such as the endangered Alabama cave shrimp, live in bodies of water found in caves and get nutrients from detritus washed into their caves and from the faeces of bats and other cave inhabitants. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish and the Olm. Binomial name Palaemonias alabamae (Smalley, 1961) The Alabama cave shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae) is species of albinistic, obligate cave shrimp. ...
Genera Amblyopsis Chologaster Forbesichthys Speoplatyrhinus Typhlichthys See text for species. ...
For other uses, see OLM. Binomial name Laurenti, 1768 Subspecies Proteus anguinus anguinus Laurenti, 1768 Proteus anguinus parkelj Sket & Arntzen, 1994 (See text) The Olm The Olm or Proteus (Proteus anguinus) is an amphibian that lives in the subterranean waters of the Dinaric karst from the SoÄa river basin...
Cave insects such as Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching 1.7 mm in length. They have extensive distribution and have been studied fairly widely. Most specimens are female but a male specimen was collected from St Cuthberts Swallet in 1969. Caves are perhaps the most distinct and well defined of insect habitats. ...
St Cuthberts Swallet (grid reference ST543505) is a cave which forms a major part of the Priddy Caves system in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. ...
Bats, such as the Gray bat and Mexican Free-tailed Bat, are trogloxenes and are often found in caves; they forage outside of the caves. Some species of cave crickets are classified as trogloxenes, because they roost in caves by day and forage above ground at night. “Chiroptera†redirects here. ...
Binomial name Myotis grisescens (A. H. Howell, 1909) Approximate range of the gray bat The Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens) is a small bat that lives in caves throughout the southern United States. ...
Binomial name (I. Geoffroy, 1824) The Mexican Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is a medium sized bat. ...
Genera Ceuthophilus Macrobaenetes many others Cave crickets also known as Camel crickets or Spider Crickets or even sprickets are orthopteroid insects of the family Rhaphidophoridae which are found in association with caves. ...
Because of the fragile nature of the cave ecosystem, and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves harbor a number of endangered species, such as the Tooth cave spider, Liphistiidae Liphistius trapdoor spider and the Gray bat. The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ...
Binomial name Neoleptoneta myopica (Gertsch, 1974) The Tooth cave spider (Neoleptoneta myopica) is a 1/16 inch (1. ...
The Liphistiidae are the most primitive living spiders, placed in their own suborder, called the Mesothelae. ...
Binomial name Myotis grisescens (A. H. Howell, 1909) Approximate range of the gray bat The Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens) is a small bat that lives in caves throughout the southern United States. ...
Caves are visited by many surface-living animals, including humans. These are usually relatively short-lived incursions, due to the lack of light and sustenance. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Archaeological and social importance Throughout history, primitive peoples have made use of caves for shelter, burial, or as religious sites. Since items placed in caves are protected from the climate and scavenging animals, this means caves are an archaeological treasure house for learning about these people. Cave paintings are of particular interest. One example is the Great Cave of Niah, which contains evidence of human habitation dating back 40,000 years.[3] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1013x1016, 412 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell of Taino petroglyphs Found in a cave in Puerto Rico. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1013x1016, 412 KB) Photo by Dave Bunnell of Taino petroglyphs Found in a cave in Puerto Rico. ...
The Taíno are the pre-Hispanic Amerindian inhabitants of the Greater Antilles, which includes Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Bahamas. ...
Petroglyphs on Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA Petroglyphs are images created by removing part of a rock surfaces by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. ...
Cave or Rock Paintings are paintings on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to prehistoric times. ...
The Niah Caves is a prehistorical site in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. ...
In Germany some experts found signs of cannibalism in the caves at the Hönne. “Cannibal†redirects here. ...
The Hönne is a tributary river to the Ruhr, flowing through the northern Sauerland hills in Germany. ...
Caves are also important for geological research because they can reveal details of past climatic conditions in speleothems and sedimentary rock layers. Two types of sedimentary rock: limey shale overlaid by limestone. ...
Caves are frequently used today as sites for recreation. Caving, for example, is the popular sport of cave exploration. For the less adventurous, a number of the world's prettier and more accessible caves have been converted into show caves, where artificial lighting, floors, and other aids allow the casual visitor to experience the cave with minimal inconvenience. Caves have also been used for BASE jumping and cave diving. Caving frequently involves a lot of mud. ...
A show cave is a cave or cave system containing interesting or spectacular features that are easily accessible to the general public. ...
BASE jumping is the sport of using a parachute to jump from fixed objects. ...
Inside the cave at Cave Stream, New Zealand Caving is the recreational sport of exploring caves. ...
Caves are also used for the preservation or aging of wine and cheese. The constant, slightly chilly temperature and high humidity that most caves possess makes them ideal for such uses.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cave Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
Cave Conservancies are specialized land trusts that primarily manage caves or karst features in the United States. ...
Approaching a cave entrance, NPS Photo The Cave Research Foundation (CRF) is an American private, non-profit group dedicated to the exploration, research, and conservation of caves. ...
Caving frequently involves a lot of mud. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
// The following is a partial list of caves. ...
Chuquicamata, the second largest open pit copper mine in the world, Chile. ...
The National Speleological Society (NSS) is an organization formed in 1941 to advance the exploration, conservation, study, and understanding of caves in the United States. ...
A spelunker rappelling into Mexicos enormous pit cave, the Cave of Swallows. ...
Devils Hole near Hawthorne, Florida, USA. A sinkhole, also known as a sink, shake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline or cenote, is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Pictograph from 1510 telling a story of coming of missionaries to Hispaniola The Pomier Caves are a series of 54 caves located north of San Cristobal in the Dominican Republic. ...
Vardzia as seen from the bell tower Cave City of Vardzia is a hidden monastery dug into the side of the Erusheli mountain in south Georgia near Aspindza. ...
Vanis Kvabebi seen from the second level of tunnels Vanis Kvabebi (English Vanis Caves) is a cave monastery in Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia near Aspindza town and the more famous cave city of Vardzia. ...
The Dead Sea scrolls comprise roughly 900 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran (near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran, on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea) in the West Bank. ...
References The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ...
External links
|
There are 1 more (non-authoritative) comments on this page
Feeds |
Contact