A Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (better known by the recursive acronym CAVE) is an immersive virtual reality environment where projectors are directed to four, five or six of the walls of a room-sized cube. The name is also a reference to the allegory of the Cave in Plato’s Republic where a philosopher contemplates perception, reality and illusion. A recursive acronym (or occasionally recursive initialism) is an abbreviation which refers to itself in the expression for which it stands. ... The term immersion refers to the impression that someone has of being somewhere while, in reality, he is physically in another place. ... Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one. ... A digital projector is an electro-optical machine which converts image data from a computer or video source to a bright image which is then imaged on a distant wall or screen using a lens system. ... A cube[1] is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides, with three meeting at each vertex. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...

General characteristics of the CAVE

The CAVE is a 10’ X 10’ X 9’ theatre that sits in a larger room measured to be around 35’ X 25’ X 13’. The outside room must be free of light at all times while using the CAVE. The walls of the CAVE are made up of rear-projection screens, and the floor is made of a down-projection screen. High-resolution projectors (the University of Illinois uses an Electrohome Marquee 8000) display images on each of the screens by projecting the images onto mirrors which reflect the images onto the projection screens. The user will go inside of the CAVE wearing special glasses to allow for the 3-D graphics that are generated by the CAVE to be seen. With these glasses, people using the CAVE can actually see objects floating in the air, and can walk around them, getting a proper view of what the object would look like when they walk around it. This is made possible with electromagnetic sensors. The frame of the CAVE is made out of non-magnetic stainless steel in order to interfere as little as possible with the electromagnetic sensors. When a person walks around in the CAVE, their movements are tracked with these sensors and the video adjusts accordingly. Computers control this aspect of the CAVE as well as the audio aspects. There are multiple speakers placed from multiple angles in the CAVE, giving one not only 3-D video, but 3-D audio as well. [1] A 3D rendering with raytracing and ambient occlusion using Blender and Yafray 3D computer graphics are works of graphic art that were created with the aid of digital computers and specialized 3D software. ...

The first CAVE

The first CAVE was developed in the Electronic Visualization Laboratory at University of Illinois at Chicago and was announced and demonstrated at the 1992 SIGGRAPH. The CAVE was developed in response to a challenge from the SIGGRAPH 92 Showcase effort (and its chair James E. George) for scientists to create and show off a one-to-many visualization tool that utilized large projection screens. The CAVE answered that challenge, and became the third major physical form of immersive VR (after goggle's n' gloves and vehicle simulators). Thomas A. DeFanti, Daniel J. Sandin, and Carolina Cruz-Neira are credited with its invention. It has been used and developed in cooperation with the NCSA, to conduct research in various virtual reality and scientific visualization fields. CAVE is a registered trademark of the University of Illinois Board of Regents. The name was first licensed to Pyramid Systems and is currently licensed to Mechdyne Corporation, the parent company of Fakespace Systems (Fakespace Systems acquired Pyramid Systems in 1999). Commercial systems based on the concept of the CAVE are available from a handful of manufacturers. The Electronic Visualization Laboratory (EVL) is a cross-disciplinary research lab at the University of Illinois at Chicago. ... The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) is a public, state-supported research university. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... SIGGRAPH 2005 official logo SIGGRAPH (short for Special Interest Group in Graphics) is the name of the annual conference on computer graphics convened by the ACM SIGGRAPH organization. ... A simulation is an imitation of some real device or state of affairs. ... Tom DeFanti is a computer graphics researcher and pioneer. ... Dan Sandin Daniel J. Sandin (born 1942) is a video and computer graphics artist/researcher. ... National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA Building, 1205 W. Clark St. ... Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one. ... Scientific- (or data-), and Information visualization are branches of computer graphics and user interface design that are concerned with presenting data to users, by means of interactive or animated digital images. ... The Bass Red Triangle, was the first trademark registered in Britain in 1876. ...

Technology

A lifelike visual display is created by projectors positioned outside the CAVE and controlled by physical movements from a user inside the CAVE. Stereoscopic LCD shutter glasses convey a 3D image. The computers rapidly generate a pair of images, one for each of the user's eyes. The glasses are synchronized with the projectors so that each eye only sees the correct image. Since the projectors are positioned outside of the cube, mirrors often reduce the distance required from the projectors to the screens. One or more computers, often SGI workstations, drive the projectors. Clusters of desktop PCs are popular to run CAVEs, because they cost less and run faster. A cluster can be harder to administer than a single SGI, however. Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional) imaging is a technique to create the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image, by presenting a slightly different image to each eye. ... LCD shutter glasses are glasses used in conjunction with computers to create the illusion of a three dimensional image, an example of stereoscopy. ... 3D computer graphics are different from 2D computer graphics in that a three-dimensional representation of geometric data is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ...

Software

Software and libraries designed specifically for CAVE applications are available. There are several techniques for rendering the scene. OpenGL is better for simpler simulations, not large scenes. There are 3 popular scene graphs in use today: OpenSG, OpenSceneGraph, and OpenGL Performer. OpenSG and OpenSceneGraph are open source, while OpenGL Performer is a commercial product from SGI. OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a standard specification defining a cross-language cross-platform API for writing applications that produce 3D computer graphics (and 2D computer graphics as well). ... // Introduction A scene-graph is a general data structure commonly used by vector-based graphics editing applications and modern computer games. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ...

VR Juggler is a suite of APIs designed to simplify the VR application development process. VR Juggler allows the programmer to write an application that will work with any VR display device, with any VR input devices, without changing any code or having to recompile the application. Juggler is used in over 100 CAVEs worldwide.

CoVE is a suite of APIs designed to enable the creation of reusable VR applications. CoVE provides programmers with an API to develop multi-user, multi-tasking, collaborative, cluster-ready applications with rich 2D interfaces using an immersive window manager and windowing API to provide windows, menus, buttons, and other common widgets within the VR system. CoVE also supports running X11 applications within the VR environment.

Equalizer is an open source rendering framework and resource management system for multipipe applications, ranging from single pipe workstations to VR installations. Equalizer provides an API to write parallel, scalable visualization applications which are configured at run-time by a resource server.

Syzygy is a freely-distributed grid operating system for PC Cluster Virtual Reality, Tele-Collaboration, and Multimedia Supercomputing, developed by the Integrated Systems Laboratory at the Beckman Institute of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This middleware runs on MacOS, Linux, Windows, and Irix. C++, OpenGL, and Python applications (as well as other regular computer apps) can run on this and be distributed for VR.

Developments in CAVE research

The biggest issue that researchers are faced with when it comes to the CAVE is size and cost. Researchers have realized this and have come up with a derivative of the CAVE system, called ImmersaDesk. With the ImmersaDesk, the user looks at one projection screen instead of being completely blocked out from the outside world, as is the case with the original CAVE. The idea behind the ImmersaDesk is that it is a single screen placed on a 45-degree angle so that the person using the machine has the opportunity to look forward and downward. The screen is 4’ X 5’, so it is wide enough to give the user the width that they need to obtain the proper 3-D experience. The 3-D images come out by using the same glasses as were used in the CAVE. This system uses sonic hand tracking and head tracking, so the system still uses a computer to process the users’ movements.

This system is much more affordable and practical than the original CAVE system for some obvious reasons. First, one does not need to create a “room inside of a room”. That is to say that one does not need to place the ImmersaDesk inside of a pitch-black room that is large enough to accommodate it. One needs one projector instead of four, and only one projection screen. One does not need a computer as expensive or with the same capabilities that are necessary with the original CAVE. Another thing that makes the ImmersaDesk attractive is the fact that since it was derived from the original CAVE, it is compatible with all of the CAVE’s software packages and also with all of the CAVE’s libraries and interfaces. [2]

Calibration

In order to be able to create an image that will not be distorted or out of place, calibration must take place in the CAVE before an image is projected. The things that are actually being calibrated here are the electromagnetic sensors. What will happen is a person will put on the special glasses needed to be able to see the images in 3-D. The projectors then fill the CAVE with many one-inch boxes that are set one foot apart. The person then takes an instrument called an “ultrasonic measurement device” which has a cursor in the middle of it, and positions the device so that the cursor is visually in line with the projected box. This process can go on until almost 400 different blocks are measured. Each time the cursor is placed inside of a block, a computer program records the location of that block and sends the location to another computer. If the points are calibrated accurately, there should be no distortion in the images that are projected in the CAVE. This also allows the CAVE to correctly identify where the user is located and can precisely track their movements, leading to the projectors being able to display images based on where the person walks inside of the CAVE. [3]

Applications

The concept of the original CAVE has been reapplied and is currently being used in a variety of fields. Many universities own CAVE systems.

CAVEs are used for many things. Many engineering companies use CAVEs to enhance product development. Prototypes of parts can be created and tested, interfaces can be developed, and factory layouts can be simulated, all before spending any money on physical parts. This gives engineers a better idea of how a part will behave in the entire product.

List (necessarily incomplete) of CAVEs at universities

• The 4-wall Cave [4] at UCL, London
• EVL at University of Illinois at Chicago
• The Virtual Reality Applications Center (VRAC) at Iowa State University is the home to a pair of CAVEs: a 4 walled CAVE and a 6 walled CAVE.
• Brown University also owns a CAVE. Students use the systems for a variety of purposes, including engineering, physics, chemical, psychological, biological, and geological research, as well as for art courses, tours of the human body, architecture study, meteorology and virtual archaeological excavations.
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has a CAVE, a 6-walled CUBE, and a 3-walled portable CANVAS. The CUBE is used for cognitive psychology research, geometry, urban planning data visualization, interdisciplinary communications courses. The CANVAS is used primarily for creating tools for artists to use in VR.
• Duke University has the DiVE, a 6-walled 'CAVE'.
• University of Linz has a 4-walled CAVE mainly used by the Inst. of Graphics and Parallel Processing (CAVE@GUP)
• Pennsylvania State University owns a 5 wall CAVE system and supports many fielded CAVE systems *around the country via their Applied Research Laboratory (ARL).
• University of Reading owns a CAVE which is used for several research projects including medical visualisation.
• Virginia Polytechnic Institute has a 4-walled CAVE
• United Arab Emirates University A 3-walled CAVE used in Architectural Education and Research. ([5])
• University of Calgary has a 4-walled CAVE
• SARA Computing and Networking services owns a CAVE.
• University of Groningen owns a CAVE.
• Macquarie University owns a CAVE.
• University of Southern Mississippi owns a CAVE, along with another at sister-site Stennis Space Center.
• University of California, Davis has a CAVE operated by the W. M. Keck Center for Active Visualization in Earth Sciences. (www.keckcaves.org)
• Wright State University has a 5-walled CAVE operated by the Department of Psychology ([6])
• University of Michigan owns a CAVE.
• Virtual Manufacturing Systems Laboratory (VMS), Department of Industrial Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand owns a PC-CAVE with 4 walls for FRONT-, LEFT-, RIGHT-, and FLOOR-screen. ( VMS@IE-CU)
• School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Seinäjoki University of applied sciences, VR laboratory, Seinäjoki, Finland has a 5-walled CAVE that is run with Silicon Graphics Onyx4 UltimateVision and PC-Cluster.
• University of Arizona has a 4-walled CAVE used for data and bio-medical visualization, 3D visual arts, and history projects. (AZ-LIVE)
• University of Caxias do Sul has a 4-walled CAVE used for general purpose visualization, as well 3D visual arts. Developed by New Technologies in Visual Arts Lab - (NTAV) (Artecno Group)
• Avans Hogeschool has a virtual CAVE that used to belong to SARA. It is used by the Academie voor ICT & Media faculty.
• The Politechnic University of Valencia has a cave also(here)
• The Arctic Region Supercomputing Center operates the Discovery Lab (a 4-walled CAVE) at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
• Cornell University maintains a 3-wall CAVE.
• The Vision psychophysics and perception laboratory at Université de Montréal has a 4-walled CAVE system. The CAVE system is used for vision research.
• The CAVE at the Art Institute of Chicago is a 1-wall cave with an integrated surround-sound system via OSC/Supercollider; also integrating WiiMote interface. Part of the Arts and Technologies Studies at the school.
• The Desert Research Institute's Reno, Nevada campus has a 4-wall CAVE.
• The Univerisity of Salford's Centre for Virtual Environments houses perhaps the world's largest collection of large Scale VR equipment, including CAVE, Reality Room, Workbench and Trace systems.
• The CAVE in the Ars Electronica Centre in Linz, Austria was the first to be installed outside the US. It, the CAVE at the ICC in Tokyo, and the CANVAS at Illinois, are open to the public.

The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) is a public, state-supported research university. ... The Virtual Reality Applications center at Iowa State University External links http://www. ... Fountain of Four Seasons by Christian Petersen with the Campanile in the background Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) is a public land-grant and space-grant university located in Ames, Iowa. ... Brown University is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island. ... The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), is the largest campus in the University of Illinois system. ... Duke University is a private coeducational research university located in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. ... Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU Linz, or just JKU -- the full German name is Johannes-Kepler-Universität Linz, the short version is Universität Linz, University of Linz in English; its Latin name is alma mater Kepleriana) is an institution of higher education in Linz, the capital of Upper... The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related, land-grant university. ... The University of Reading is a Red brick, campus university in the English town of Reading, UK. Established in 1892, receiving its Royal Charter in 1926, the University has a long tradition of research, education and training at a local, national and international level. ... This article or section should include material from Virginia Bioinformatics Institute. ... United Arab Emirates University is the largest of the three government-sponsored institutions of higher learning in the United Arab Emirates. ... The University of Calgary is a public university located in the north-western quadrant of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. ... Front of the main building (Academiegebouw) of the University of Groningen The University of Groningen (Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen or RUG) is a university in Groningen, Netherlands. ... Macquarie University is an Australian university located in Sydney. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The John C. Stennis Space Center (or SSC), located in Hancock County, Mississippi at the Mississippi/Louisiana border, is NASAs largest rocket engine test facility. ... The University of California, Davis, commonly known as UC Davis, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California, and was established as the University Farm in 1905. ... Wright State University is a public university in Ohio, U.S. The university uses Dayton as its postal address but the campus is actually completely within the city limits of Fairborn. ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (UM, U of M or U-M) is a coeducational public research university in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Industrial engineering is a branch in engineering that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, knowledge, equipment, energy, material and process. ... Chulalongkorn University is the oldest university in Thailand [1] and has long been considered one of the countrys most prestigious universities. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Panorama image of Seinäjoki, Finland Seinäjoki is a town located in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... The University of Arizona (UA or U of A) is a land-grant and space-grant public institution of higher education and research located in Tucson, Arizona, United States. ... Avans Hogeschool was founded on January 1, 2004 as a union of Hogeschool s-Hertogenbosch in s-Hertogenbosch, and Hogeschool Brabant in Tilburg, Breda and Etten-Leur. ... The Arctic Region Supercomputing Center (ARSC) is an educational program affiliated with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, run by Director Frank Williams and funded by the University of Alaska system as well as the United States Department of Defense. ... The University of Alaska Fairbanks is the Fairbanks branch of the University of Alaska System, and is abbreviated as UAF. UAF is a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant college, as well as the site at which the Alaska State Constitution was signed. ... Cornell University is a private university located in Ithaca, New York, USA. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and in Education City, Qatar. ... The Université de Montréal (UdeM) (translated into English commonly as (the) University of Montreal) is one of six universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... The Desert Research Institute (DRI) is the nonprofit research campus of the Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE), the organization that oversees all publicly-supported higher education in the U.S. state of Nevada. ...

External links

• The Visroom at Duke University
• The Cave at Penn State ARL
• The Cave at LSI in Universidade de Sao Paulo
• The Cave at NTAV in Universidade de Caxias do Sul - UCS - Brazil
• Electronic Visualization Lab homepage
• The Cave at NCSA
• Iowa State University's Virtual Reality Applications Center
• Brown University's Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Visualization
• Dave Pape's CAVE page (University of Illinois at Chicago)
• Technologyreview.com - Exploring The Cave
• Virtual Environment Enclosures
• The CAVE at ARS Electronica CENTER
• The CAVE at SARA
• The CAVE at University of Groningen
• The CAVE at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago
• Reading Visualization Centre (RVC)
• The Centre for Virtual Environments
• Newcastle University - Informatics Research Institute - Virtual Reality Suite
• Advanced Visualization Lab at Indiana University
• Virtual Reality Lab - Department of Architecture, United Arab Emirates University
• Image of a CAVE
• Image of ImmersaDesk
• HoloVis International - World's Highest Resolution CAVE Solutions
• Omnidirectional Treadmill
• Vision psychophysics and perception laboratory
• Barco V&AR immersive environments
• Visbox, Inc. - Affordable Multi-screen Immersive Displays

References

• The CAVE (CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment