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Encyclopedia > Cedar Revolution
Lebanon

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Cedar Revolution has become the most commonly used name for the chain of demonstrations and popular civic action in Lebanon (mainly Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on February 14, 2005. This page lists presidents of Lebanon. ... Émile Lahoud General Émile Geamil Lahoud (Arabic: اميل لحود, Armenian: Իմիլ Լահուտ) (born January 12, 1936) is the President of Lebanon. ... This page lists prime ministers of Lebanon. ... Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fouad Sanyoura, Fuad Siniora, Fouad Saniora, Fouad Seniora) (Arabic: ‎, Fuād As-Sanyūrah) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... This is the list of the Lebanese government that was formed by Fouad Siniora on 19 July 2005. ... Lebanese parliament building at Place dÉtoile in Beirut The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ... This page lists speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon. ... Political parties in Lebanon lists political parties in Lebanon. ... Elections in Lebanon gives information on election and election results in Lebanon. ... Lebanon is divided into 6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah). ... The 6 Governorates of Lebanon are divided into 25 Districts (Aqdya, singular - qadaa) -- or 26, counting the Governorate of Beirut which is not subdivided into districts. ... The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Beirut ( translit: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... Jack Ruby murdered the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner. ... Rafic Bahaa Edine Hariri — (November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005), (Arabic: ‎) a self-made billionaire and business tycoon, was the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on 20 October 2004. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


The primary goals of the original activists were the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon, the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination of Prime Minister Hariri, the resignation of security officials, and the organization of free parliamentary elections. The demonstrators requested the end of the Syrian influence in Lebanese politics. During the period of the first wave of demonstrations, Syria had been maintaining a force of roughly 14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents in Lebanon.[1] Following the demonstrations, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on April 27, 2005. The Pro-Syrian government was also disbanded, accomplishing the main goal of the revolution. (For background information on Syria's involvement in Lebanese politics, see the articles History of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War, and Syrian presence in Lebanon) See also: April 26, 2005 - April 2005 - April 28, 2005 April 27, 2005 was a Wednesday The U.S. House of Representatives votes 406-20 to rescind controversial Republican ethics rules, in order to end a stalemate in the evenly-divided Ethics Committee since their introduction in January. ... Map of Lebanon. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syrian Army LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The multi-sided Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire and was exacerbated by the nation... The Syrian presence in Lebanon, also known as the Syrian occupation of Lebanon, began in 1976 as a result of a Lebanese government invitation during Lebanons civil war, and ended in April 2005 in response to domestic and international pressure after the murder of former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafik...


The opposition has taken, as its symbol, the white and red scarf, and the pro-Hariri blue ribbon. Popular mottos of the movement were Horriyeh, Siyadeh, Istiqlal (Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence), and Haqiqa, Horriyeh, Wahdeh wataniyeh (Truth, Freedom, National unity). A motto (from Italian) is a phrase or a short list of words meant formally to describe the general motivation or intention of an entity, social group, or organization. ... Political freedom is the right, or the capacity, of self-determination as an expression of the individual will. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ... Common dictionary definitions of truth mention some form of accord with fact or reality. ...

Contents

Goals


History of Lebanon

Map of Lebanon. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 629 KB) Summary en: Baalbek, Lebanon - remaining 6 columns of the Temple of Jupiter sl: Baalbek, Lbanon - preostalih 6 stebrov Jupitrovega templja I took the photo myself Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this...

Ancient Lebanon
Arab rule
Lebanese Civil War
Cedar Revolution
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
2006 Lebanese Anti-Government Protest
Topics
Economic History
Military History

The main goal of the Cedar Revolution was the ending of the Syrian military occupation of Lebanon which had lasted about 30 years (since 1976). In addition, many Lebanese called for the return of former Prime Minister Michel Aoun, in exile since 1989, and the release of the imprisoned Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea as a goal of the revolution. Template:History of Lebanon The history of ancient Lebanon traces the course of events in what is now known as Lebanon from the beginning of history to the beginning of Arab rule. ... The history of Lebanon under Arab traces the course of human events in the section of the Middle East now known as Lebanon. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syrian Army LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The multi-sided Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire and was exacerbated by the nation... Combatants Hezbollah Amal LCP Islamic Courts Union[3]  Israel Commanders Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General of Hezbollah), veteran Fatah operative Imad Mughniyeh[4] Dan Halutz (CoS), Moshe Kaplinsky[12], Udi Adam (Regional) Strength 600-1,000 active fighters (of 3,000 - 5,000 available and 10,000 reservists) [5] 30,000... In November 13, 2006, two weeks before the Lebanese protest began, as a result of the failed prolonged national dialogue, five Cabinet Ministers of Hezbollah and Amal quit their positions. ... General Michel Aoun Michel Naim Aoun (ميشال عون) (born 17 February 1935 in Beirut) is a Lebanese military commander and politician. ... Samir Geagea (Arabic: سمير جعجع,also Samir Ja`ja`, born October 25, 1952) is leader of the ultra-right wing Lebanese Forces (LF) militia. ...


Some goals whose accomplishment is sometimes cited in order for the revolution to end include:

  • Uniting all Lebanese in their fight for freedom and independence
  • Ousting Karami's Pro-Syrian regime
  • Firing the six Lebanese commanders of the nation's main security services along with the State Prosecutor
  • Executing the complete withdrawal of the Syrian troops and their security services from Lebanon
  • Unmasking the killers of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri
  • Running free and democratic parliament elections in spring 2005 free from Syrian interference

Origins of the name

The name "Cedar Revolution" is a term that was coined by the U.S. Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Paula J. Dobriansky in a news conference,[2][3] and used to draw a comparison with the Rose Revolution of Georgia, the Orange Revolution of Ukraine, and the "Purple Revolution" (as described by George W. Bush) of Iraq. Paula J. Dobriansky The Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs is a position within the American Department of State that, according to the Department website, coordinates U.S. foreign relations on a variety of global issues, including democracy, human rights, and labor; environment, oceans, and science; population, refugees, and... Paula J. Dobriansky Dr. Paula J. Dobriansky (born September 14, 1955) is a neo-conservative politician, pundit, and author, and graduate of Georgetown Universitys Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and Harvard University. ... Mikheil Saakashvili and his supporters marched on the parliament carrying roses as a symbol of nonviolence The Rose Revolution (Georgian: ვარდების რევოლუცია) refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze. ... Orange-clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ... Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...


It is also known as Lebanon's Intifada-al-Istiqlal as well as Cedar Spring (Rabi' el Arz),[4] in reference to the prevailing season when protests first broke out, and also as an allusion to famous freedom and independence movements like the Prague Spring.[5] The names used by the local media, like the LBC and Future TV, to describe this event include Lebanon Independence (Istiqlal Lubnan), Lebanon Spring (Rabi' Lubnan), or just Independence 05. It is also sometimes called Arab Spring in reference to Prague Spring. People in a café watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar, Russian: пражская весна) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander Dubček came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... Future TV is a television station which was launched in Lebanon on February 15, 1993, and quickly became the nations fastest-growing station. ... People in a café watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar, Russian: пражская весна) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander Dubček came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the...


The word Cedar refers to a national emblem, the Lebanon Cedar, a tree featured on the flag of Lebanon. The term "cedars of Lebanon" occurs throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, "The trees of the LORD are well watered, the cedars of Lebanon that he planted." Isaiah 2:13 NIV. A national emblem symbolically represents a nation. ... Binomial name Cedrus libani A. Rich. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... Flag ratio: 2:3 The flag of Lebanon was adopted on December 7, 1943. ...


Main political parties involved in the revolution

In Alphabetical Order:


Democratic Left ((Yassar Dimoukrati) Democratic Left Movement Logo The Democratic Left Movement (DLM, Arabic, ĥarakatu-l-yasāri-d-dimuqrātī, Arabic acronym HYD), is a political party in Lebanon founded in September 2004. ...


Free Patriotic Movement (Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr) FPM logo The Free Patriotic Movement FPM (Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr), also known as the Aounist Current (Tayyar Al-Aouni), is a Lebanese political party, led by General Michel Aoun, a former commander of the Lebanese army who served as Prime Minister of one of two governments that contended...


Future Movement (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) The Current for the Future (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) is a political party in Lebanon, led by Saad Hariri, younger son of Rafik Hariri, the assassinated former prime minister of Lebanon. ...


Lebanese Forces (Ouwet el Lebneniye) Lebanese Forces (LF) (Arabic: القوات اللبنانية ) is a Lebanese party and a militia, which played a major role in the civil war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 till 1990. ...


Progressive Socialist Party(Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki) The Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (Arabic al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. ...


How it all started

On February 14, 2005, the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a car-bomb attack, which killed 21 and wounded nearly 100. Former Minister of Economy and Trade Bassel Fleihan later died as well from injuries sustained in the blast. This attack sparked huge demonstrations that seemed to unite large numbers of citizens from the usually fractured and sectarian Lebanese population. It was the second such incident in four months: former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh had survived a car bomb attack on October 1, 2004. February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rafic Bahaa Edine Hariri — (November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005), (Arabic: ‎) a self-made billionaire and business tycoon, was the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on 20 October 2004. ... Bassel Fleihan ( September 10, 1963 - April 18, 2005) was a Lebanese legislator and Minister of Economy and Commerce. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


Within hours of the assassination, Lebanese prosecutors issued warrants for the arrest of six Australian nationals who flew out of Beirut to Sydney, Australia three hours after the explosion claiming that seats occupied by the men had tested positive for traces of explosives, and that they were travelling without luggage. The Australian Federal Police interviewed ten individuals in Sydney upon the arrival of the flight, and found the men they questioned did have luggage. Although Sydney air port security sniffer dogs trained to find explosives did react to aircraft seats occupied by the men[6], test swabs taken from three of the men by the Australian Federal Police tested negative for explosives. Within 48 hours, the Australian Federal Police absolved the six of any involvement in the assassination, giving little credibility to claims of the Lebanese officials. Beirut ( translit: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the federal or Commonwealth police force of Australia. ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the federal or Commonwealth police force of Australia. ...


Despite the lack, to date, of any actual substantial evidence implicating any party or individual, the Syrian government has borne the brunt of Lebanese and international outrage at the murder, because of its extensive military and intelligence influence in Lebanon, as well as the public rift between Hariri and Damascus just before his last resignation on October 20, 2004. The day after Hariri's resignation, pro-Syrian former Prime Minister Omar Karami was appointed Prime Minister.[7] Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Omar Karami Omar Abdul Hamid Karami (last name also spelled Karamé) (born September 7, 1934) was the Prime Minister of Lebanon on two separate occasions. ...


Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, a recent adherent to the anti-Syrian opposition, emboldened by popular anger and civic action, alleged in the wake of the assassination that in August 2004 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad threatened Hariri, saying "[President of Lebanon] Lahoud is me. ... If you and Chirac want me out of Lebanon, I will break Lebanon."[8] He was quoted as saying "When I heard him telling us those words, I knew that it was his condemnation of death." The United States, the EU and the UN have stopped short of any accusations, choosing instead to demand a Syrian pullout from Lebanon and an open and international investigation of the Assassination. Jumblatt's comments are not without controversy; the BBC describes him as "being seen by many as the country's political weathervane" - consistently changing allegiances to emerge on the winning side of the issues de jour through the turmoil of the 1975-90 civil war and its troubled aftermath.[9] He was a supporter of Syria after the war but switched sides after the death of former Syrian president Hafez al-Assad in 2000. His account is quoted, but not confirmed, in the UN's FitzGerald Report. The report stops short of directly accusing Damascus or any other party, saying that only a further thorough international inquest can identify the culprit.[10] The Lebanese government has agreed to this inquiry, though calling for the full participation, not supremacy, of its own agencies and the respect of Lebanese sovereignty.[11] (See international reaction below.) Druze star The Druze or Druz (also known as Druse; Arabic: derzī or durzī درزي, pl. ... Walid Jumblatt (Arabic: وليد جنبلاط‎) (born August 7, 1949) is the current leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon and the most prominent leader of the Druze community. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: ‎, ) (born September 11, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ... Rafiq Bahaa Edine Hariri (born November, 1944) is a Lebanese billionaire businessman, and was Prime Minister of Lebanon until his resignation on October 20, 2004. ... This page lists presidents of Lebanon. ... Émile Lahoud General Émile Geamil Lahoud (Arabic: اميل لحود, Armenian: Իմիլ Լահուտ) (born January 12, 1936) is the President of Lebanon. ... Jacques René Chirac (born November 29, 1932 in Paris) is a French politician and the current President of the French Republic. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ‎) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria from 1971 to 2000. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: FitzGerald_Report The report The Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon inquiring into the causes, circumstances and consequences of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, 25 February - 24 March 2005, better known as the FitzGerald Report, is the outcome... Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ...


On February 21, 2005 tens of thousands of Lebanese protestors held a rally at the site of the assassination calling for an end of Syrian occupation and blaming Syria and the pro-Syrian president Emile Lahoud for the murder. In the subsequent weeks, nearly every Monday, a demonstration has been held at Beirut's Martyrs Square (also referred to by protestors as "Liberty Square"), in addition to the constant daily gathering of Lebanese there.[12] February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Émile Lahoud General Émile Geamil Lahoud (Arabic: اميل لحود) (born January 12, 1936) is the current President of Lebanon. ...


Similar demonstrations by Lebanese immigrants have also taken place in several cities across the world, including Sydney - Australia (where over 10 000 people demonstrated in the city), San Francisco, Paris, Düsseldorf, Montreal, and London. The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... Nickname: The City by the Bay; Fog City Location of the City and County of San Francisco, California Coordinates: Country United States of America State California City-County San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom Area    - City 122 km²  (47 sq mi)  - Land 121. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... Motto: Concordia Salus Coordinates: Country Canada Province Quebec Founded 1642 Established 1832 City Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area    - City 366. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and the largest city of England (strangely, England has no constitutional existence within the United Kingdom, and therefore cannot be said to have a capital). ...


Syria's rift with Hariri is believed to have stemmed from his opposition to the controversial Syrian-backed constitutional amendment that extended Lahoud's term as President.


Government resigns

Daily protests against the Syrian occupation attracted 25,000 people. While in the 1990s most anti-Syrian demonstrations were predominantly Christian and were put down by force, the new demonstrations were distinctly non-sectarian and the government had not, to date, responded with force or intimidation.[13] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Christianity. ...


On February 28 the government of pro-Syrian prime minister Omar Karami resigned, calling for a new election to take place. Karami said in his announcement: "I am keen the government will not be a hurdle in front of those who want the good for this country". The tens of thousands gathered at Beirut's Martyrs' Square cheered the announcement, then chanted "Karami has fallen, your turn will come, Lahoud, and yours, Bashar".[14] February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Omar Karami Omar Abdul Hamid Karami (last name also spelled Karamé) (born September 7, 1934) was the Prime Minister of Lebanon on two separate occasions. ...


Opposition MPs were not satisfied with only with Karami's resignation, and kept pressing for full Syrian withdrawal. Former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh, who survived a similar car bomb attack on October 1, 2004, said "I accuse this government of incitement, negligence and shortcomings at the least, and of covering up its planning at the most... if not executing".


On March 23, Michel Abu Arraj, the Lebanese magistrate responsible for the internal Lebanese investigation of the assassination asked to be excused, citing a heavy court schedule. The Judicial Council of Lebanon is expected to rule on his request shortly.[15] His resignation and the consequent need to replace him may result in a delay in the investigation. March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ...


International reaction

Hariri's murder triggered increased international pressure on Syria. In a joint statement, U.S. President George W. Bush and French president Jacques Chirac condemned the killing and called for full implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1559, which requires the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the disarming of the Hezbollah group thriving in southern Lebanon. The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Jacques René Chirac (born November 29, 1932 in Paris) is a French politician and the current President of the French Republic. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 calls on Syria to cease intervening in Lebanese internal politics, withdraw from Lebanon, and for the disbanding of all Lebanese militias (See: Hezbollah). ...


At one point there seemed to be confusion about the extent to which Syria was willing to withdraw from Lebanon. Arab League head Amr Moussa declared that Syrian president Assad promised him a phased withdrawal over a two-year period, but the Syrian Information Minister Mahdi Dakhlallah said that Moussa had misunderstood the Syrian leader. Dakhlallah said that Syria will merely move its troops to eastern Lebanon. Since then, Syria has declared that Resolution 1559 will be fully complied with, and in a matter of months rather than years. Flag of the League of Arab States The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية), is an organization of Arab states (compare Arab world). ... Amr Moussa Amr Moussa (Arabic: عمرو موسى, (born 1936) is an Egyptian diplomat and the current Arab League secretary-general, appointed in May 2001. ... Bashar al_Assad Bashar al_Assad (بشار الاسد) (born September 11, 1965) is the current President of Syria and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...


On March 15, upon hearing purportedly leaked information that the United Nations' special investigation may have found that the Lebanese authorities covered up evidence of the murder, Columnist Robert Fisk alleges that Hariri's two sons fled Lebanon, reportedly after being warned that they too were in danger of assassination.[16] March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... A columnist is a journalist who produces a specific form of writing for publication called a column. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and the Internet. ... Robert Fisk during a lecture at Carleton University, Canada, 2004 Robert Fisk (born 1946, Maidstone, Kent) is a British journalist, currently Middle East correspondent for the British newspaper The Independent. ... Rafic Bahaa Edine Hariri — (November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005), (Arabic: ‎) a self-made billionaire and business tycoon, was the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on 20 October 2004. ...


UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in response to a request by the Security Council, sent a team of Irish, Egyptian and Moroccan specialists, led by Ireland's deputy police commissioner, Peter FitzGerald, to investigate the assassination. Even before the FitzGerald Report was published, Annan has said a further, more comprehensive investigation may be necessary. FitzGerald thanked the Lebanese government for its cooperation before departing.[17] The report cites the Syrian presence in Lebanon as a factor contributing to the instability and polarization that preceded the assassination. The report also criticizes the Lebanese government and intelligence agencies for the handling of their own investigation into the affair, calling it flawed and inconclusive. The Lebanese government in turn has described the report as "alien to reality" and criticized the UN team for not seeking broader government participation in the investigation. The government has agreed to a further, more comprehensive international inquiry, but insisted that any future inquiry would have to work with the government. At a press conference on March 25, Lebanese Foreign Minister Mahmoud Hammoud said the inquiry would be expected to work within an established framework "in co-operation with the state".[11] Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat and the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations. ... The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the organ of the United Nations charged with maintaining peace and security among nations. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: FitzGerald_Report The report The Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon inquiring into the causes, circumstances and consequences of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, 25 February - 24 March 2005, better known as the FitzGerald Report, is the outcome... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... Mahmoud Hammoud (born 1935) is a Lebanese politician and diplomat. ...


Syrian reaction

On March 2, 2005, Syrian leader Bashar Assad announced that his troops would leave Lebanon completely "in the next few months". Responding to the announcement, opposition leader Walid Jumblatt said that he wanted to hear more specifics from Damascus about any withdrawal: "It's a nice gesture but 'next few months' is quite vague - we need a clear-cut timetable".[18] The closure and evacuation of most Syrian military and intelligence offices and checkpoints in and around the capital and elsewhere, along with substantial troop movements, may indicate concrete moves towards full withdrawal. No actual complete pullout has yet been certified by the UN, although U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice expressed cautious optimism on signs of some Syrian withdrawals. March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... Bashar al_Assad Bashar al_Assad (بشار الاسد) (born September 11, 1965) is the current President of Syria and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ... Walid Jumblatt (Arabic: وليد جنبلاط‎) (born August 7, 1949) is the current leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon and the most prominent leader of the Druze community. ... Seal of the United States Department of State. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ...


On March 3, Germany and Russia (Syria's Cold War ally) joined those calling for Syria to comply with Resolution 1559. German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder said: "Lebanon should be given an opportunity for sovereignty and development and this can only be achieved by complying with Security Council resolutions that stipulate immediate Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon."[19] March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ...   [] (born April 7, 1944), German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. ...


The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, stated that "Syria should withdraw from Lebanon, but we all have to make sure that this withdrawal does not violate the very fragile balance which we still have in Lebanon, which is a very difficult country ethnically."[20] Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov, in Russian Сергей Викторович Лавров, is the minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation. ...


On March 5 Syrian leader Assad declared in a televised speech that Syria would withdraw its forces to the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon, and then to the border between Syria and Lebanon. He did not provide a timetable for a complete withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon. March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). ... ...


On the weekend of April 9th and 10th, on the anniversary of the ignition of the Lebanese Civil war, the last remaining Syrian troops left Lebanon, ending their 30 year presence.[21] April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ...


Response from the Arab world

Arab states have also joined in with the withdrawal demands. As Al-Assad arrived in Saudi Arabia for emergency consultation with Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdel-Aziz, Assad was told in no uncertain terms that Syria must comply with UN Security Council demands immediately. It was reported by the opposition Lebanese newspaper The Daily Star that Assad offered to remove most of the 15,000 troops Syria has stationed in Lebanon during the talks, but insisted on leaving a force of 3,000 in the country.[22] This has not been independently corroborated. King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud (Arabic: عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود, born 1924) [1] is the King of Saudi Arabia. ...


The annual Arab summit, which took place on March 23 in Algeria, did not ask Syria to withdraw, which would have given the pullback an Arab endorsement as envisaged in the 1989 Taif Agreement rather than making it dependent on Resolution 1559. Algerian Foreign Minister Abdel-Aziz Belkhadem discussed the consensus ahead of the summit, stating that "we all agreed to demand the implementation of the Taif Accord with respect to international legitimacy". Controversially, the crisis in Lebanon was not included on the agenda for the summit,[23] which almost half of the Arab leaders did not attend. The Taif Agreement was negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia by the surviving members of Lebanons 1972 parliament, presided by Speaker of the House President Hussein El-Husseini. ...


Pro-Syrian demonstration

Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah called for a "massive popular gathering" on March 8 supporting Syria and accusing Israel and the United States of meddling in internal affairs. Nasrallah also criticized UN Resolution 1559 saying "The resistance will not give up its arms ... because Lebanon needs the resistance to defend it", and added "all the articles of U.N. resolution give free services to the Israeli enemy who should have been made accountable for his crimes and now finds that he is being rewarded for his crimes and achieves all its demands."[24] Hezbollah[1] (Arabic: ‎ ,[2] meaning party of God) is a Shia Islamist militant and political organization based in Lebanon. ... Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah (Arabic: ‎) (b. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). ...


This Beirut rally called by Hizbollah dwarfed the earlier anti-Syrian events; CNN noted some news agencies estimated the crowd at 200,000,[25] the Associated Press news agency estimated that there were more than 500,000 pro-Syrian protestors, while the New York Times and Los Angeles Times simply estimated "hundreds of thousands".[26][27] Al Jazeera reported a figure of 1.5 million. The predominantly Shi'ite protestors held pictures of Syrian President Bashar Assad and placards reading, in English, "No for the American Intervention". A couple of anti-syrian media sources noted that it was likely that many of Lebanon's approximately 500,000 Syrian guest workers participated in the rally.[28][29] In addition to demonstrating the extent of popular support for Syria in Lebanon, the demonstration reiterated Hezbollah's rejection of Resolution 1559, whose call for the disbanding of all Lebanese militias threatens the continued existence of its military wing, the force widely credited for the liberation of south Lebanon. Nasrallah also held demonstrations in Tripoli and Nabatiyé on 11 and 13 March. The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... Bashar al_Assad Bashar al_Assad (بشار الاسد) (born September 11, 1965) is the current President of Syria and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...


10 days after his resignation, Omar Karami was reappointed Prime Minister and called on the opposition to participate in government until the elections slated for April 2005.


On March 13, tens of thousands protested in the southern city of Nabatiyé in support of Syria and opposition to UNSCR 1559, according to reports. The Tripoli protests were cancelled. March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ...


Resurgent counter-demonstrations

On March 14, the one-month anniversary of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, hundreds of thousands of Lebanese, mainly Christians and Druze, rallied in central Beirut on Monday chanting "Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence" and carrying a huge Lebanese flag. They flocked from throughout the country, many unable to even enter the city due to heavy traffic. The peaceful rally was considered to be "the largest demonstration ever seen in Lebanon",[30] with estimations of a turnout ranging from 800,000 to more than one million; the international news media also estimated that it was considerably larger than the earlier pro-Syrian rally. The demonstration was called by the different factions of the anti-Syrian opposition (including the Hariri family and other groupings) and was trumpeted by the different private media, namely Future TV, a private enterprise that is part of the huge media empire controlled by Hariri's family and the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation LBCI, generally aligned with the Lebanese Forces christian party. March 14 is the 73rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (74th in leap years) with 292 days remaining in the year. ... Rafic Bahaa Edine Hariri — (November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005), (Arabic: ‎) a self-made billionaire and business tycoon, was the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on 20 October 2004. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Christianity. ... Druze star The Druze or Druz (also known as Druse; Arabic: derzī or durzī درزي, pl. ...


The demonstration occurred in Martyrs' Square, the site of Hariri's grave and a center of the newly reconstructed city rebuilt in large part through Hariri's efforts. During the Lebanese civil war, factional infighting between the groups united in Martyrs' Square had turned the area into an impassable moonscape.


The Lebanese protestors demanded an international inquiry into Hariri's murder, the firing of Syrian-backed security chiefs in the Lebanese government, and a total Syrian pullout from Lebanon.[31][32]


Events following March 14, 2005

  • At about midnight on Saturday, March 19, 2005, a blast shook the northern suburb of New Jdeideh, a part-residential, part-commercial area, injuring 11 people.
  • Early on Wednesday morning, March 23, 2005, a bomb tore through a shopping center in Kaslik, near the port of Jounieh, approximately 10 miles (15km) north of Beirut, killing an unidentified person and two Indian workers, and injuring one Lebanese. The bomb collapsed the roof of the center and shattered shop windows. The area is considered the heartland of the Christian, anti-Syrian opposition. President Emile Lahoud has ordered an investigation. He said the attack sought to propel Lebanon into "chaos and fear" and he renewed calls for discussions between opposition and government/loyalist politicians "as the only means to break the current deadlock and bridge all differences". The opposition has blamed Damascus supporters for recent violence, saying they are keen to stir unrest to justify the presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon. "It is clear that those who carried out this attack are targeting the security and stability of the country," opposition lawmaker Faris Bouez told reporters at the scene.
  • On Sunday night, March 27, 2005, a large bomb exploded in a mostly Christian suburb of Beirut, causing extensive damage and killing two Indian citizens who were working in the area and injuring eight other people. The United States condemned the latest attack, and called for improved security measures. The blast caused panic throughout Beirut, with mounting concerns of deteriorating stability. Pro-Syrian terrorist groups are suspected of undermining the country's stability to discourage the withdrawal of Syrian troops, although no persons or groups have yet been identified as suspects.
  • On Thursday, March 31, 2005, a group of 70 opposition MPs met to demand that a neutral administration be in place to oversee the planned May 31 elections. In a statement, they said "The authorities are working to sabotage elections in a dangerous bid to prolong the mandate of the current parliament," the opposition said in a statement. The opposition blames the head of state Emile Lahoud, parliament speaker Nabih Berri and parliament for this situation, and calls for them to meet their obligations without delaying tactics." This was in response to the postponement of Prime Minister Omar Karami's official stepping down, which was meant to have taken place on April 5, and is now postponed until at least April 8. Karami was forced to step down again after being reappointed because he failed to prevail on members of the opposition to join a national unity government.[33]
  • On Monday, April 18, 2005, Former Minister of Economy and Trade Bassel Fleihan died in Paris, finally succumbing to injuries sustained in the February 14th blast. Fleihan was sitting beside Hariri when the explosion occurred; although his survival was heralded as a miracle, he suffered severe burns over 95% of his body. Fleihan is the second major public figure to have been killed by the bombing.
  • May 6, 2005, Twenty-two people were wounded in the attack in Jounieh and five of them are still hospitalised reports AFP, No one was killed in the explosion, contrary to the early reports that emerged after the attack.
  • June 2, 2005, After a long period without attacks, a car bomb in a mostly Christian neighborhood of Beirut kills Samir Kassir, a prominent Anti-Syrian journalist who wrote for the An-Nahar newspaper. Samir Kassir was also one of the founders of the Democratic Left Movement.[34]

March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jounieh (Arabic جونيه) is a Mediterranean coastal city about 15 kilometers north of Beirut, Lebanon. ... Émile Lahoud General Émile Geamil Lahoud (Arabic: اميل لحود) (born January 12, 1936) is the current President of Lebanon. ... Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... Émile Lahoud General Émile Geamil Lahoud (Arabic: اميل لحود) (born January 12, 1936) is the current President of Lebanon. ... Nabih Berri Nabih Berri (born January 28, 1938) is the speaker of the Lebanese National Assembly. ... Omar Karami Omar Abdul Hamid Karami (last name also spelled Karamé) (born September 7, 1934) was the Prime Minister of Lebanon on two separate occasions. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... April 18 is the 108th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (109th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bassel Fleihan ( September 10, 1963 - April 18, 2005) was a Lebanese legislator and Minister of Economy and Commerce. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jounieh (Arabic جونيه) is a Mediterranean coastal city about 15 kilometers north of Beirut, Lebanon. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Democratic Left Movement Logo The Democratic Left Movement (DLM, Arabic, Ä¥arakatu-l-yasāri-d-dimuqrātÄ«, Arabic acronym HYD), is a political party in Lebanon founded in September 2004. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Samir Kassir Samir Kassir (سمير قصير in Arabic) (May 5, 1960 – June 2, 2005), was a university professor, journalist and historian born to a Lebanese Palestinian father and a Syrian mother. ...

Withdrawal of Syrian troops

On April 26, 2005 international news agencies and the UN reported the last Syrian troops and intelligence agents had crossed the border in withdrawal from Lebanon. The Syrian government officially notified the United Nations that it had withdrawn its troops in line with UN Security Council Resolution 1559, adopted in September of 2004. In a letter to the UN, Syrian Foreign Minister Farouq al-Shara said his country "would like to officially inform you that the Syrian Arab forces stationed in Lebanon, at the request of Lebanon and under an Arab mandate, have fully withdrawn all their military, security apparatus and assets." On April 27, 2005,[36] the Lebanese People celebrated for the first time their first FREE-FROM-SYRIA day.[37] Also on April 27, 2005, the Washington Post reported that "Syria has not withdrawn a significant part of its intelligence presence in Lebanon, undermining its claim yesterday to have ended its 29-year intervention in its western neighbor, U.S., European and U.N. officials said."[38] This claim was reiterated by US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice on May 25.[39] April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 calls on Syria to cease intervening in Lebanese internal politics, withdraw from Lebanon, and for the disbanding of all Lebanese militias (See: Hezbollah). ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ...


Additional violent repercussions

In addition to the car-bombs listed above that have gone off all over Lebanon, many Syrian workers have also been killed or wounded. According to Amnesty International, tens of Syrian workers have been killed and scores of others beaten, shot, threatened or robbed in Lebanon since the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri on 14 February 2005. Lebanese assailants set fire to tents and other temporary housing of Syrian workers.


Wave of democracy?

Both participants and observers of the Cedar Revolution demonstrations have asked if the movement was influenced by recent local and regional events supporting democracy. Recent elections in Afghanistan, Iraq, and by the Palestinian Authority, a recent announcement that Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak will allow multiparty elections, and recent limited municipal elections in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, may have provided examples of movement toward democratic governance. Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt remarked to a reporter of the Washington Post, "It's strange for me to say it, but this process of change has started because of the American invasion of Iraq. I was cynical about Iraq. But when I saw the Iraqi people voting three weeks ago, 8 million of them, it was the start of a new Arab world". In this sense, the Cedar Revolution may also prove to be a dividend of the Bush administration's global war on terror. The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ... Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : محمد حسنى سيد مبارك ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... Orange-clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ... Walid Jumblatt (Arabic: وليد جنبلاط‎) (born August 7, 1949) is the current leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon and the most prominent leader of the Druze community. ... ... // Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The war on terrorism or war on terror (abbreviated in U.S. policy circles as GWOT for Global War on Terror) is an effort by the governments of the United States and its principal allies to destroy groups deemed to be terrorist (primarily radical Islamist organizations such as al-Qaeda...


Other views maintain that Lebanese anger against perceived Syrian hegemony had been simmering for decades, and the assassination of a popular leader was the spark that gave birth to the movement, independently of foreign and regional developments. Lebanese opposition leader and newspaper columnist Samir Kassir, for example, wrote that "democracy is spreading in the region not because of George Bush but despite him." He gave far more credit to the Palestinian uprising as an inspiration to Lebanese activists.[40] Samir Kassir Samir Kassir (سمير قصير in Arabic) (May 5, 1960 – June 2, 2005), was a university professor, journalist and historian born to a Lebanese Palestinian father and a Syrian mother. ...


Others caution that very little has actually changed, apart from the mainly "cosmetic" disappearance of Syrian Soldiers from their presence on the outskirts of Lebanese cities, and that Syrian control of Lebanese foreign affairs and trade may yet endure. Some critics argue that the rush to celebrate a supposed 'Revolution' was far too premature.[41]


When Omar Karami failed to form a government, he resigned for good on April 13, 2005, and elections were called for the period of May 29 through June 19, 2005. Saad al-Hariri formed an anti-Syrian bloc that, ultimately, won 72 of the 128 available seats in the unicameral National Assembly. April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 2005 Lebanese General Elections were the first elections in thirty years without a Syrian military or intelligence presence in Lebanon. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Assembly of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ...


Following Israel's air strikes on Lebanon in July 2006, the position of the United States was under scrutiny with regard to its professed strong support for the Siniora Government which eventually emerged from the so-called Cedar Revolution. The US, while having engaged in dialogue with the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, reproached Syria for its contacts with Hezbollah, while expecting Syria to use its good offices to rein in Hezbollah, but refusing in turn to rein in Israel. This underlined the fragility of the Siniora Government. Some would argue that the US's passivity vis-a-vis Israel in July 2006 demonstrated the limited extent of its commitment to the survival of the Siniora Government. It is arguable also that failure to support Siniora by diplomatically restraining Israel could create a vacuum into which the Syrian influence, which the US professes to wish to counter, could re-emerge. Others, including the Neo-Conservatives particularly identified with US support for the so-called Cedar Revolution, would argue that the US's role in Lebanon is wholly benign. This is the list of the Lebanese government that was formed by Fouad Siniora on 19 July 2005. ... Muslim Brotherhood symbol. ... Hezbollah[1] (Arabic: ‎ ,[2] meaning party of God) is a Shia Islamist militant and political organization based in Lebanon. ... Hezbollah[1] (Arabic: ‎ ,[2] meaning party of God) is a Shia Islamist militant and political organization based in Lebanon. ... This is the list of the Lebanese government that was formed by Fouad Siniora on 19 July 2005. ... Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fouad Sanyoura, Fuad Siniora, Fouad Saniora, Fouad Seniora) (Arabic: ‎, Fuād As-Sanyūrah) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... Neoconservatism describes several distinct political ideologies which are considered new forms of conservatism. ...


See also

Wikinews has news related to:
  • 2005 Lebanon bombings
  • Color revolutions - as a series of related movements
  • Kurt Schock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies, University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

Image File history File links Wikinews-logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The 2005 Lebanon bombings were a series of bombings that occurred mainly in Beirut, Lebanon and its suburbs. ... Colour revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that developed in post-communist societies in Central and Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere including some places in the Middle East. ...

References

  1. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4322477.stm
  2. ^ http://www.state.gov/g/rls/rm/2005/42793.htm
  3. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A1911-2005Mar2.html
  4. ^ http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-3-2005_pg3_6
  5. ^ http://world.mediamonitors.net/headlines/as_the_globe_spins_coverage_of_lebanons_demonstrations_doesnt_tell_whole_story
  6. ^ AM (2005). "Lebanon Asks AFP to Investigate Assassination of PM". Retrieved November 2, 2006.
  7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3763120.stm
  8. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/international/middleeast/20lebanon.html?ei=5094&en=441b692d8c0ef46a&hp=&ex=1111294800&partner=homepage&pagewanted=all&position=
  9. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4348129.stm
  10. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/25/international/middleeast/25hariri.html?pagewanted=all&position=
  11. ^ a b http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4383321.stm
  12. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4283543.stm
  13. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315223.stm
  14. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4305927.stm
  15. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4375835.stm
  16. ^ http://news.independent.co.uk/world/fisk/story.jsp?story=619657
  17. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4375325.stm
  18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4310699.stm
  19. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=13156
  20. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315107.stm
  21. ^ http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,12813616%255E2703,00.html
  22. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=13156
  23. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4376599.stm
  24. ^ http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&ncid=721&e=1&u=/nm/20050306/wl_nm/lebanon_hizbollah_dc
  25. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/03/08/lebanon.syria/index.html
  26. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/08/international/middleeast/08cnd-beirut.html
  27. ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=7326
  28. ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20050309-120527-4599r.htm
  29. ^ http://www.cjrdaily.org/archives/001370.asp
  30. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/14/international/middleeast/14cnd-beir.html?hp&ex=1110862800&en=87531eefaf13446e&ei=5094&partner=homepage
  31. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/international/international-lebanon.html
  32. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33571-2005Mar14.html?nav=headlines
  33. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4398385.stm
  34. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/06/02/beirut.blast/index.html
  35. ^ http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2005/06/vigil_held_to_h.php
  36. ^ http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Press/PR04.htm
  37. ^ http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Exclusives/PostLiberation.htm
  38. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/26/AR2005042601264.html
  39. ^ http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Cedar-Revolution-moves-towards-free-democracy/2005/05/27/1117129897892.html?oneclick=true
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  41. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=14143

External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
World Wide Words: Cedar revolution (270 words)
The earliest of this set was velvet revolution, referring to a non-violent political revolution, especially the events leading to the end of communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989.
We have recently had, among others, the rose revolution in Georgia in 2003, the orange revolution and chestnut revolution, both in Ukraine in 2004, and, briefly, the purple revolution, which referred to Iraqis who raised their purple-stained fingers to show that they had voted in their country’s recent election.
Cedar revolution refers to opposition to the Syrian presence in Lebanon; it appeared in early March 2005 in the US State Department’s publication Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2004, in reference to the famous Biblical cedars of Lebanon, which are also featured on that country’s flag.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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