Epithelial cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green)

Cell culture is the term applied when growing cells in a synthetic environment. Strictly speaking, this can apply to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, though in practice cell culture has come to refer to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells. Culture conditions (for example growth media, pH, temperature) vary widely for each cell type, and variation of conditions for a particular cell type can result in different phenotypes being expressed. This article is concerned with modern culture methods.^[1] Cultured MDCK epithelial cells were stained for keratin, desmoplakin, and DNA. The stained cells were visualized by scanning laser confocal microscopy. ... Cultured MDCK epithelial cells were stained for keratin, desmoplakin, and DNA. The stained cells were visualized by scanning laser confocal microscopy. ... In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ... Stain has several possible meanings: A stain can be an unwanted localized discoloration, often in fabrics or textiles. ... Micrograph of stained α-keratin from mouse liver Keratins are fibrous structural proteins; tough and insoluble, they form the hard but nonmineralized structures found in reptiles, birds and mammals (vertebrates), and also the silk of insects and spiders (invertebrates). ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). ... Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the building blocks of life. ... Generally, synthetic means pertaining to synthesis, i. ... Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista A eukaryote (also spelled eucaryote) is an organism with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anenomes) Placozoa (trichoplax) Subregnum Bilateria (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Orthonectida (flatworms, echinoderms, etc. ... Growth media are used to grow microorganisms or cells in culture. ... The correct title of this article is pH. The initial letter is capitalized due to technical restrictions. ... Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ... The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ...

Concepts

A cell line is a grown and maintained in the favourable conditions (e.g. 37°C, 5% CO₂). culture of cells that grow and replicate continuously. All cell lines originate from cell cultures with a limited lifetime, but occasionally some cells keep on multiplying because they mutated. These cells can be cultured infintely. The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... In biology, a culture refers to a growth of bacteria or other microorganisms which is grown in a laboratory. ... Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the building blocks of life. ...

Sometimes, it is possible to fuse normal cells with an immortal cell line. An example is the way monoclonal antibodies are made: Lymphocytes isolated from the blood of an immunised animal are combined with hybridoma cell lines in a selective growth medium: only the fused cells survive. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ... This article has been identified as possibly containing errors. ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ...

Cell culture methods can be applied to either free-living organisms, such as bacteria or eukarytotic microorganisms, or to cells removed from a multi-cellular tissue. Related to cell culture are tissue culture and organ culture, which refer to methods for growing pieces of tissue or entire organs removed from an organism in an artificial environment.^[2] The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. A tissue culture is the growth of cells (tissue) separate from the organism. ... Organ culture is a development from tissue culture methods of research, the organ culture is able to accurately model functions of an organ in various states and conditions by the use of the actual in vitro organ itself. ... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) A virus is a microscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. ...

Cells can be cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly: growth medium is then replaced and the cells are diluted (after first detaching them by trypsin of NaOH from the support). The key to success in culturing cells is to mimic the environment in which they found themselves before being transplanted to an artificial environment. // Chemistry and Function The enzyme trypsin cleaves proteins at the carboxyl side (or C-terminus) of the basic amino acids lysine and arginine except when these two residues are followed by proline. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye in North America, is a caustic metallic base used in industry (mostly as a strong chemical base) in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents. ...

• Some cells naturally live without attaching to a surface, such as cells that exist in the bloodstream. Others require a surface, such as most cells derived from solid tissues. Still others can live under either condition and exhibit different phenotypes depending on whether or not they are attached to a surface, such as yeast and many types of bacteria. Also, the substrate might or might not provide nutrients to the cells. In the case of most cells derived from tissues, nutrients are provided by a liquid broth that bathes cells attached to a surface.^[3] For bacteria and yeast, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, something like stiff nutritious Jello, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth.

A variety of pre-packaged gelatin dessert products for sale at a supermarket in the U.S. state of Wisconsin in 2004 Jelly, as sold in UK By far the most popular use for gelatin products is as gelatin dessert, in the United Kingdom and Australia gelatin desserts are referred...

Examples

• the National Cancer Institute's 60 cancer cell lines
• HeLa human cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks
• zebrafish ZF4 and AB9 cells.
• Madin-Darby Canine Kidney MDCK epithelial cell line
• Chinese Hamster Ovary CHO cells
• Insect cell line Sf21
• MCF-7 (breast cancer)
• MDA-MB-438 (breast cancer)
• U87 (glioblastoma)
• A172 (glioma)
• HeLa (cervical cancer)
• HL60 (promyelocytic leukemia)
• A549 (lung cancer)

Some rat tumor cell lines: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the United States federal governments principal agency for cancer research and training, and the first institute of the present-day National Institutes of Health. ... When normal cells are damaged beyond repair, they are eliminated by apoptosis. ... HeLa cells dividing under electron microscopy Hela is also the German name for Hel, Poland and the cruiser SMS Hela In biological and medical research, a HeLa cell is a cell which is derived from cervical cancer cells taken from a woman named Henrietta Lacks, who died from the cancer... [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{{diversity}}} Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Trinomial name {{{trinomial}}} Type Species {{{type_species}}} Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens [[Image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|]] Synonyms {{{synonyms}}} Homo (genus). ... Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951) HeLa cells Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951) was the involuntary donor of cells from a cancerous tumor, which were cultured by George Gey to create a cell line for medical research, which is now known as the HeLa cell line. ... The name zebrafish applies to several different kinds of fish with striped bodies considered to resemble a zebra: Brachydanio rerio, also called Danio rerio or the Zebra Danio, is a commonly used model organism in studies of biological development. ... Zebrafish AB9 cells, a primary fibroblast cell line developed from fin tissue of the AB strain. ... Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ... Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ... Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO cells) are often used in biological and medical research. ... Classes & Orders Subclass: Apterygota Orders Archaeognatha (Bristletails) Thysanura (Silverfish) Monura - extinct Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Paleoptera (paraphyletic) Orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Protodonata - extinct Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Infraclass: Neoptera Orders Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Protorthoptera - extinct Orthoptera (grasshoppers... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... U87 is a human glioblastoma cell line. ... A glioma is a type of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor that arises from glial cells. ... A glioma is a type of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor that arises from glial cells. ... HeLa cells dividing under electron microscopy Hela is also the German name for Hel, Poland and the cruiser SMS Hela In biological and medical research, a HeLa cell is a cell which is derived from cervical cancer cells taken from a woman named Henrietta Lacks, who died from the cancer... Cervical cancer is a malignancy of the cervix. ... Leukemia (leukaemia in Commonwealth English) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells (leukocytes). ... The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. ...

• GH3 (pituitary tumor)
• 9L (glioblastoma)

Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland, and account for about 10% of intracranial neoplasms. ... A glioma is a type of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor that arises from glial cells. ...

Products from animal cell culture

Important products from animal cell cultures are enzymes, hormones, vaccines, immunobiologicals (monoclonal antibodies, interleukins and lymphokines), anticancer agents, etc. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ...

See also

• Tissue culture
• Organ culture
• Plant tissue culture

A tissue culture is the growth of cells (tissue) separate from the organism. ... Organ culture is a development from tissue culture methods of research, the organ culture is able to accurately model functions of an organ in various states and conditions by the use of the actual in vitro organ itself. ... Plant tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clones of a plant. ...

References and notes

1. ^  At present, this article is biased toward the culture of mammalian cells.
2. ^  "Tissue culture" has lost much of its original meaning in that it is now used generically for cell culture of mammalian cells or more broadly any cell type removed from a multicellular organism; however, when used without a qualifier it is usually interpreted as meaning mammalian cell culture. Ultimately, all cell culture applied to cells from multicellular organisms starts with the removal of cells from a tissue, which is likely where the blurring of the distinction between "tissue culture" and "cell culture" derives.
3. ^  There are cells that require an "air-liquid interface" to grow properly; in this case the cells are often grown on a "raft" of organic material that floats on the surface of a nutrient broth and acts like a wet sponge, feeding the cells from underneath while their tops are exposed to the air.

External links

• http://www.atcc.org/

• http://www.nccs.res.in/ The National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc.