NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cellular Jail

The Cellular Jail (also known as Kaala paani, literally 'Black water', a term for the deep sea and hence exile) situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) was completed in 1906. The prison was known to house many notable Indian activists during the struggle for India's independence. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 938 KB)Cellular Jail, One of the seven wings Photograph made on own File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Port Blair is the largest town in the Andaman Islands and the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India. ... Andaman could mean: Andaman Islands Andaman Sea The book The Andaman Islanders by Alfred Radcliffe-Brown. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... ISO 4217 Code INR User(s) India Inflation rate 4. ... This article or section may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer or more simplified. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

History

Though the actual prison was started only in 1896, the history of using the Andaman island as a prison dates back to the Indian rebellion of 1857. 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from a strictly British perspective. ...

Shortly after the rebellion was crushed, 200 Sepoy Mutineers were transported to the islands under the custody of Major James Pattison Walker. More prisoners arrived from India and Burma as the settlement grew.^[2] An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from the British perspective. ...

The remote islands were a suitable place to punish the mutineers. Not only were they isolated from the mainland, they would also serve to colonise the island for the British.

The independence movement had picked up momentum by the late 19th century. As a result, the number of prisoners being sent to Andamans started growing and a need for a high-security prison was felt.

Architecture

The original building was a puce-colored brick building. The bricks used to build the building were brought from Burma, known today as Myanmar. Puce (noun, ) is generally considered to be dark red to brownish-purple. ...

The building had seven wings at the centre of which, a central tower served as the fulcrum and was used by guards to keep watch on the inmates. The wings forked out of the tower in straight lines, much like the spokes of a bicycle wheel. A large bell was kept in the tower to raise an alarm in any eventuality. Look up Fulcrum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Fulcrum may refer to one of the following. ... Guards is an honorific title given to Red Army (Soviet Army) and Red Navy units who performed heroically during the Great Patriotic War (World War II). ... A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. ...

Each of the seven wings had three stories upon completion. There were no dormitories and a total of 698 cells. Each cell was 4.5 metres x 2.7 metres in size with a ventilator located at a height of three metres.^[3] The name, cellular jail, was derived due to this solitary formation of the cells that prevented any prisoner from communicating with each other.^[4] metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation) A metre or meter[1] (symbol: m) is a unit of length and the current base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). ...

Inmates

The need for a solitary confinement arose as political prisoners and revolutionaries were required to be isolated from the populace. The Andaman island served as the ideal setting for this.

Most prisoners of the Cellular Jail were independence activists. Some famous inmates of the Cellular Jail were Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Bhai Parmanand, Sohan Singh, Vaman Rao Joshi and Nand Gopal. This resource may be referred to for a more comprehensive list. Vinayak Damodar Sarvakar VinÄyak DÄmodar SÄvarkar (May 28, 1883 â€“ February 27, 1966), (Devanagari: à¤µà¤¿à¤¨à¤¾à¤¯à¤• à¤¦à¤¾à¤®à¥‹à¤¦à¤° à¤¸à¤¾à¤µà¤°à¤•à¤°) was an Indian revolutionary and Hindu nationalist political leader, who is credited with developing a Hindu nationalist political ideology he termed as Hindutva (Hinduness). ... Bhai Parmanand was a indian nationalist From a prominent family of the Punjab, descended from the family of the famous Sikh martyr, Bhai Mati Das. ...

After intervention by Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore and hunger strikes by the inmates, the government decided to reptratiate the political prisoners from the Cellular Jail in 1937-38.^[1] Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: àª®à«‹àª¹àª¨àª¦àª¾àª¸ àª•àª°àª®àªšàª‚àª¦ àª—àª¾àª‚àª§à«€; Hindi: à¤®à¥‹à¤¹à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¤¾à¤¸ à¤•à¤°à¤®à¤šà¤‚à¤¦ à¤—à¤¾à¤‚à¤§à¥€, Pronunciation: / / ) (October 2, 1869 â€“ January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. ... Rabindranath Tagore in Kolkata, c. ...

Japanese Occupation

The Empire of Japan invaded the Andaman islands in 1942 and drove the British out. The Cellular Jail now became home to British prisoners and those who sided with the British. During this period, Subhash Chandra Bose also visited the islands. Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Area 7. ... Subhash Chandra Bose, (Bangla: à¦¸à§à¦à¦¾à¦· à¦šà¦¨à§à¦¦à§à¦° à¦¬à¦¸à§ Shubhash ChÃ´ndro Boshu) (January 23, 1897 â€“ August 18, 1945?note), also known as Netaji, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian Independence Movement against the British Raj. ...

Two out of the seven wings of the Jail were demolished during the Japanese regime.

In 1945, the British reoccupied the islands after World War II ended. Combatants Allies: Soviet Union United Kingdom United States and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Franklin Roosevelt Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000...

Post Independence

Another two wings of the Jail were demolished after India achieved independence. This was however protested by several erstwhile prisoners and political leaders. The remaining three wings and the central tower were thus converted into a National Memorial in 1969. 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

Along with other parts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Cellular Jail was also heavily damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. ^[5] Animation of the tsunami caused by the earthquake (see also the full-length version) The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December 26, 2004. ...

The Centenary celebrations of the Jail were held on 10 March 2006 where many erstwhile prisoners were felicitated by the Government of India.^[6] March 10 is the 69th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (70th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Government of India (Hindi: Bharat Sarkar), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. ...

See also

Communist Consolidation was an Indian communist organisation, formed amongst prisoners at the Andaman Cellular Jail. ...

References

September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External link

Categories: Prisons in India | History of colonialism | Penal imprisonment | History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Revolutionary movement for Indian independence | Indian independence movement | British rule in India Image File history File links The flag of India used in 1931. ... Image File history File links Gandhi_Salt_March. ... The Indian independence movement consisted of efforts by India to obtain political independence from British, French and Portuguese rule; it involved a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and rebellions between 1857 and Indias independence on August 15, 1947. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3496x2418, 835 KB) en: Gandhi during the Salt March, March 1930. ... European settlements in India (1501-1739). ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India. ... The Battle of Plassey (Bengali: , PÃ¢lÄshÄ«r Juddha) was a battle that took place on June 23, 1757, on the banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... French India is highlighted in light blue on the subcontinent. ... Portuguese India (Port. ... Map of India. ... Self rule is the term used to described a people or group being able to exercise all of the necessary functions of power without intervention from any authority which they cannot themselves alter. ... Gandhism (or Gandhi-ism) is an informal reference to the vision, core inspirations, principles, beliefs and philosophy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian Independence Movement. ... Satyagraha is the philosophy of nonviolent resistance most famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj and also against apartheid in South Africa. ... Hindu nationalism is the political and cultural expression, histriographical and political theories of Indian nationalism distinctive to Hindu society in India, which asserts being Hindu as not merely a religious identity, but a national identity. ... Indian Muslim nationalism refers to the political and cultural expression of nationalism, founded upon the religious tenets and identity of Islam, of the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. ... Swadeshi is the Indian term for the boycott of British goods. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from a strictly British perspective. ... The Indian independence movement consisted of efforts by India to obtain political independence from British, French and Portuguese rule; it involved a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and rebellions between 1857 and Indias independence on August 15, 1947. ... Revolutionary movement for Indian independence is often a less-highlighted aspect of Indian independence movement - the underground revolutionary factions. ... The first Satyagraha revolutions inspired by Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian Independence Movement occurred in Kheda district of Gujarat and the Champaran district of Bihar between the years of 1918 and 1919. ... The Amritsar massacre The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden) in Amritsar, where, on April 13, 1919, British Indian Army soldiers opened fire on an unarmed gathering of men, women and children. ... The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first-ever series of nationwide peoples movements of nonviolent resistance, led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. ... The Indian Statutory Commission was a group of seven British Members of Parliament that had been dispatched to India in 1927 to study constitutional reform in that colony. ... The Nehru Report (1928) was a memorandum outlining a proposed new Dominion (see dominion status) constitution for India. ... The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War. ... Scenes on the eve of the Salt Satyagraha, Gandhis famous 240 mile march on foot to the sea at Dandi. ... 24. ... Sir Stafford Cripps Mission was an attempt in late March of 1942 by the British War Cabinet to secure Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. Led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, the majority Indian National Congress and its supporters were engaged in a program of... The Quit India Movement was a call for immediate independence for India issued by MK Gandhi on August 8, 1942. ... The Bombay Mutiny was the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay (Mumbai) harbour on 21 February 1946. ... The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War. ... The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by the Indians(mostly Punjabis, of the United States and Canada in June, 1913 with the aim to liberate India from British rule. ... Home Rule flag The Home Rule Movement was formed by Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak with the aim of seeking a Dominion status within the British Empire to the Indian Empire in 1917. ... The flag used by Indian National Army during World War II. The Indian National Army (I.N.A) or Azad Hind Fauj was an auxiliary force to the Imperial Japanese Army in its southern mainland campaign during the Second World War. ... Flag of the Provisional Government of Free India. ... Swaraj Party, a political party of colonial India, was organized in 1923 by Deshbandhu Chitaranjan Das (1870-1925) and Motilal Nehru (1861-1931), to participate in legislative councils. ... Anushilan Samiti was the principal secret revolutionary organisation operating in Bengal in the first quarter of the 20th century. ... For the Hindi movie of the same name, see The Rising (Indian film) Mangal Pandey (born (presumably): July 19, 1827, died: 8 April 1857), (Hindi: à¤®à¤‚à¤—à¤² à¤ªà¤¾à¤‚à¤¡à¥‡) also known as Shaheed Mangal Pandey (Shaheed means martyr in Arabic and Hindustani), was a sepoy (soldier) in the 34th Regiment of the Bengal Native... Rani Lakshmi Bai, the queen of Jhansi, a Maratha-ruled princely state of northern India, was one of the great nationalist heroes of the Revolt of 1857, and a symbol of resistance to British rule in India. ... Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856 - 1920), was an Indian nationalist, social reformer and freedom fighter who was the first popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. ... Gopal Krishna Gokhale (à¤—à¥‹à¤ªà¤¾à¤² à¤•à¥ƒà¤·à¥â€à¤£ à¤—à¥‹à¤–à¤²à¥‡) was born on May 9, 1866, in Kolhat, Maharashtra, and he became one of the most learned men in India, a leader of social and political reformists and one of the earliest, founding leaders of the Indian Independence Movement. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: àª®à«‹àª¹àª¨àª¦àª¾àª¸ àª•àª°àª®àªšàª‚àª¦ àª—àª¾àª‚àª§à«€; Hindi: à¤®à¥‹à¤¹à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¤¾à¤¸ à¤•à¤°à¤®à¤šà¤‚à¤¦ à¤—à¤¾à¤‚à¤§à¥€, Pronunciation: / / ) (October 2, 1869 â€“ January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. ... Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (October 31, 1875–December 15, 1950), popularly referred to as Sardar Patel, was an Indian statesman, an important leader of the Indian National Congress and the deputy Prime Minister in the first cabinet of Independent India. ... ... Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Bacha Khan) (1890 - January 20, 1988) was a Pathan political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition to British rule during the final years of the Empire on the Indian sub-continent. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (à¤œà¤µà¤¾à¤¹à¤°à¤²à¤¾à¤² à¤¨à¥‡à¤¹à¤°à¥‚, JavÄharlÄl NehrÅ«) (November 14, 1889 â€“ May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Scholar, Teacher) Nehru, was one of the most important leaders of the Indian Independence Movement and, as the head of the Indian National Congress, became the first Prime Minister of India when India won its... Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888 - August 1958) was a freedom fighter in Indias struggle for Independence from Britain. ... Chandrasekhar Azad (July 23, 1906 â€“ February 27, 1931) was a great Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary thinker. ... Rajaji Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (December 1878 - December 25, 1972), known as or Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian lawyer, writer, statesman and a Hindu spiritualist. ... Bhagat Singh (Punjabi: ) (September 27, 1907 â€“ March 23, 1931) was an Indian revolutionary, considered to be one of the most famous martyrs of the Indian freedom struggle. ... This article needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Sir James Outram Sir James Outram (January 29, 1803-March 11, 1863), English general, and one of the heroes of the Indian Mutiny, was the son of Benjamin Outram of Butterley Hall, Derbyshire, civil engineer. ... James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess and 10th Earl of Dalhousie (April 22, 1812–December 19, 1860) was a British statesman, and a colonial administrator in India. ... The Right Honourable Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (16 April 1881â€“23 December 1959), known as The Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and as The Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a British Conservative politician. ... Victor Alexander John Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow (24 September 1887 - 5 January 1952) was a British statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. ... Field Marshal The Right Honourable Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell (May 5, 1883 - May 24, 1950) GCB, GCSI, GCIE, CMG, MC, PC was a British Field Marshal and the commander of British Army forces in the Middle East during World War II. He led British forces to victory... The Right Honourable Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (April 24, 1889 - April 21, 1952), British Labour politician, was born in London, the son of a Conservative member of the House of Commons who late in life, as Lord Parmoor, joined the Labour Party. ... Admiral of the Fleet The Right Honourable Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, KStJ, OM, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, DSO, PC (25 June 1900 â€“ 27 August 1979) was a British admiral and statesman and an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ... The British Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership, providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations. ... 1. ... Britains holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Pakistan (including East Pakistan, modern-day Bangladesh). ... India under British Raj in 1922, prior to its partition and integration after independence. ...

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