NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Celtic art

Celtic art is art associated with various peoples known as Celts speaking the Celtic languages in Europe from pre-history through to the medieval period and beyond, as well as art of ancient peoples whose language is unknown but where cultural and stylistic similarities lead archaeologists to consider it probable that they were predecessors of those known to speak Celtic languages, and Celtic revival art from the 18th century to the modern era which began as a conscious effort by Modern Celts to express self-identification and nationalism. Download high resolution version (1024x1489, 224 KB)Muiredachs Cross Picture taken by Matteo Corti in August 2002. ... Download high resolution version (1024x1489, 224 KB)Muiredachs Cross Picture taken by Matteo Corti in August 2002. ... A Celtic cross. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ... European redirects here. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... This article concerns those peoples who consider themselves, or have been considered by others, to be Celts in modern times. ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology [1] that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. ...

Celtic art is ornamental, avoiding straight lines and only occasionally using symmetry, without the imitation of nature or ideal of beauty central to the classical tradition, but as far as we can understand it often involves complex symbolism. It includes a variety of styles and often incorporates subtly modified elements from other cultures, an example being the characteristic over-and-under interlacing which only arrived in the 6th century when it was already in use by Germanic artists. Classicism door in Olomouc, The Czech Republic Teatr Wielki in Warsaw Church La Madeleine in Paris Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicist seeks to emulate. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ...

There are three "traditions" of Celtic art, the first being the continental Iron age art mainly associated with La Tène culture which draws on native, classical and (perhaps via the Mediterranean) oriental sources. The second, Iron age art in Britain and Ireland, draws on the continental tradition while adding distinctive regional styles. The third, the Celtic "renaissance" of the early Middle Ages in Ireland and to a lesser extent in parts of Britain, borrows heavily from Roman motifs. This third tradition formed the basis for the relatively recent Celtic revival art. Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... The La TÃ¨ne culture was an Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La TÃ¨ne on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

Background

The ancient peoples now called "Celts" spoke a group of languages that had a common origin in the Indo-European language known as Common Celtic or Proto-Celtic. This shared linguistic origin was once widely accepted by scholars to indicate peoples with a common genetic origin in central Europe, who had spread their culture by emigration and invasion. Archaeologists identified various cultural traits of these peoples, including styles of art, and traced the culture to the earlier Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture. More recent studies have indicated that various Celtic groups do not all have shared ancestry, and have suggested a diffusion and spread of the culture without necessarily involving significant movement of peoples. A Celtic cross. ... The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age. ... The La TÃ¨ne culture was an Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La TÃ¨ne on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. ...

The term "Celt" was used in classical times as a synonym for the Gauls (Κελτοι, Celtae). Its English form is modern, attested from 1607. In the late 17th century the work of scholars such as Edward Lhuyd brought academic attention to the historic links between Gaulish and the Brythonic- and Goidelic-speaking peoples, from which point the term was applied not just to continental Celts but those in Britain and Ireland. Then in the 18th century the interest in "primitivism" which lead to the idea of the "noble savage" brought a wave of enthusiasm for all things Celtic and Druidic. The "Irish revival" came after the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829 as a conscious attempt to demonstrate an Irish national identity, and with its counterpart in other countries subsequently became the "Celtic revival". Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Events January 20 - Tidal wave swept along the Bristol Channel, killing 2000 people. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Edward Llwyd (also spelt Lhuyd) ( 1660 - June 30, 1709) was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, linguist, geographer and antiquary. ... Brythonic is one of two major divisions of Insular Celtic languages (the other being Goidelic). ... Goidelic is one of two major divisions of modern-day Celtic languages (the other being Brythonic). ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Primitivism is an artistic movement which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment. ... A section of Benjamin Wests The Death of General Wolfe; Wests depiction of this Native American has been considered an idealization in the tradition of the Noble savage (Fryd, 75) In the 18th century culture of Primitivism the noble savage, uncorrupted by the influences of civilization was considered... Two druids, from an 1845 publication, based on a bas-relief found at Autun, France. ... Catholic Emancipation was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and the Penal Laws. ...

Early Middle Ages

Celtic art in the Middle Ages was practiced by the Celtic speaking people of Ireland and Britain in the 800 year period from the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, to the establishment of Romanesque art in the 12th century. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... Interior of the Saint-Saturnin church St-Sernin, Toulouse, 1080 â€“ 1120: elevation of the east end Romanesque sculpture, cloister of St. ...

Celtic art is one of the major art periods in Medieval art. Byzantine art was the high art of the Middle Ages and monumental Church mosaics were the crowning glory. ...

Ireland

In Ireland an unbroken Celtic heritage existed from before and throughout the Roman era of Britain, which had never reached the island, and thus the 5th to 7th centuries were mainly a continuation of late Iron Age La Tène art. In the 7th and 8th centuries Irish art mixed with Germanic traditions through Irish missionary contacts with the Anglo-Saxons, creating what is called the Hiberno-Saxon style. Late in the period Scandinavian influences were added through the Vikings, then original Celtic work came to end with the Norman invasion in 1169-1170 and subsequent introduction of the Romanesque style. Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... The La TÃ¨ne culture was an Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La TÃ¨ne on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. ... The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... Muiredacha Cross. ... Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... Norman conquests in red. ... Events Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din. ... Events December 29: Assassination of Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Canterbury cathedral City of Dublin captured by the Normans According to folklore, the Welsh prince Madoc sailed to North America and founded a colony. ...

In the 7th and 8th centuries Irish Celtic missionaries traveled to Northumbria in Britain and brought with them the Irish tradition of manuscript illumination, which came in to contact with Anglo-Saxon metalworking knowledge and motifs. In the monasteries of Northumbria these skills fused and were probably transmitted back to Scotland and Ireland from there. The crafts produced from this Celtic and Germanic fusion is called the Hiberno-Saxon style. Some of the masterpieces created include the Tara Brooch, the Ardagh Chalice and the Derrynaflan Chalice. New techniques employed were filigree and chip carving, while new motifs included interlace patterns and animal ornamentation. The Book of Durrow is the earliest complete insular script illuminated Gospel book and by about 700, with the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Hiberno-Saxon style was fully developed with detailed carpet pages that seem to glow with a wide pallet of colours. The artform reached its apex with the Book of Kells in the late 8th century. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1086x888, 671 KB) Ardagh Chalice Created by Kglavin Feb 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Ardagh Chalice Celtic art ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1086x888, 671 KB) Ardagh Chalice Created by Kglavin Feb 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Ardagh Chalice Celtic art ... Murano Millefiori Pendant Millefiori is a glasswork technique which produces distinctive decorative patterns on glassware. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... Section from Shepherds map of the British Isles about 802 AD showing the kingdom of Northumbria Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, from two smaller kingdoms of Bernicia and Diera, and... In the strictest definition of illuminated manuscript, only manuscripts decorated with gold or silver, like this miniature of Christ in Majesty from the Aberdeen Bestiary (folio 4v), would be considered illuminated. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In art, a motif is a repeated idea, pattern, image, or theme. ... Monastery of St. ... The Tara Brooch The Tara Brooch is considered one of the most important extant artifacts of early Christian-era Irish art, and is housed and displayed in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin. ... The Ardagh Chalice, which ranks with the Book of Kells as one of the finest known works of Celtic art, is thought to have been made in the 9th century AD. A large, two-handled silver cup, decorated with gold, gilt bronze, brass, lead pewter and enamel, assembled from 354... Derrynaflan Chalice The Derrynaflan Chalice is an 8th or 9th Century chalice, that was found 17 February 1980 near Killenaule in County Tipperary Ireland. ... Filigree (formerly written filigrann or filigrane) is a jewel work of a delicate kind made with twisted threads usually of gold and silver. ... Chip carving is a form of wood carving. ... The beginning of the Gospel of Mark from the Book of Durrow. ... The beginning of the Gospel of Mark from the Book of Durrow. ... Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels contains the incipit from the Gospel of Matthew. ... Carpet pages are an early Medieval style of book ornamentation that typically comes at the beginning of each of the four Gospels in the New Testament. ... This page (folio 292r) contains the lavishly decorated text that opens the Gospel of John. ...

In the 9th and 10th century plain silver became a popular medium in Anglo-Saxon England, probably because of the increased amount in circulation due to Viking trading and raiding, and it was during this time a number of magnificent silver brooches were created in Ireland. Around the same time manuscript production began to decline, and although it has often been blamed on the Vikings, this is debatable given the decline began before the Vikings arrived. Sculpture began to flourish in the form of "High cross", a large stone cross that held biblical scenes in carved relief. This art form reached its apex in the early 10th century and has left many fine examples such as Muiredach's Cross at Monasterboice and the Ahenny High Cross. General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... Aquamarine, platinum, and diamond brooch/pendant worn by Mrs. ... An Italian Futurist sculpture by Umberto Boccioni at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City (MoMA). ... High Cross, Dysert, Co. ... Categories: Ireland-related stubs | County Louth ...

The impact of the Vikings on Irish art is not seen until the late 11th century when Irish metal work begins to imitate the Scandinavian Ringerike and Urnes styles, for example the Cross of Cong, County Mayo. These influences were found not just in the Norse centre of Dublin, but throughout the countryside in stone monuments such as the Doorty Cross at Kilfenora and crosses at the Rock of Cashel. Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe. ... Ringerike is a municipality in the county of Buskerud, Norway. ... Cong (Conga FheichÃn or CÃºnga FheichÃn in Irish) is a village in County Mayo, Republic of Ireland, next to the Galway border. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Kilfenora is a small village in County Clare in the Republic of Ireland, just south of The Burren. ... An old view of the Rock of Cashel from the town. ...

Picts

From the 5th to the mid-9th centuries, the art of the Picts is primarily known through stone sculpture, although some metalwork exists. There are no known illuminated manuscripts. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (512x706, 171 KB) Book of Kells, Folio 32v, Christ Enthroned. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (512x706, 171 KB) Book of Kells, Folio 32v, Christ Enthroned. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ...

Pictish stones are assigned by scholars to 3 classes. Class I Pictish stones are unshaped standing stones incised with a series of about 35 symbols which include abstract designs (given descriptive names such as crescent and V-rod, double disc and Z-rod, 'flower' and so on by researchers); carvings of recognisable animals (bull, eagle, salmon, adder and others), and objects from daily life (a comb, a mirror). The symbols almost always occur in pairs, with in about one third of cases the addition of the mirror, or mirror and comb, symbol, below the others. This is often taken to symbolise a woman. Apart from one or two outliers, these stone are found exclusively in north-east Scotland from the Firth of Forth to Shetland. They are particularly common in Angus, Aberdeenshire, Sutherland and Orkney. Good examples include the Dunnichen and Aberlemno stones (Angus), and the Brandsbutt and Tillytarmont stones (Aberdeenshire). Pictish stones are to be found all over Scotland and are the most visible remaining evidence of their makers, the Picts. ... Motto: , traditionally rendered in Scots as Wha daur meddle wi me?[1] and in English as No one provokes me with impunity. ... The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth Satellite photo of the Firth and the surrounding area The Firth of Forth (Abhainn Dhubh [Black River] in Scottish Gaelic) is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea... Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland) formerly called Hjaltland, is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Angus (Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sutherland (Cataibh in Gaelic) is a traditional county which is now within the Highland local government area of Scotland. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ... Aberlemno is a town in the Scottish council area of Angus. ... Angus (Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Class II stones are shaped cross-slabs carved in relief, or in a combination of incision and relief, with a prominent cross on one, or in rare cases two, faces. The crosses are elaborately decorated with interlace, key-pattern or scrollwork, in the Insular style. On the secondary face of the stone, Pictish symbols appear, often themselves elaborately decorated, accompanied by figures of people (notably horsemen), animals both realistic and fantastic, and other scenes. Hunting scenes are common, Biblical motifs less so. The symbols often appear to 'label' one of the human figures. Scenes of battle or combat between men and fantastic beasts may be scenes from Pictish mythology. Good examples include slabs from Dunfallandy and Meigle (Perthshire), Aberlemno (Angus), Nigg, Shandwick and Hilton of Cadboll (Easter Ross). Perthshire (Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) was a county in central Scotland, which extended from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... Aberlemno is a town in the Scottish council area of Angus. ... Angus (Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. ... Shandwick, a village near Tain in Easter Ross, Scotland. ... Hilton, sometimes known as Hilton of Cadboll, is a village near Tain in Easter Ross, Scotland. ... Easter Ross is a loosely defined area in the east of the administrative county of Ross and Cromarty. ...

Class III stones are in the Pictish style, but lack the characteristic symbols. Most are cross-slabs, though there are also recumbent stones with sockets for an inserted cross or small cross-slab (eg at Meigle, Perthshire). These stones may date largely to after the Scottish takeover of the Pictish kingdom in the mid 9th century. Examples include the sarcophagus and the large collection of cross-slabs at St Andrews (Fife). Perthshire (Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) was a county in central Scotland, which extended from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was that century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... Stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Detail of a stone sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archeological Museum showing a hunting scene Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at CÃ¡diz A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. ... Named after Saint Andrew the Apostle, the Royal Burgh of St Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a town on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, and the home of golf. ... Fife (FÃ¬obh in Gaelic) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with landward boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. ...

The Book of Kells is most probably an 8th century product of an Iona scriptorium, begun there and transferred to Kells in Ireland during the 9th century in response to Viking raids, where it was completed (for other theories see Book of Kells). Elements of its ornamentation reflect Pictish influences. ^[1] This page (folio 292r) contains the lavishly decorated text that opens the Gospel of John. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... Iona village viewed from a short distance offshore. ... A Scriptorium was a room or building, usually within a Christian monastery where, during medieval times, manuscripts were written. ... An old mill at Kells Folio 34r of the Book of Kells contains the Chi Rho monogram. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was that century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-borne explorers, traders, and warriors of the Norsemen who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of the British Isles, France and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. ... This page (folio 292r) contains the lavishly decorated text that opens the Gospel of John. ...

The following museums have important collections of Pictish stones: Meigle (Perthshire), St Vigeans (Angus) and St Andrews Cathedral (Fife) (all Historic Scotland), the Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh (which also exhibits almost all the major pieces of surviving Pictish metalwork), the Meffan Institute, Forfar (Angus), Inverness Museum, Groam House Museum, Rosemarkie and Tarbat Discovery Centre, Portmahomack (both Easter Ross) and Tankerness House Museum, Kirkwall, Orkney. Perthshire (Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) was a county in central Scotland, which extended from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... St Vigeans is a small village and parish in Angus, Scotland. ... Angus (Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. ... Saint Andrew is the name of several Cathedrals of the Anglican, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian and Orthodox Churches: St. ... Fife (FÃ¬obh in Gaelic) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with landward boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. ... Historic Scotland is the Scottish agency looking after historic monuments. ... The Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, is a museum dedicated to the history, people and culture of Scotland. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ; DÃ¹n Ãˆideann () in Scottish Gaelic) is the capital of Scotland and its second-largest city. ... The Royal Burgh of Forfar is a burgh of approximately 13,500 people, located in the unitary authority of Angus in Scotland. ... Angus (Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. ... Inverness (Inbhir Nis in Scottish Gaelic) is the only city in the Highland council area and the Highlands of Scotland. ... Rosemarkie is a village on the Black Isle in the Scottish Highlands, lying a quarter of a mile east of the village of Fortrose. ... Portmahomack is a small fishing village in Easter Ross, Scotland. ... Easter Ross is a loosely defined area in the east of the administrative county of Ross and Cromarty. ... Location within the British Isles Kirkwall is the largest town and capital of the Orkney Islands, off the coast of northern Scotland. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ...

Wales

No early metalwork or manuscripts survive from Wales. In the later period, the illuminated Ricemarch Psalter from the 11th century was written in Wales and contains some Irish influences.

The only attestment of a Welsh artistic tradition in any quantity (prior to the Norman Conquest) are stone monuments in the form of cross-slabs and freestanding crosses; however compared to the Irish High Cross and Pictish stones, they are more simple in design, containing geometric patterns with no attempts at figure representation. Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings The Norman Conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. ...

Celtic revival

Since the Romantic era, there has been a substantial revival of interest in all things Celtic, including the visual arts. Many painters, calligraphers, and other artists have worked with the themes drawn from ancient or medieval Celtic art, or else inspired by Celtic literary themes. Some of this work has remained very close to the style of La Tène or illuminated manuscript originals, but much of it has a distinctly new feel. Modern Celtic-themed art can be seen today in a wide range of logos, jewellery, crafts, postcards, and so on. Image File history File links Great Seal of the Irish Free State - fair use This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links Great Seal of the Irish Free State - fair use This work is copyrighted. ... The Great Seal of the Irish Free State (Irish: SÃ©ala Mor do ShaorstÃ¡t Ã‰ireann) was the official seal which replaced the Great Seal of the Realm used to seal official documents of the Irish Free State (SaorstÃ¡t Ã‰ireann) by the Governor-General. ...

Celtic font design has proved popular in the computer era; the fonts identified as "Celtic'"—properly called "Gaelic"—are sometimes very close to those of illuminated manuscripts, and sometimes distinctly modern interpretations. The word Corcaigh in the Gaelic-script font of same name. ...

Celtic art types and terms

A Hanging bowl is a copper bowl with three or four loops around the rim, designed to hang from a tripod. ... Sutton Hoo parade helmet (British Museum, restored). ... Carpet pages are an early Medieval style of book ornamentation that typically comes at the beginning of each of the four Gospels in the New Testament. ... Folio 1v of the Bobbio Orosius contains the oldest surviving carpet page in any insular manuscript. ... High Cross, Dysert, Co. ... Fresco by Dionisius representing Saint Nicholas. ... A Celtic cross For Celtic Cross, the ambient/dub band see Celtic Cross (band) A Celtic cross combines the cross with a ring surrounding the intersection. ... Pictish stones are to be found in Scotland, predominantly north of the Clyde-Forth line, and are the most visible remaining evidence of their makers, the Picts. ... Muiredacha Cross. ... The term Celtic calendar is used to refer to a variety of calendars used by Celtic-speaking peoples at different times in history. ... overview of the re-assembled tablet detail of Mid Samonios The Gaulish Coligny Calendar was found in Coligny, Ain, France (46Â°23â€²N 5Â°21â€²E) near Lyons in 1897, along with the head of a bronze statue of a youthful male figure. ...

References

External links

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a public, coeducational, research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. ... Encarta Dictionary Technology (to be written) Encarta made use of various Microsoft technologies. ...

Contents

Background

Early Middle Ages

Ireland

Picts

Wales

Celtic revival

Celtic art types and terms

References

External links

See also

Contents

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Early Middle Ages

Ireland

Picts

Wales

Celtic revival

Celtic art types and terms

References

External links

See also

Background