Central Plains War (Traditional Chinese: 中原大戰; Simplified Chinese: 中原大战; Pinyin: Zhōngyúan Dàzhàn) was a civil war within the factionalised Kuomintang (KMT) that broke out in 1930. It was fought between the forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the coalition of three military commanders who had previously allied with Chiang: Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, and Li Zongren. The war spread wide across Central Plains, a core region of China. Image File history File links Fengchiangyan. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The North China Plain (Chinese: 华北平原; Pinyin: HuábÄ›i Píngyuán), also called the Central Plain (Chinese: 中原; Pinyin: Zhōngyuán), is based on the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was the Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was the Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Li Tsung-jen (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Tsung-jen) (13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969), courtesy name Delin (å¾·é„°), was prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. ... (1890-1938) Han Fuqu or Han Fu-chu, Chinese General, Warlord, and governor of Shandong Province 1930-38. ... Liu Chih (pinyin: Liu Zhi; 1892-1972) was a Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China After service in numerous regional armies, Liu joined the faculty of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924 and became a field commander during the Northern Expedition. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Li Tsung-jen (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Tsung-jen) (13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969), courtesy name Delin (å¾·é„°), was prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was the Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Li Tsung-jen (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Tsung-jen) (13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969), courtesy name Delin (å¾·é„°), was prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. ... The North China Plain (Chinese: 华北平原; Pinyin: HuábÄ›i Píngyuán), also called the Central Plain (Chinese: 中原; Pinyin: Zhōngyuán), is based on the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. ...

In consolidating power for the Kuomintang in the Northern Expedition of 1927–1928, Chiang had forged alliances with the warlord armies of Yan, Feng, and Li. However, relations between Chiang and his warlord allies soon soured, resulting in the war. This war almost bankrupted Chiang's Nationalist Government and cost over 300,000 casualties on both sides. However, Chiang's victory allowed him to further consolidate power as the undisputed leader of most of China. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Republic of China (Traditional Chinese: 中華民國; Pinyin: Zhōng huá mín guó) succeeded the Qing Dynasty in 1912, ending 2,000 years of imperial rule. ...

Background

Rise of Chiang Kai-shek

Main article: Chiang Kai-shek

Compared to other senior party officials like Hu Hanmin and Wang Jingwei, Chiang Kai-shek in contrast was rather a junior official in the Kuomintang (KMT) . He began to rise to prominence in 1917 in the Guangzhou government with his militaristic talent. In 1923, Chiang reached the turning point of his life when Chen Jiongming launched a rebellion against Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou. Chiang helped Sun to retreat out of Guangzhou which gained Sun's ultimate trust. Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was the Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Hu Hanmin (Chinese:胡漢民(trad. ... Wang Jingwei * Courtesy name: Jixin (季新) * Alternate name: Zhaoming (兆銘). Wang Jingwei (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei) (May 4, 1883 – November 10, 1944), was a Chinese politician. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Chen Jiongming (陳炯明, 1878-1933) was a revolutionary figure in the early periods of the republic of China. ... Dr. Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1866 – March 12, 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader often referred to as the father of modern China. Sun played an instrumental role in the eventual overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. ...

After Sun's death in 1925, the cliques in the Kuomintang began to surface. A power struggle between Chiang and Wang Jingwei split the KMT. However, Chiang was able to use his influence as the commandant of Whampoa Academy to assist on his eventual victory, and Wang was forced to leave the country for a couple years. In 1927, Chiang was chosen as the commander of the National Revolutionary Army and launched the Northern Expedition. The legitimacy of Chiang's government was thus seemingly decided. Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy (中國國民黨陸軍軍官學校), commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy (黃埔軍校, pinyin huáng pŭ jūn xiào), was a military academy in China that produced many prestigious... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Prelude of the war

In December 1928, Zhang Xueliang of Manchuria declared his unification with the Nationalist government, completing the Northeast Flag Replacement. The objective of the Northern Expedition, unifying China, was proclaimed to be a full success. However, this nominal unification was soon challenged. When the topic of reorganizing the army was brought up at a military conference in 1929, the fact that it would alter the existing territorial influences among the cliques in the party quickly aggravated the relationships between the central government and the regional powers. Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Hsüeh-liang; English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Hawaii, United States... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... Beiyang Governments Five Color flag. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Huang Shaohong of the Guangxi clique broke off relations with Chiang firstly in March 1929. This effectively started the confrontation. In May, Feng Yuxiang of the Northwest clashed with Chiang. In November, Li Zongren issued an anti-Chiang declaration, along with Wang Jingwei, who headed the leftist faction of the Kuomintang and was a rival of the right-wing Chiang. In December, Tang Shengzhi and Zhang Fakui announced their support of anti-Chiang coalition. The Nationalist Government in Nanjing expelled Wang Jingwei's party membership in March as a response to the anti-Chiang coalition. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Flag ratio: 2:3 The Blue Sky with a White Sun flag is the Kuomintang party flag. ... National flag. ... Fengtian (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Feng tien; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: Abkai imiyangga fu) is: The name of an old prefecture under which Shenyang city was administered. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Li Tsung-jen (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Tsung-jen) (13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969), courtesy name Delin (å¾·é„°), was prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. ... Bai Chongxi in uniform Bai Chongxi (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pai Chung-hsi) (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC). ... Huang Shaoxiong or Huang Shaohong, Huang Shaohong (1895-1966) was a warlord in Guangxi Province, and governed Guangxi as part of the New Guangxi clique, though the later part of the Warlord Era and a leader in the later years of the Republic of China. ... Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Wang Jingwei * Courtesy name: Jixin (季新) * Alternate name: Zhaoming (兆銘). Wang Jingwei (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei) (May 4, 1883 – November 10, 1944), was a Chinese politician. ... Tang Shengzhi (唐生智) (1889-April 6, 1970) was a Chinese military commander during World War II. He was put in command of Nanking during the citys siege in December 1937 by the Japanese. ... Zhang Fakui General Chang Fa-Kuei or Zhang Fakui (1896-1980). ... “Nanking” redirects here. ...

In February 1930, Yan Xishan of the Shanxi clique demanded Chiang's resignation, which Chiang refused. Later that month, Yan was chosen to be commander-in-chief of the coalition while Feng, Li and Zhang Xueliang were chosen to be seconds in command. In April, all of them were sworn in to their positions except Zhang, who was not committed to either side at the time. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ...

Preparations

The Anti-Chiang coalition divided their offense into various routes. Li Zhongren led the Guangxi Army, and deployed the Army from Guangxi into Hunan province and struck Wuhan. Feng Yuxiang led the Northwest Army, deploying it from Henan into Shandong province to assault Xuzhou and Wuhan. Yan Xishan led the Shanxi Army and cooperated with the Northwest Army from Shandong to strike Xuzhou, and planned to march to Nanjing via railway. Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ... For the brand of cymbal, see Wuhan cymbals. ... Henan (Chinese: 河南; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ... Xuzhou (Chinese: 徐州; Hanyu Pinyin: ), known as Pengcheng (Chinese: 彭城; Hanyu Pinyin: ) in ancient times, is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ...

On Chiang's side, Han Fuqu was assigned to defend the southern shore of the Yellow River to halt the Shanxi Army; The Central Army, commanded by Liu Zhi, was stationed in Xuzhou for defensive purposes. (1890-1938) Han Fuqu or Han Fu-chu, Chinese General, Warlord, and governor of Shandong Province 1930-38. ... Yellow River (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: Huáng Hé ; Wade-Giles: Hwang-ho, sometimes simply called the River in ancient Chinese) is the second longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the seventh longest in the world, at 3,395 miles long [1]. Originating in the... Liu Chih (pinyin: Liu Zhi; 1892-1972) was a Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China After service in numerous regional armies, Liu joined the faculty of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924 and became a field commander during the Northern Expedition. ...

Outbreak

The Northwest Army

The confrontation erupted in the midst of May. The battlefields in the north were generally in Henan and Shandong; the battlefields in the south were mainly in the area of Yuezhou, Changsha and Hunan province. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Changsha (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital city of Hunan, a province of Southcentral China, located on the lower reaches of Xiangjiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ...

At first, with the assistance of its air force, Chiang's Central Army launched several major offensives. However, the Northwest Army, being top in strength among the coalition, crushed Chen Cheng and Chiang's forces in Gansu at the end of May; Chiang was almost captured when inspecting the frontline. But the Northwest Army could not capitalize on the victory as the Shanxi Army was unable to support it in time. This led the Northwest Army to turn to the defensive. Later in Kaifeng, the Northwest Army repulsed Chiang's attack, and nearly surrounded Chiang's forces. In August, the Shanxi Army and Northwest Army had a major clash with Chiang's forces while attacking Xuzhou. Losses for both sides piled up above 200,000. The Northwest Army ended up not receiving support from Shanxi Army in time, and fell short of success. The Shanxi Army retreated out of Jinan, and experienced heavy casualties while crossing the Yellow River. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Chen Chen Cheng (Traditional Chinese: 陳誠; Simplified Chinese: 陈诚; Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng) (January 4, 1897 - March 5, 1965), Chinese political and military leader, was one of the main Kuomintang (KMT) commanders during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Kāifēng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... For the South Korean county of the same name, see Jinan County. ...

Meanwhile on the southern battlefields, after the Guangxi Army captured Yueyang, Chiang's forces cut them off from behind. Guangxi Army was eventually forced to withdraw back to Guangxi. Yueyang (Simplified: 岳阳; Traditional: 岳陽; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Yüeh-yang; Postal System Pinyin: Yochow) is a prefecture-level city in the Hunan province of China, on the shores of Dongting Lake. ...

In Shandong, the Shanxi Army captured Jinan on June 25. After defeating the Guangxi Army in Hunan, the Nanjing government decided to launch major counter-offensives on Shandong. Landed in Qingdao, Chiang's forces regained Jinan on August 15. Chiang's army then gathered in Gansu and Shaanxi province and launched the final offensive against the Northwest Army between the end of August and the beginning of September. For the South Korean county of the same name, see Jinan County. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-tao), well-known to the West by its Postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a sub-provincial city in eastern Shandong province, Peoples Republic of China. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ShÇŽnxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling Mountains across the...

Northeast Army in Manchuria - Preparing to enter the Shanhai Pass

On September 18, Zhang Xueliang declared his support of Chiang Kai-shek. Two days after, Zhang's Northeast Army entered the Shanhai Pass. As a result, the coalition of Yan and Feng collapsed almost immediately. The Shanxi Army withdrew to the north of the Yellow River while the Northwest Army was totally defeated. On November 4, Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang announced their retirement. Yan fled to Tianjin, and Feng's troops were annexed by Zhang. The conflict was now over. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: TiānjÄ«n; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Aftermath

The Central Plains War was the biggest civil war conflict inside the Kuomintang party since the Northern Expedition. Many provinces were affected, and both sides committed over 1,300,000 troops, causing over 300,000 casualties. As a result, the Nanjing government nearly faced bankruptcy. The troops that were originally tasked with destroying the Red Army were pulled away, which prevented Chiang from carrying out his plan to exterminate the Chinese Communist Party. The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... Notice of closure stuck on the door of a computer store the day after its parent company, Granville Technology Group Ltd, declared bankruptcy (strictly, put into administration—see text) in the United Kingdom. ... The Jiangxi Soviet, formally called the Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Sūwéiāi Gònghēguó), also translated as the Soviet Republic of China or the China Soviet Republic, existed from 1931 to 1934. ...

After the Northeast Army's entrance to Central China, Manchuria's defense was considerably weakened. It indirectly led to Japan's aggression in the Mukden Incident. In a wider view, this battle reflects the weakness behind the Nationalist government's unification. The Kuomintang was unable to resolve the internal dispute between the central government and the regional powers through political methods, and had to resort to military measures. Even though Chiang Kai-shek, who represented the central government, managed to achieve victory in the Central Plains War, the methods he used, including bribery of subordinates of the opposition, were not consistently effective. It did nothing to cement unity among the cliques in the party. The Xi'an Incident in 1936 and the collapse of the Kuomintang force in the Chinese Civil War are to an extent due the recurrence of this internal conflict. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... Chiang Kai-shek and Chang Hsueh-liang around the time of the Xian Incident. ... Combatants Nationalist Party of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War...

See also

• Warlord era
• History of the Republic of China
• Military of the Republic of China

The Warlord era represents the period in the history of the Republic of China from 1916 to the mid-1930s when the country was divided by various military cliques, and this division continued until the fall of the nationalist government in mainland China in many regions, such as in Sichuan... ‹ The template below (History of China - BC) is being considered for deletion. ... The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) maintains a large military establishment, which accounted for 16. ...

References

• (Chinese) Central Plains War
• (Chinese) Republic of China historical annals

External links

• (Chinese) Central Plains War (flash)