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Cephalic index is the ratio of the maximum width of the head to its maximum length (i.e., in the horizontal plane, or front to back), sometimes multiplied by 100 for convenience. It was once widely used to categorize human populations, but is no longer used for that purpose except for describing individuals' appearances, and has no correlation with behavior. It is still sometimes used for estimating the age of fetuses for legal and obstetrical reasons, in which case the differences in skull shapes between different populations are still of interest. Such an index is also used to categorize animals, especially dogs and cats. For other uses of the word head, see head (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fetus (disambiguation). ...
Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ...
Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ...
Cephalic index in human anthropology
The cephalic index was defined by Swedish professor of anatomy Anders Retzius (1796-1860) and first used in physical anthropology to classify ancient human remains found in Europe. The theory became closely associated with the development of racial anthropology in the 19th and early 20th century, when prehistorians attempted to use ancient remains to model population movements in terms of racial categories. Human populations were characterised as either dolichocephalic (long headed), mesocephalic (moderate headed), or brachycephalic (broad headed). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x836, 453 KB) Map by anthropologist/economist William Z. Ripley of the cephalic index of European populations. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x836, 453 KB) Map by anthropologist/economist William Z. Ripley of the cephalic index of European populations. ...
William Z. Ripley was an economist who trained at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at Columbia University. ...
The Races of Europe is the title of two books related to the anthropology of Europeans. ...
Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ...
Anders Retzius (Lund October 13, 1796 – Stockholm April 18, 1860), was a Swedish professor of anatomy and a supervisor at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. ...
Physical anthropology, often called biological anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. ...
The usefulness of the cephalic index was questioned by Giuseppe Sergi, who argued that cranial morphology provided a better means to model racial ancestry.[1] However it was studies by Franz Boas between 1910 and 1912 that most effectively challenged the value of the method. Boas studied the children of immigrants to the United States, noting that the children's cephalic index differed significantly from their parents, implying that local environmental conditions had a significant impact on the development of head shape.[2] Boas argued that if craniofacial features were so maleable in a single generation, then the cephalic index was of little use for defining "race" and mapping ancestral populations. The studies by Boas and followers such as Klienberg eventually led to acceptance in anthropology that the cephalic index was a purely environmental component, though scholars such as Earnest A. Hooton continued to argue that both environment and heredity were involved. Boas did not himself claim it was totally plastic. Giuseppè Sergi (1841, Messina – 1936, Rome) was an influential Italian anthropologist of the early twentieth century, notable for his opposition to Nordicism in his books on the racial identity of ancient Mediterranean peoples. ...
Franz Boas Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942[1]) was one of the pioneers of modern anthropology and is often called the Father of American Anthropology. Born in Germany, Boas worked for most of his life in North America. ...
Earnest Albert Hooton (November 20, 1887, Clemansville, Wisconsin – May 3, 1954, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was a U.S. physical anthropologist known for his work on racial classification and his popular writings such as the book Up From The Ape. ...
In 2002 a paper by Sparks and Jantz re-evaluated some of Boas's original data using new statistical techniques and concluded that there was a "relatively high genetic component" of head shape.[3] Ralph Holloway of Columbia University argues that the new research raises questions about whether the variations in skull shape have "adaptive meaning and whether, in fact, normalizing selection might be at work on the trait, where both extremes, hyperdolichocephaly and hyperbrachycephaly, are at a slight selective disadvantage."[4]
Indices Cephalic indices are grouped as in the following table: | Females | Males | Scientific term | Meaning | Alternative term | | < 75% | < 65% | dolichocephalic | 'long-headed' | mesocranial | | 75% to 80% | 65% to 75% | mesocephalic | 'medium-headed' | mesaticephalic | | > 80% | > 75% | brachycephalic | 'short-headed' | brachycranial | Technically, the measured factors are defined as the maximum width of the bones that surround the head, above the supramastoid crest (behind the cheekbones), and the maximum length from the most easily noticed part of the glabella (between the eyebrows) to the most easily noticed point on the back part of the head. The temporal bones (os temporales) are situated at the sides and base of the skull. ...
The frontal bone (os frontale, TA: A02. ...
Cephalic index in animal breeding The cephalic index is used to in the categorisation of animals, especially breeds of dogs and cats.
Brachycephalic animals A brachycephalic skull is relatively broad and short (typically with the breadth at least 80% of the length). Dog breeds such as the Pug are sometimes classified as "Extreme Brachycephalic" since the muzzle practically disappears. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 540 pixelsFull resolution (2820 × 1902 pixel, file size: 595 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 540 pixelsFull resolution (2820 × 1902 pixel, file size: 595 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
This article is about a dog breed. ...
This article is about a dog breed. ...
Brachycephalic dogs and cats are very sensitive to high temperatures, making the choice of a sleep or travel crate surface especially important. For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). ...
List of brachycephalic dogs:
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. List of brachycephalic cats: The American Pit Bull Terrier (APBT) is a breed of dog in the terrier group, one of several breeds loosely classified as pit bulls. ...
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CKCS redirects here. ...
Country of origin England Classification Breed standards (external links) FCI, AKC, ANKC, CKC KC(UK), NZKC, UKC The King Charles Spaniel (known as the English Toy Spaniel in the U.S. and Canada) is a small breed of dog in the spaniel category. ...
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The Shih Tzu (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shih-tzu Kou; literally Lion Dog), in English pronounced shee tsoo), is a dog breed which originated in China. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Front view of a Himalayan cat Side view of a Himalayan cat The Himalayan is a breed of cat with extremely long, fluffy fur, and the points of a Siamese. ...
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Mesocephalic animals A mesocephalic skull is of intermediate length and width. Mesocephalic skulls are not markedly brachycephalic or dolichocephalic. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 534 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 683 pixel, file size: 414 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The content of this image was reviewed by Pharaoh Hound and afterwards uploaded by FlickrLickr. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 534 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 683 pixel, file size: 414 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The content of this image was reviewed by Pharaoh Hound and afterwards uploaded by FlickrLickr. ...
The Labrador Retriever (also Labrador or Lab for short), is one of several kinds of retriever, a type of gun dog. ...
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. The Labrador Retriever (also Labrador or Lab for short), is one of several kinds of retriever, a type of gun dog. ...
The Golden Retriever is a breed of dog, historically developed as a gundog in the 1800s to retrieve shot waterfowl and upland game during hunting. ...
The German Shepherd Dog, also known as the Alsatian (in France and the UK), Schäfer (in other parts of Europe) and by the acronym GSD or simply German Shepherd, is a breed of dog originally bred for herding sheep. ...
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This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
This article is about the dog breed. ...
The Norwich Terrier is the smallest of the Terriers that was bred to hunt small vermin. ...
The Norfolk Terrier is the smallest of the working Terriers. ...
Dolichocephalic animals A dolichocephalic skull is relatively long skull (typically with the breadth less than 80% or 75% of the length). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 498 pixelsFull resolution (2256 × 1404 pixel, file size: 317 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 498 pixelsFull resolution (2256 × 1404 pixel, file size: 317 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
The Borzoi is a breed of dog also called the Russian Wolfhound. ...
List of dolicocephalic canines:
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call...
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The Borzoi is a breed of dog also called the Russian Wolfhound. ...
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This article is about the breed of dog. ...
The Hortaya Borzaya or simply Hortaya (Ð¥Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‚Ð°Ñ Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð·Ð°Ñ, translation: shorthaired sight hound) is an old Asian sight hound breed originating in the former USSR. It is a dog of large size, of lean but at the same time robust built, of considerably elongated proportions. ...
The Pharaoh Hound is a breed of dog, a hound which has been classed variously as a member of the sighthound and pariah groups. ...
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Deerhound Categories: Dog stubs | Dog breeds ...
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See also This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Phrenology (from Greek: φÏήν, phrÄ“n, mind; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (i. ...
For other uses of Skull, see Skull (disambiguation). ...
External links - MedFriendly.com: Cephalic index
- Brachycephalic Experienced Veterinarians Database
References - ^ Bioarchaeology in the Roman world
- ^ Ralph L. Holloway, Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?
- ^ Corey S. Sparks and Richard L. Jantz (November 2002). "A reassessment of human cranial plasticity: Boas revisited". PNAS 99 (23): 14636-14639. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. . See also the discussion in Ralph L. Holloway (November 2002). "Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?". PNAS 99 (23): 14622-14623. Retrieved on 2006-08-07.
- ^ Ralph L. Holloway, Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?
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