Cesare Borgia. Portrait by Altobello Melone. Bergamo, Accademia Carrara.

Cesare Borgia (September 13, 1475? – March 12, 1507), Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain-General of Holy Church, was a Spanish-Italian condottiero, lord and cardinal. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI, and Vannozza dei Cattanei, sibling to Lucrezia Borgia, Gioffre Borgia Prince of Squillace and Giovanni Borgia, duke of Gandia, and half-brother to Don Pedro Luis de Borja and Girolama de Borja, children of unknown mothers. cesare borgia from www. ... cesare borgia from www. ... Portrait of Gentleman (Cesare Borgia) by Altobello Melone. ... Small street (via della Noca) leading to città alta. ... The front view of the Accademia Carrara The Accademia Carrara (pron. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 5^{Superscript text}7<!-- Comment --><blockquote> Block quote </blockquote>{| class=class=wikitable |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 |-{| class=wikitable |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3{| class=wikitable |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 |- | row 1, cell 1 | row 1, cell 2 | row 1, cell 3 |- | row 2... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1507 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Duke of Valentinois (French: Duc de Valentinois; Italian: Duca Valentino), formerly Count of Valentinois, is an extinct title in the French peerage, and is currently one of the many hereditary titles of the Prince of Monaco. ... Emilia-Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. ... Andria may refer to: Dreamz Alfonso Andria, (b. ... Venafro is a medium-sized town on the South of Italy, in the province of Isernia, region of Molise. ... Piombino is a town and commune in the province of Livorno (Tuscany), Italy, on the medium coast of Tyrrhenian sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma. ... Camerino is small town of 7 000 in Marche, Italy and lies on the Apennines between Marche and Umbria, between the valleys of the rivers Potenza and Chienti. ... Panorama of Urbino with the cathedral and the palazzo ducale Urbino is a city in the Marche in Italy, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro. ... The Gonfaloniere was a highly prestigious communal post in medieval and Renaissance Italy, notably in Florence. ... “Catholic Church” redirects here. ... Condottieri (singular condottiero) were mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states from the late Middle Ages until the mid-sixteenth century. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ... Vannozza (Giovanna) dei Cattanei (1442 – November 24, 1518) was one of the many mistresses of the Pope Alexander VI, whose relationship lasted the longest. ... This article is about the historical person. ... Gioffre Borgia in Italian, or Jofré Borja in Catalan, (1482 - 1522) Prince of Squillace, was the youngest son of Pope Alexander VI, and Vannozza dei Cattanei, sibling to Lucrezia Borgia, Cesare Borgia and Giovanni Borgia, and half-brother to Isabella, Pier Luigi (Pedro Luis) and Girolamo, children of unknown mothers... Giovanni Borgia may refer to several members of the Borgia family. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Gandia (Valencian) Spanish name Gandía Administration Country Spain Autonomous Community Valencian Community Province Valencia Comarca Safor Geography Land Area 60. ...

Biography

Birth

Like nearly all aspects of Cesare Borgia's life, the date of his birth is a subject of conflict. However, it is accepted that he was born in Rome between 1474 and 1476 to Cardinal Rodrigo de Lanzol y Borja, soon to become Pope Alexander VI, and his mistress Vannozza de' Cattanei, of whom documents are sparse. The Borgia family originally came from Spain and rose in the mid 15th century, when Cesare's great uncle Alonso Borgia (1378-1458), bishop of Valencia, was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455. ^[1] Cesare's father, Pope Alexander VI was the first pope who openly recognized the children he had with his lover Vanozza de' Cattanei. Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Events December 12 - Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile and her sister Juana who was supported by her husband, Alfonso V of Portugal. ... Events March 2 - Battle of Grandson. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ... Vannozza (Giovanna) dei Cattanei (1442 – November 24, 1518) was one of the many mistresses of the Pope Alexander VI, whose relationship lasted the longest. ... Calistus and Calixtus III redirect here. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ...

Stefano Infessura writes that Cardinal Borgia falsely claimed Cesare to be the legitimate son of another man, the nominal husband of Vannozza de' Cattanei. More likely Pope Sixtus IV granted Cesare a release from the necessity of proving his birth in a papal bull. Stefano Infessura (Rome, ca 1435- ca 1500), an antipapal humanist lawyer is remembered through his Diary of the City of Rome, a gossipy chronicle of events at Rome. ... Sixtus IV (July 21, 1414 – August 12, 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ...

Early life

With brown eyes and orange hair, Cesare was acknowledged a beautiful child and grew to be a fleet-footed, tall, handsome man of unlimited ambition, much like his father. Cesare was initially groomed for a career in the church. He was made Bishop of Pamplona at the age of 15. Following school in Perugia and Pisa where Cesare studied law, and his father's elevation to Pope, Cesare was made Cardinal at the age of 18. ^[2] Alexander VI staked the hopes for the Borgia family on Cesare's brother Giovanni, who was made captain general of the military forces of the papacy. Giovanni was assassinated in 1497 in mysterious circumstances: several contemporaries suggested Cesare being his killer^[3], as Giovanni's disappearing could finally open him the long-awaited military career; also jealousy over Sancha of Aragon, wife of Cesare's other brother Jofré, and mistress of both Cesare and Giovanni^[4]. Cesare's role in the act, however, has never been cleared. “Catholic Church” redirects here. ... Pamplona (Basque: Iruñea or Iruña) is the capital city of Navarre, Basque Country. ... Location of Perugia in Italy Coordinates: , Country Region Province Province of Perugia Government  - Mayor Renato Locchi Area  - City 449 km²  (1,165 sq mi) Elevation 493 m (1,617 ft) Population (July 2006)[1]  - City 161,390  - Density 359/km² (929. ... Leaning Tower of Pisa. ... A cardinal is an official of the second-highest rank of the Roman Catholic Church, inferior in rank only to the Pope. ... The Borgia Bride is a novel by Jeanne Kalogridis, portraying life in the Borgia dynasty through the eyes of Princess Sancha of Aragon. ...

On August 17, 1498, Cesare became the first person in history to resign the cardinalate. On the same day the French king Louis XII named Cesare Duke of Valentinois, and this title along with his former position as Cardinal of Valencia explains the nickname "Valentino". is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1498 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Louis XII (b. ... Duke of Valentinois (French: Duc de Valentinois; Italian: Duca Valentino), formerly Count of Valentinois, is an extinct title in the French peerage, and is currently one of the many hereditary titles of the Prince of Monaco. ...

Military career

Cesare's career was founded upon his father's ability to distribute patronage, and through his alliance with France (reinforced by his marriage with Charlotte d'Albret, sister of John III of Navarre) in the course of the Italian Wars. Louis XII invaded Italy in 1499: after Gian Giacomo Trivulzio had ousted its duke Ludovico Sforza, Cesare accompanied the king in his entrance in Milan. John III of Navarre, also known as Jean dAlbret ( 1469 - 1516), became King of Navarre by virtue of his 1484 marriage to Catherine, Countess of Foix (1470 - 1517) who was Queen Catalina of Navarre after the death of her brother Francis Phoebus in 1483. ... Combatants France, the Holy Roman Empire, the states of Italy (notably the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, the Papal States, Florence, and the Duchy of Ferrara), England, Scotland, Spain, the Ottoman Empire, the Swiss, Saxony, and others The Italian Wars, often referred to as... Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1441-1518) was a Milanese aristocrat who held several military commands during the Italian Wars. ... Ludovico Sforza in a portrait by Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis. ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ...

At this point Alexander decided to profit of the favourable situation to carve out for Cesare a state of his own in northern Italy, and declared deposed all his vicars in Romagna and Marche. Though in theory subject directly to the pope, these rulers had been practically independent or dependent on other states for generations. Emilia-Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. ... // The Marche (plural, originally le marche de Ancona = the Marches of Ancona) are a region of Central Italy, bordering Emilia-Romagna north, Tuscany to the north-west, Umbria to west, Abruzzo and Latium to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. ...

Cesare was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4,000 Swiss infantry sent by the King of France. His first victim was Caterina Sforza (mother of the Medici condottiero Giovanni dalle Bande Nere), ruler of Imola and Forlì. Deprived of his French troops after the conquest of those two cities, Borgia returned anyway to Rome to celebrate a triumph and to receive the title of Papal Gonfaloniere from his father. In 1500 the creation of twelve new cardinals granted Alexander enough money for Cesare to hire the condottieri Vitellozzo Vitelli, Gian Paolo Baglioni, Giulio and Paolo Orsini and Oliverotto da Fermo, who resumed his campaign in Romagna. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Portrait of Giovanni by Gian Paolo Pace, now housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. ... Imola is a town, comune in the province of Bologna, located on the Santerno river, in the Emilia-Romagna region of north-central Italy Presently it is most noted as the home of the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari and the Formula One San Marino Grand Prix. ... Forlì is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forlì and of Fascist leader Benito Mussolini, at the nearby comune of Predappio. ... A Gonfaloniere is a government post in medieval and renaissance Florence. ... Vitellozzo Vitelli (birthdate unknown ;died December 31, 1502) was an Italian condouiere. ... Gian Paolo Baglioni (c. ... Giulio Orsini (died 1517) was an Italian condottiero. ...

Giovanni Sforza, first husband of Cesare's sister Lucrezia, was soon ousted from Pesaro; Pandolfo Malatesta lost Rimini; Faenza surrendered, its young lord Astorre III Manfredi being later drowned in the Tiber river by Cesare's order. In May 1501 the latter was created duke of Romagna. Hired by Florence, Cesare subsequently added the lordship of Piombino to his new lands. Giovanni Sforza dAragona, Conte de Cotognola, Principe di Pesaro (c. ... Pesaro is a town and comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. ... Pandolfo IV Malatesta, nicknamed Pandolfaccio (Bad Pandulph) (July 1475 – June 1534) was an Italian condottiero and lord of Rimini and other cities in Romagna. ... Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. ... Faenza is an old Italian cathedral town, situated 50 km southeast of Bologna. ... Astorre III Manfredi (June 20, 1465 - June 9, 1502) was lord of Imola from 1439 and of Faenza from 1443. ... Piombino is a town and commune in the province of Livorno (Tuscany), Italy, on the medium coast of Tyrrhenian sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma. ...

While his condottieri took over the siege of Piombino (which ended in 1502), Cesare commanded the French troops in the sieges of Naples and Capua, defended by Prospero and Fabrizio Colonna. On June 24, 1501 his troops stormed the latter, causing the fall of the Aragonese power in southern Italy. Capua is a city in the province of Caserta, (Campania, Italy) situated 25 km (16 mi) north of Napoli, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. ... Prospero Colonna, sometimes referred to as Prosper Colonna, was a condottiere in the service of the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire during the Italian Wars. ... Fabrizio Colonna (c. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In June 1502 he set out for the Marche, where he was able to capture Urbino and Camerino by treason. The next step would be Bologna, but his condottieri, fearing Cesare's cruelty, set up a plot against him. Guidobaldo da Montefeltro and Giovanni Maria da Varano returned in Urbino and Camerino and Fossombrone revolted. Cesare called for a reconciliation, but treacherously imprisoned his condottieri in Senigallia, a feat described as a "Wonderful deceiving" by Paolo Giovio^[5], and had them executed. Panorama of Urbino with the cathedral and the palazzo ducale Urbino is a city in the Marche in Italy, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro. ... Camerino is small town of 7 000 in Marche, Italy and lies on the Apennines between Marche and Umbria, between the valleys of the rivers Potenza and Chienti. ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Emiliano-Romagnolo dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ... Guidobaldo (Guido Ubaldo) da Montefeltro also known as Guidobaldo I (1472 – April 10, 1508) succeeded his father Federico da Montefeltro as Duke of Urbino in 1482. ... Fossombrone (Forum Sempronii) is a diocese in the province of Pesaro, Italy, a suffragan of Urbino. ... Misa River in Senigallia. ... Paolo Giovio (1483–1552) was a major Italian chronicler of the Italian Wars. ...

Last years

Though an immensely capable general and statesman, Cesare could do nothing without continued papal patronage. The news of his father's death (1503) arrived when Cesare, though gravely ill, was planning the conquest of Tuscany. While he was convalescent in Castel Sant'Angelo, his troops controlled the conclave. The new pope, Pius III, supported him, but his reign was short: the accession of the Borgias' deadly enemy Julius II caused his sudden ruin. Tuscany (Italian: ) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... Castel SantAngelo from the bridge. ... Pius III, né Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (May 9, 1439 - October 18, 1503), was pope from September 22 to October 18, 1503. ... Pope Julius II Julius II, né Giuliano della Rovere (December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), was pope from 1503 to 1513. ...

While moving to Romagna to quench a revolt, he was seized and imprisoned by Gian Paolo Baglioni near Perugia. All his lands were acquired by the Papal States. Exiled to Spain, in 1504, he was imprisoned in the Castle of La Mota, Medina del Campo, from where he escaped and joined his brother-in-law, King John III of Navarre. In his service, Cesare died at the siege of Viana in 1507, at the age of thirty-one. Gian Paolo Baglioni (c. ... 1504 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Annual temperature average: 11,6ºC Annual range of temperatures: 18,4ºC Annual precipitations: 392 mm/m² Dry months: June, July, August and September Months with average temperatures under 0ºC: none Climate: MEDITERRANEAN CONTINENTALIZED // Introduction Medina del Campo is a small town located in the middle of de... John III of Navarre, also known as Jean dAlbret ( 1469 - 1516), became King of Navarre by virtue of his 1484 marriage to Catherine, Countess of Foix (1470 - 1517) who was Queen Catalina of Navarre after the death of her brother Francis Phoebus in 1483. ... A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition, often accompanied by an assault. ... Viana is a town located in the province of Navarra, in the autonomous community of Navarra, in the North of Spain. ... 1507 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Evaluation

Cesare Borgia was greatly admired by Niccolò Machiavelli, who met the Duke on a diplomatic mission in his function as Secretary of the Florentine Chancellery. Machiavelli was at Borgia's court from October 7, 1502 through January 18, 1503. During this time he wrote regular dispatches to his superiors in Florence, many of which have survived and are published in Machiavelli's Collected Works. Machiavelli used many of Borgia's exploits and tactics as examples in The Prince and advised politicians to imitate Borgia. Two episodes were particularly impressive to Machiavelli: the method by which Borgia pacified the Romagna, which Machiavelli describes in chapter VII of The Prince, and Borgia's assassination of his captains on New Year's Eve of 1503 in Senigallia. ^[6] Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (May 3, 1469 – June 21, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher, musician, poet, and romantic comedic playwright. ... is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1502 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1503 (MDIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Il Principe (The Prince) is a political treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. ... Il Principe (The Prince) is a political treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. ...

Machiavelli's praise for Borgia is subject to controversy. Some scholars see in Machiavelli's Borgia the precursor of state crimes in the 20th Century.^[7] Others, including Macaulay and Lord Acton have historicized Machiavelli's Borgia, explaining the admiration for such violence as an effect of the general criminality and corruption of the time.^[8]

In Volume One of Celebrated Crimes, Alexandre Dumas, père states that some pictures of Jesus Christ produced around Borgia's lifetime were based on Cesare Borgia, and that this in turn has influenced images of Jesus produced since that time. Alexandre Dumas, père, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802 – December 5, 1870) was a French writer, best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. ...

Cesare Borgia briefly employed Leonardo da Vinci as military architect and engineer between 1502 and 1503. Cesare and Leonardo become intimate instantaneously - Cesare provided Leonardo with a unlimited pass to inspect and direct all planned and undergoing construction in his domain. Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked at the Milanese court of Ludovico Sforza for many years, until Charles VIII of France drove Sforza out of Italy. After Cesare, Leonardo was unsuccessful in finding another patron and eventually moved to France, where he ended his life. “Da Vinci” redirects here. ... Ludovico Sforza in a portrait by Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis. ... Charles VIII the Affable (French: Charles VIII lAffable) (June 30, 1470 – April 7, 1498) was King of France from 1483 to his death. ...

He wanted to take over Mantua while Isabella d'Este was ruling. Isabella dEste painted by Titian. ...

Marriage and children

On May 10, 1499, Cesare married Charlotte d'Albret (1480 - March 11, 1514). She was a sister of John III of Navarre. They were parents to a daughter, Louise Borgia, (1500 - 1553) who first married first Louis II de La Tremouille, Governor of Burgundy, and secondly Philippe de Bourbon, Seigneur de Busset. is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1499 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 6 - Treaty of Toledo - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain Great standing on the Ugra river - Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1514 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... John III of Navarre, also known as Jean dAlbret ( 1469 - 1516), became King of Navarre by virtue of his 1484 marriage to Catherine, Countess of Foix (1470 - 1517) who was Queen Catalina of Navarre after the death of her brother Francis Phoebus in 1483. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events June 26 - Christs Hospital in London gets a Royal Charter July 6 - Edward VI of England dies July 10 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England - for the next nine days July 18 - Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen - Lady Jane Grey... King Philip V of Spain (1683-1746) or Philippe of Anjou, grandson of the French monarch Louis XIV, was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... The line of de Bourbon de Busset is a branch of the Capetian dynasty and of the House of Bourbon. ...

Cesare was also father to at least eleven illegitimate children, among them Girolamo Borgia, who married Isabella Contessa di Carpi.

Popular culture

Movies

• Lucrezia Borgia (Richard Oswald, 1926), a silent movie
• Lucrèce Borgia (Abel Gance, 1935)
• The Black Duke (1961)
• Bride of Vengeance (1948)
• Prince of Foxes (1949)
• Los Borgia (2006)
• Poisons, or the World History of Poisoning (2001)

Richard Oswald (real name: ; born November 5, 1880 in Vienna; died September 11, 1963 in Düsseldorf) was an Austrian film director and screenwriter. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the comedy film. ... Abel Gance (October 25, 1889 - November 10, 1981) was a world-renowned French film director, producer, writer, actor and editor. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ...

Literature

• The Family by Mario Puzo
• The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père mentions many conspiracy theories based around Borgia.
• Madonna of the Seven Hills by Jean Plaidy (Victoria Holt)
• Light on Lucrezia by Jean Plaidy (Victoria Holt)
• Cantarella, a manga by You Higuri
• Mirror Mirror by Gregory Maguire
• Prince of Foxes by Samuel Shellabarger
• The Banner of the Bull by Rafael Sabatini (fiction)
• The Borgia Bride by Jeanne Kalogridis
• Kakan no Madonna by Chiho Saito (manga)
• The Borgias by Alexandre Dumas, père
• The Borgia Testament by Nigel Balchin
• Lusts of The Borgias by Marcus Van Heller
• City of God, A Novel of the Borgias by Cecelia Holland
• Then and Now by W. Somerset Maugham
• The Antichrist (1895) by Friedrich Nietzsche Af. #61
• The Dwarf (1944) by Pär Lagerkvist features an unscrupulous prince likely modeled on Borgia
• Milo Manara, an Italian comic book creator, drew a comic book divided in three parts depicting the story of the Borgia family. The texts were written by Alejandro Jodorowsky.
• Cesare by Fuyumi Soryo (manga)

The Family is a novel by Mario Puzo. ... Mario Gianluigi Puzo (October 15, 1920 – July 2, 1999) was an American author known for his novels about the Mafia, especially The Godfather (1969). ... This article is about the novel. ... Alexandre Dumas, père, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802 – December 5, 1870) was a French writer, best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. ... Jean Plaidy was a pen name of British author Eleanor Hibbert, also known as Philippa Carr and Victoria Holt. ... Jean Plaidy was a pen name of British author Eleanor Hibbert, also known as Philippa Carr and Victoria Holt. ... Eleanor Alice Burford (September 1, 1906 - January 8, 1993), Mrs. ... Cantarella is an ongoing manga series by You Higuri, serialized in the Japanese monthly comic magazine Princess Gold Magazine and published in tankoubon format by Akita Shoten. ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Gregory Maguire (born June 9, 1954 in Albany, New York) is an American author. ... Samuel Shellabarger (1888 - 1954) was an American educator and author of both scholarly works and best-selling historical novels. ... Rafael Sabatini (April 29, 1875 - February 13, 1950) was an Italian/British writer of novels of romance and adventure. ... // The Borgia Bride is a novel by Jeanne Kalogridis, portraying life in the Borgia dynasty through the eyes of Princess Sancha of Aragon. ... J.M. Dillard, Tampa, Florida Star Trek convention 1989. ... Chiho Saito (さいとうちほ Saitō Chiho, born June 29, 1967) is a manga-ka, notable mostly for the manga Revolutionary Girl Utena. ... “Original manga” redirects here. ... The Borgias on the cover of Radio Times magazine. ... Alexandre Dumas, père, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802 – December 5, 1870) was a French writer, best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. ... Nigel Balchin (December 3, 1908 - May 17, 1970) was an English novelist and scriptwriter, born in Wiltshire. ... Cecelia Anastasia Holland is an American historical novelist. ... Then and Now is the title of a 1946 novel by W. Somerset Maugham. ... W. Somerset Maugham as photographed in 1934 by Carl Van Vechten. ... The Antichrist (German: Der Antichrist) is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1895. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a 19th-century German philosopher. ... The Dwarf (or, in the Swedish language original, Dvärgen) is a novel by Pär Lagerkvist from 1944. ... Pär Lagerkvist. ... Milo Manara (born Maurilio Manara, September 12, 1945, Luson, Italy) is an Italian comic book creator (writer and drawer), best known for his erotic approach to the medium. ... Alejandro (or Alexandro) Jodorowsky Alejandro Jodorowsky or Alexandro Jodorowsky (IPA: ) (born February 7, 1929, in Tocopilla, Chile) is an actor, playwright, director, producer, composer, mime, comic book writer and psychotherapist born to Ashkenazi Jewish parents of Russian origin. ... Fuyumi Soryo , b. ... “Original manga” redirects here. ...

References

• Cloulas, Ivan. The Borgias. 
• Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. 
• Johnson, Marion. The Borgias. 
• Sabatini, Rafael. The Life of Cesare Borgia. 
• Spinosa, Antonio (1999). La saga dei Borgia. Mondadori. 

Il Principe (The Prince) is a political treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. ... Rafael Sabatini (April 29, 1875 - February 13, 1950) was an Italian/British writer of novels of romance and adventure. ...

Notes

External links

• The Prince, by Niccolò Machiavelli
• Description of the Methods Adopted by the Duke Valentino When Murdering Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, the Signor Pagolo, and the Duke di Gravina Orsini, from The Prince