Chabad Lubavitch, or Lubavich, is one of the largest branch of Hasidic Judaism founded by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi . It is one of the largest Jewish Orthodox organizations worldwide, especially in the United States and Israel. It is also known simply as Chabad (חבד) a Hebrew acronym for "חכמה Wisdom- בינה Understanding- דעת Knowledge", or as Lubavitch (ליובאוויטש), the town that served as the movement's headquarters for over a century. In Russian, the name means "town of brotherly love". Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812) founder of Chabad Lubavitch and author of Tanya and Shulchan Aruch HaRav. ... Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 6 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apocopation. ...

Its adherents, or Chasidim, known as "Lubavitchers" or "Chabadniks", are Orthodox Jews belonging to Hasidic Judaism as defined by the Chabad traditions. Orthodox Judaism is the stream of Judaism which adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmud (The Oral Law) and later codified in the Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law). It is governed by these works and the Rabbinical commentary... Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ...

Belarus, where Lubavitch originated

Like all Hasidim they follow the teachings and customs of Chasidut as taught by the Baal Shem Tov, base on the Kabbalistic works of Rabbi Isaac Luria (also know as the Arizal). Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Israel ben Eliezer Rabbi Israel (Yisroel) ben Eliezer (about 1700 Okopy Świętej Tr jcy - May 22, 1760 Międzyborz) was a Jewish Orthodox mystical rabbi who is better known to most religious Jews as the Baal Shem Tov, or... The tree of life Kabbalah (קבלה Reception, Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah) is a religious philosophical system claiming an insight into divine nature. ... Isaac Luria (1534–August 5, 1572) was a Jewish scholar and mystic who was secretly believed by some to be the messiah. ...

Since the foundation of the movement, it has had 7 leaders or Rebbes. The 7th being Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994), the son of Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson (1878-1944) who is the great grandson of the 4th leader, the Tzemach Tzedek. Rebbe (Hebrew: רבי also rebbi) is a title that may be given to a Rabbi in Orthodox Judaism, particularly within Hasidic Judaism. ... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by his followers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last... Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson, (1878-1944), was a Hasidic rabbi in Russia. ... The seventh and last Lubavitcher rebbe was named similarly: Menachem Mendel Schneerson (without the h in his last name, as he was a cousin. ...

Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994) the seventh Rebbe of Chabad Lubavitch.

Deceased Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools the sages were addressed as רִבִּי (Ribbi... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by his followers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last... Rebbe (Hebrew: רבי also rebbi) is a title that may be given to a Rabbi in Orthodox Judaism, particularly within Hasidic Judaism. ...

Early origins

The movement originated in Belarus in Eastern Europe. Chabad traces its roots back to the beginnings of Hasidic Judaism. Its founder, Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (1698-1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov, based his nascent movement in Mezibush, Ukraine. His successor was Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch (d. 1772), his leading disciple, who was well-versed in the Lurianic Kabbalah and developed the movement further. Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ... Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... Israel ben Eliezer Rabbi Israel (Yisroel) ben Eliezer (about 1698 Okopy Świętej Trójcy – May 22, 1760 Międzyborz) was a Jewish Orthodox mystical rabbi who is better known to most religious Jews as the Holy Baal Shem (der Heiliger Baal Shem in Yiddish), or most commonly, the Baal... Dovber of Mezeritch (died 1772) was the primary disciple of Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism (now a form of Orthodox Judaism. ... 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Isaac Luria (1534–August 5, 1572) was a Jewish scholar and mystic who was secretly believed by some to be the messiah. ...

Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812) founder of Chabad Lubavitch and author of Tanya and Shulchan Aruch HaRav.

1. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi 1745 - 1812, son of Rabbi Boruch, was the youngest student of Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch and founded the Chabad dynasty within Hasidism. He defined the direction of his movement and influenced Hasidic Judaism through his master works the Tanya, which is primarily mystical and in line with the Zohar, and his authoritative work on Jewish law known as the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, which Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch asked him to write with the sources of the law, but the final version got mostly burned in a fire and only the draff was left. He was a recognized posek (Rabbinic authority in Jewish law), and is often cited in other Halakhic works such as the Ben Ish Chai. The names "Schneersohn" and "Schneerson" began as patronymics by Shneur Zalman's descendants. The first form of this name was "Shneuri" (Hebrew for "of Shneur"). This was later changed to "Schneersohn".
2. Rabbi Dovber Schneuri 1773 - 1827, son of Shneur Zalman.
3. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn 1789 - 1866, grandson of Shneur Zalman and son-in-law of Dovber, known after this work Tzemach Tzedek.
4. Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn 1834 - 1882, son of Rabbi Menachem Mendel.
5. Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn 1860 - 1920, son of Rabbi Shmuel known for founding Tomchei Temimim Yeshiva Network.
6. Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn 1880 - 1950, only son of Sholom Dovber.
7. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson 1902 - 1994, (his family name does not have the "h" of "...sohn" as he was a cousin from a different branch of the family), sixth in paternal line from Rabbi Menachem Mendel, and son-in-law of Joseph Isaac.

Very old accepted public image of Schner Zalman of Liadi of Lubavitch. ... Very old accepted public image of Schner Zalman of Liadi of Lubavitch. ... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812) founder of Chabad Lubavitch and author of Tanya and Shulchan Aruch HaRav. ... Likkutei Amarim (Hebrew, collection of statements), more commonly known as the Tanya, is an early work of Hasidic Judaism, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty, in 1797 CE. The name Tanya derives from the books first word, which is Aramaic... Shulchan Aruch HaRav (or Shulkhan Arukh HaRav) (Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi) is a recodification of halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, known during his lifetime as HaRav (The Rabbi). At a young age, Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch to... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812) founder of Chabad Lubavitch and author of Tanya and Shulchan Aruch HaRav. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... Likkutei Amarim (Hebrew, collection of statements), more commonly known as the Tanya, is an early work of Hasidic Judaism, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty, in 1797 CE. The name Tanya derives from the books first word, which is Aramaic... The Zohar (Hebrew זהר Splendor, radiance) is widely considered the most important work of Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism. ... Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish rabbinic law, custom and tradition. ... Shulchan Aruch HaRav (or Shulkhan Arukh HaRav) (Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi) is a recodification of halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, known during his lifetime as HaRav (The Rabbi). At a young age, Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch to... Posek (Hebrew פוסק; pl. ... Yosef Chaim (1832 - 1909) was a Hakham and a Sephardic Rabbi, authority on Jewish law (Halakha) and Kabbalist. ... It has been suggested that Icelandic name#Patronymics in other cultures be merged into this article or section. ... Dovber Schneuri or Der Mitteler Rebbe (The Middle Rebbe in Yiddish) (1773 — 1827) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi. ... 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The seventh and last Lubavitcher rebbe was named similarly: Menachem Mendel Schneerson (without the h in his last name, as he was a cousin. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Shmuel Schneersohn (or Rabbi Shmuel or Maharash) (1834 - 1882), was an Orthodox Judaism rabbi. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (or Sholom Dovber or Rashab) (1860 - 1920) was an Orthodox rabbi and the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1920 (MCMXX) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Tomchei Temimim is the central yeshiva of the Chabad Lubavitch movement. ... Yeshiva or yeshivah (Hebrew: ישיבה pl. ... Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn or Friyerdikker Rebbe (Previous Rebbe in Yiddish) or Rayatz) (1880 - 1950) was the sixth Rebbe (Rabbi) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement. ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by his followers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

Origin of name

Chabad

The names Chabad and Lubavitch each have a history. Chabad is a Hebrew acronym for Chochma ("wisdom"), Bina ("understanding"), and Da'as ("knowledge"), that was chosen early on by its founder, the first Rebbe, Shneur Zalman of Liadi. The name Chabad reflects the intellectual accessibility of the mystical teachings of the Kabbalah. Rabbi Shneur Zalman is the author of the seminal Hassidic work, Tanya, as well as the Shulchan Aruch HaRav - a code of Jewish Law. Chabad Lubavitch, also known as Lubavitch Chabad, is a large branch of Hasidic Judaism. ... Chabad Lubavitch, also known as Lubavitch Chabad, is a large branch of Hasidic Judaism. ... Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 6 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter or letters of words, such as NATO and XHTML, and are pronounced in a way that is distinct from the full pronunciation of what the letters stand for. ... Mysticism (ancient Greek mysticon = secret) is meditation, prayer, or theology focused on the direct experience of union with divinity, God, or Ultimate Reality, or the belief that such experience is a genuine and important source of knowledge. ... Kabbalah (Hebrew קַבָּלָה reception, Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah, Kaballah) is an interpretation (exegesis, hermeneutic) key, soul of the Torah (Hebrew Bible), or the religious mystical system of Judaism claiming an insight into divine nature. ... Likkutei Amarim (Hebrew, collection of statements), more commonly known as the Tanya, is an early work of Hasidic Judaism, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty, in 1797 CE. The name Tanya derives from the books first word, which is Aramaic... Shulchan Aruch HaRav (or Shulkhan Arukh HaRav) (Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi) is a recodification of halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, known during his lifetime as HaRav (The Rabbi). At a young age, Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch to...

Chabad is sometimes written as Habad in English, and in all the phonetic equivalents of the name in all the countries they operate in. Thus, as an example, Jabad is the Spanish form, particularly important to the Jews of Latin America, most notably Argentina, which has the largest concentration of Spanish speaking Jews anywhere in the world and therefore has a large Lubavitch presence as well. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Phonetic (pho-NET-ic) is a nationwide voicemail-to-text messaging service available for most digital mobile phones in which a subscriber is provided a custom voice mailbox for the purpose of receiving all incoming voice messages as actual transcribed text for reading via short messaging (also known as SMS... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Lubavitch

Lubavitch is the name of a small town in Russia meaning "town of love". It was Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi who founded the movement, but his son established court in Lubavitch, and the name stuck. In Hasidic Judaism, a dynasty normally takes its name from the town in Eastern Europe where it was born and originated. The followers of Lubavitch place great emphasis on the value and meaning of their group name and town of origin. They say that this evokes, symbolizes and embodies who they are. Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ...

History of the movement

In 19th and 20th century Russia Chabad had a large following and had a sizeable network of yeshivoth called Tomchei Temimim. Most of this system was destroyed by Bolshevik governments and the German invasion in 1942. The then current Rebbe Joseph Isaac Schneersohn had been living in Warsaw, Poland, and with the lobbying of many Jewish leaders on his behalf, he was finally granted diplomatic immunity and given safe conduct to go via Berlin, then to Riga, and then on to New York City where he arrived on March 19, 1940. His son-in-law and cousin Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who had been living in Paris, France, since 1933, escaped from France in 1941 and joined his father-in-law in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City. Nowdays, Chabad can be found wherever there are Jews. The worldwide headquarters of the Chabad movement is 770 Eastern Parkway in the neighborhood of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, referred to as "770" by Lubavitchers who deem the number to have great mystical significance. Yeshiva or yeshivah (Hebrew: ישיבה pl. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... This article is about the year. ... Rebbe (Hebrew: רבי also rebbi) is a title that may be given to a Rabbi in Orthodox Judaism, particularly within Hasidic Judaism. ... Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn or Friyerdikker Rebbe (Previous Rebbe in Yiddish) or Rayatz) (1880 - 1950) was the sixth Rebbe (Rabbi) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement. ... Warsaw (Polish Warszawa, (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Riga (Latvian: Rīga), the capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of River Daugava, at 56°58′N 24°8′E. Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states and serves as a major cultural, educational, political, financial, commercial and industrial center... The city is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture, and is one of the worlds major global cities (along with London, Tokyo and Paris) with a virtually unrivaled collection of museums, galleries, performance venues, media outlets, international corporations, and stock exchanges. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by his followers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City, USA, located to the east of Prospect Heights, Brooklyn. ... A map highlighting Brooklyn and the rest of New York City. ... The city is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture, and is one of the worlds major global cities (along with London, Tokyo and Paris) with a virtually unrivaled collection of museums, galleries, performance venues, media outlets, international corporations, and stock exchanges. ... The original building at 770 Eastern Parkway, as it appears after a heavy snowstorm. ...

Chabad today

Emissaries

Menachem Mendel Schneerson, after becoming the Rebbe himself, and following an initiative of the previous Rebbe, spurred the movement on to what has become known as shlichus (outreach work). As a result, Chabad shluchim (emissaries, sing. shaliach) have moved all over the world with a mission of helping all Jews, regardless of denomination or affiliation, with all their needs, physical assistance and spiritual, to learn more about their Jewish heritage, and Judaism as practiced by Chabad.

The movement, following Rabbi Schneerson's call, has trained and ordained thousands of rabbis, educators, ritual slaughterers, and ritual circumcisers, who are all accompanied by equally motivated spouses and typically large families, all of whom aim to fulfill their mandate of Jewish outreach, education, and revival. They look for and recruit Jews who want to join them, encourage Jews to strengthen their commitment to Judaism, and assist in supporting the religious needs of hundreds of thousands of Jews worldwide. Emissaries have commented on various occasions that "wherever there is Coca-Cola, there is Chabad"[1]. Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools the sages were addressed as רִבִּי (Ribbi... A mohel (or moel) is a Jewish ritual circumcisor who performs a brit milah ritual circumcision on the penis of a male who is to enter the Jewish covenant. ... The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ...

The Chabad House

A Chabad House is a Jewish community center, the nerve center of all the educational and outreach activities of a shliach. Often until the community is big enough for its own building, the Chabad House is the shliach's house, with the synagogue being their living room.

There are 4,000 Chabad centers in 70 countries serving the needs of the local Jewish communities worldwide.

Mitzvot campaigns

Chabad is also remarkable in its openness to non-Orthodox Jews; in fact, it aims to attract them to the Orthodox world, and believes this will bring Messianic times. This practice is called "mivtzoim".

The Rebbe issued a call to every Jew: "Even if you are not fully commited to a Torah life, do something. Begin with a mitzvah (commandment) - any mitzvah; its value will not be diminished by the fact that there are others which you are not prepared to do."

The Rebbe also suggested ten possible "beginner's" mitzvot - precepts which, because of their centrality to the Torah's guide to life, are ideally suited for a first experience of the mitzvah connection. (1) Lighting candles before Shabbat and the Jewish holidays (women and girls), (2) putting on tefillin (phylacteries, for men over 13), (3) affixing a mezuzah (scroll with central Torah passsages) on doors, (4) Torah study on a daily basis, (5) tzedakah (charity), (6) obtaining Jewish religious literature (a Chumash/Pentateuch, Book of Psalms, and a siddur/prayer book), (7) adhering to kashrut (the dietary laws), (8) loving one's neighbor like oneself, (9) Jewish eductation and (10) observing "family purity" (the laws of niddah. Shabbat (שבת shabbāṯ, rest in Hebrew, or Shabbos in Ashkenazic pronunciation), is the weekly day of rest in Judaism. ... A Jewish holiday is a day or series of days that is holy to the Jewish people. ... Tefillin, also called phylacteries, are leather objects containing Biblical verses which are used in rabbinic Jewish prayer. ... Mezuzah (Hebrew מזוזה literally doorpost, plural: mezuzot), in Judaism, is a small case affixed to the doorpost of Jewish homes, synagogues, and business establishments. ... Torah study is the study of Jewish religious texts by Jews for religious (as opposed to academic) purposes. ... Tzedakah (Hebrew: צדקה) in Judaism, is the Hebrew term most commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning justice (צדק). According to Maimonides, there are eight levels of tzedakah in Jewish tradition, ranging from publicly giving funds, so that the donor and recipient both know who each other... Torah (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... The siddur is the prayerbook used by Jews the world over, containing a set order of daily prayers. ... The circled U indicates that this product is certified as kosher by the Orthodox Union (OU). ... Niddah (or nidah, nidda, nida; Hebrew), in Judaism, is technically a state of minor exclusion when a woman is menstruating and for about a week later until she immerses in a ritual bath known as a mikvah. ...

In addition to the above campaigns, Schneerson greatly emphasized spreading awareness of the coming of Moshiach and preparing for his imminent arrival. Some of the points Schneerson stressed in his teachings include:

• Belief in the imminent coming of Moshiach is a fundamental Jewish belief as explained by the Rambam.
• The Geula, or the Era of Redemption, is the culmination of the spiritual work since the Creation of the world.
• Jews prepare and pave the way for the coming of Moshiach and the Geula by doing mitzvoth - the 613 commandments, as detailed in the Torah
• Non-Jews have seven mitzvoth, called the Noahide Laws, that they should become aware of and practice. Chabad has been a prime force in the dissemination of awareness of these laws, and several Noahide communities have sprung up as a result.
• The importance of opposing any discussion concerning concession of territories in the Holy Land of Israel, or otherwise strategically vital territories to Arabs or anyone else.

Often when asked what remains to be done to bring Moshiach (the messiah), Schneerson answered that we need to perform "Acts of Goodness and Kindness," now a popular catchphrase. Rabbi Schneerson intended that Moshiach awareness be an essential part of everything we do, and thus it is unusual for any Chabad function to be without mention of the desire for the immediate Redemption. The Jewish Messiah, or Mashiach, or Moshiach, has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (in Hebrew, mashiach (messiah) means anointed with holy olive oil) and inducted to rule the Jewish people. ... Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Hebrew: רבי משה בן מיימון; Arabic: Mussa bin Maimun ibn Abdallah al-Kurtubi al-Israili; March 30, 1135—December 13, 1204), commonly known by his Greek name Maimonides, was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher. ... Mitzvah מצוה is Hebrew for commandment (plural mitzvot; from צוה, tzavah - command). ... 613 mitzvot (or 613 Commandments. ... Torah (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. ... Mitzvah מצוה is Hebrew for commandment (plural mitzvot; from צוה, tzavah - command). ... The Noahide Laws (Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני × ×— -- Seven Noahide Laws), also called the Brit Noah (Covenant [of] Noah) are the mitzvot (commandments) and halakhot (laws) that Judaism teaches that all non-Jews are morally bound to follow. ...

Outreach activities

Activities:

• Chabad has set up an extensive network of camps around the world most using the name Gan Israel, a name chosen by the Rebbe for the first overnight camp. There are 1,200 sites serving 210,000 children -- most of whom are not Orthodox. Of these, 500 camps are in the United States.
• In recent years Chabad has greatly expanded its reach on Campuses. They serve hundreds of college campuses worldwide and has 85 full-service Jewish Student Centers.They have received much praise from faculty and students alike. Professor Alan Dershowitz has stated "Chabad’s presence on college campuses today is absolutely crucial." And "We cannot rest until Chabad is on every major college campus in the world"[2].
• Dissemination of literature by Kehot Publication Society (the Chabad publishing house) in Hebrew, Yiddish, English and other languages.
• Mitzvah tanks (mobile booths for outreach activities) are operated in busy areas.

Alan Dershowitz Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American lawyer, jurist, and political figure. ... The logo of Kehot Publication Society. ... A Mitzvah tank on a city street. ...

Customs of Chabad

Chabad has specific minhagim (customs) that distinguish it from other Hasidic groups. For example, in contrast with other Hasidic sects, Chabad hassidim do not wear shtreimels (fur hats worn on special days and occasions), a practice abolished by the seventh Rebbe. Minhag is a word for custom. ... A Shtreimel is a fur hat worn by many married Hasidic Orthodox Jewish men on Shabbat and during other holidays and festive occasions. ...

Chabad hassidim pronounce Hebrew according to the Ashkenazi dialect, with the vowel cholem sounding somewhat closer to /ey/ than the Modern Hebrew /o/ and the Ashkenazi /oi/. The Ashkenazi Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice. ... Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 6 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ...

Like many other Hasidic groups, Chabad attaches importance to singing Hasidic nigunim (tunes), either with or without words and following precise customs of their leaders. Nigun (pl. ...

Influence on the Jewish world

Chabad has had a notable influence on Haredi entertainment. Singing rabbi Shlomo Carlebach was affiliated with Chabad, and popular singers such as Avraham Fried and Mordechai ben David and children's entertainer Uncle Moshie attract sizable crowds on their tours and have popularized many melodies for various Jewish occasions. Haredi or Charedi Judaism, often also called ultra-Orthodox Judaism, is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. ... Shlomo Carlebach (שלמה קרליבך) (known as Reb Shlomo to his followers) (1925 - October 22, 1994), was an Orthodox rabbi and is considered by many as the foremost Jewish religious songwriter in the second half of the 20th century. ... Avraham Fried (real name Avraham Friedman) is a very popular Jewish musical entertainer. ... Mordechai Werdyger, generally known as Mordechai ben David (lit. ...

Chabad took a lead in the post-War kiruv rechokim ("outreach") movement which spread the message of authentic Judaism to many assimilated Jews worldwide, leading to a substantial number of baalei teshuva ("returnees" to Judaism"). Chabad was one of the first Jewish outreach organizations to discover the World Wide Web as an outreach tool. Baal teshuva (Hebrew: master [of] return/repentance) or chozer bi-teshuva ([to] come back/returnee in repentance/return) refers to a noticeable religious return (teshuva) of a Jew to strict Judaism or to a more Jewishly observant lifestyle than previously practiced. ... Graphic representation of the World Wide Web around Wikipedia The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is an information space in which the items of interest, referred to as resources, are identified by global identifiers called Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). ...

Controversies

Sixth Rebbe of Chabad Lubavitch Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (1880-1950) left, with his son-in-law and successor Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994), right, the last Lubavitcher Rebbe.

6th and 7th Lubavitch Rebbes. ... Rebbe (Hebrew: רבי also rebbi) is a title that may be given to a Rabbi in Orthodox Judaism, particularly within Hasidic Judaism. ... Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn or Friyerdikker Rebbe (Previous Rebbe in Yiddish) or Rayatz) (1880 - 1950) was the sixth Rebbe (Rabbi) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement. ... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by his followers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last...

History of controversy

Since its inception, Hasidism was the center of much controversy within the Jewish community. The founder of Hasidism, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov was a populist preacher and Kabbalist virtually unknown to the accepted Rabbinate at the time. His quickly growing popularity and novel interpretations of the Torah and halakha (Jewish law) quickly caused a growing backlash by established Rabbis who called themselves mitnagdim (lit. opposers). Hasidim were accused of idolatry, false messianism and laxity in observance of halakha. This opposition was led by Rabbi Eliyahu Kramer, known as the Vilna Gaon. Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Israel ben Eliezer Rabbi Israel (Yisroel) ben Eliezer (about 1700 Okopy Świętej Tr jcy - May 22, 1760 Międzyborz) was a Jewish Orthodox mystical rabbi who is better known to most religious Jews as the Baal Shem Tov, or... Kabbalah (Hebrew קַבָּלָה reception, Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah, Kaballah) is an interpretation (exegesis, hermeneutic) key, soul of the Torah (Hebrew Bible), or the religious mystical system of Judaism claiming an insight into divine nature. ... Torah (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. ... Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish rabbinic law, custom and tradition. ... Mitnagdim (also: misnagdim) is a Hebrew word (מתנגדים) meaning opponents; this term was used to refer to European religious Jews who opposed Hasidic Judaism. ... Elijah Ben Solomon, the Vilna Gaon The Vilna Gaon (April 23, 1720 – October 9, 1797) was a prominent Jewish rabbi, Talmud scholar, and Kabbalist. ...

After the death of the Baal Shem Tov's successor, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch; Hasidism split into many groups. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi is believed by Chabad Hasidim to be the rightful heir and successor of Rabbi Dovber of Mezritch. During the lives of Rabbi Shneur Zalman and his son Dovber, the controversies between the Hasidim and Mitnagdim intensified in many ways. Subjects of the disagreement were the rules for ritual slaughter and the conduction and phrasing of prayers, but rapidly involved many other aspects of Jewish life. As a result, Rabbi Shneur Zalman and his followers were subjected to bans and persecution. Finally, a prominent member of the mitnagdim informed the Russian government that Rabbi Shneur Zalman was encouraging his followers to send money to Palestine. Palestine was a part of the Ottoman Empire, which was at war with Russia. Rabbi Shneur Zalman was arrested for treason. His subsequent release on 19 Kislev is celebrated by Chabad Hasidim as the New Year of Hasidism and divine vindication of the movement. Dovber of Mezeritch (died 1772) was the primary disciple of Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism (now a form of Orthodox Judaism. ... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812) founder of Chabad Lubavitch and author of Tanya and Shulchan Aruch HaRav. ... Dovber Schneuri (or Dovber or Mitteler Rebbe (Middle Rebbe in Yiddish) ) (1773 — 1827) was an Orthodox Judaism rabbi. ... Mitnagdim (also: misnagdim) is a Hebrew word (מתנגדים) meaning opponents; this term was used to refer to European religious Jews who opposed Hasidic Judaism. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (Constantinople) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40...

There was brief rapprochement between Chabad, other Hasidim and the mitnagdim during the tenure of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, the grandson of Rabbi Shneur Zalman. However, controversies continued throughout the generations. Mitnagdim (also: misnagdim) is a Hebrew word (מתנגדים) meaning opponents; this term was used to refer to European religious Jews who opposed Hasidic Judaism. ... The seventh and last Lubavitcher rebbe was named similarly: Menachem Mendel Schneerson (without the h in his last name, as he was a cousin. ...

Controversy during the seventh Rebbe's life

Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Chabad leader, took the reins of the sect shortly after World War II and became their Rebbe. At the time, many believed that Orthodox Judaism was about to die. Schneerson believed that the Messiah was soon to come. At the speech where he accepted leadership, he proclaimed the defining theme of his tenure. He stated that his purpose as the seventh Rebbe was to complete the work of bringing the Jewish Messiah. He further stated that the previous Rebbe had not finished this work, but because of the unusual character of his self-sacrifice was still present to lead the charge in bringing about the Messianic Age. "Beyond this, the Rebbe will bind and unite us with the infinite Essence of G-d... When he redeems us from the exile with an uplifted hand and the dwelling places of all Jews shall be filled with light... May we be privileged to see and meet with the Rebbe here is this world, in a physical body, in this earthy domain - and he will redeem us" (Basi L'Gani 1951). Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by his followers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last... This is the current Improvement Drive collaboration! World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atomic bomb. ... Rebbe (Hebrew: רבי also rebbi) is a title that may be given to a Rabbi in Orthodox Judaism, particularly within Hasidic Judaism. ... Orthodox Judaism is the stream of Judaism which adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmud (The Oral Law) and later codified in the Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law). It is governed by these works and the Rabbinical commentary... The Jewish Messiah, or Mashiach, or Moshiach, has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (in Hebrew, mashiach (messiah) means anointed with holy olive oil) and inducted to rule the Jewish people. ...

Schneerson renounced the traditionally insular or assimilationist way of life espoused by many Jews in the United States. He encouraged growing long beards, women wearing wigs and other overt signs of religiosity. His followers held public Hannukah celebrations, encouraged secular Jews to put on tefillin in public and made themselves highly visible in their Jewish observance. This caused a backlash from both liberal and traditional factions of the Jewish establishment. The County of Allegheny with the support of Chabad defended itself in court all the way to the United States Supreme Court from the ACLU in County of Allegheny v. ACLU over the display of a public Menorah owned by Chabad. Many prominent Rabbis were staunchly opposed to allowing secular Jews to wear tefillin, as they believed it to be a desecration. The controversies over the role of a tzadik and the coming of the Jewish Messiah continue to rage. Chanukah (חנכה ḥănukkāh, or חנוכה ḥănūkkāh) is a Jewish holiday, also known as the Festival of lights. ... Tefillin, also called phylacteries, are leather objects containing Biblical verses which are used in rabbinic Jewish prayer. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... The American Civil Liberties Union, or ACLU, is a non_governmental organization devoted to defending civil rights and civil liberties in the United States. ... In County of Allegheny v. ... Yarmulke and Menorah from the Harry S Truman collection A menorah (sometimes capitalized) is a branched candelabrum with seven candle-holders. ... Tefillin, also called phylacteries, are leather objects containing Biblical verses which are used in rabbinic Jewish prayer. ... Tzadik - צדיק (plural: Tzadikkim) is the Hebrew word for righteous one, and is a title which is generally given to those whom are considered to be righteous such as a spiritual master or Rebbe. ... The Jewish Messiah, or Mashiach, or Moshiach, has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (in Hebrew, mashiach (messiah) means anointed with holy olive oil) and inducted to rule the Jewish people. ...

Various forms of messianism

During the later years of his life Schneerson's teachings were interpreted by many to mean that he was claiming to be the Messiah. The development of this messianism and its impact on Chabad in specific — and Orthodox Judaism in general — has been the subject of much discussion in the Jewish press, as well as within the pages of peer-reviewed journals. Few within Chabad deny the existence or extent of this messianism. The Jewish Messiah, or Mashiach, or Moshiach, has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (in Hebrew, mashiach (messiah) means anointed with holy olive oil) and inducted to rule the Jewish people. ... Orthodox Judaism is the stream of Judaism which adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmud (The Oral Law) and later codified in the Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law). It is governed by these works and the Rabbinical commentary...

There are various expressions of the Messianic message:

• Some Chabad Hasidim hold that Schneerson was the best candidate for messiah in his generation, but now say that people were mistaken to believe that he was the Messiah. Rather, he could have been the messiah if God willed it to be so, but it was not to be. As such, the Messiah will come nonetheless in the person of some other great leader.
• Some Chabad Hasidim hold that the classic meaning of death does not apply to a truly righteous person such as Schneerson, as his soul was closer to God than that of an ordinary human being. In this view Schneerson never died, and is still alive in some way that ordinary humans cannot perceive. He will return in a more obvious way to proclaim his messiahship (see e.g. Rabbi Levi Yitzchack Ginsberg, of Kfar Chabad Yeshiva, in his book Mashiah Akhshav, volume IV, 1996). Many Chabad Hasidim refuse to put the typical honorifics for the dead (e.g. zt"l or zecher tzaddik livrocho, "may the memory of the righteous be for a blessing") after Schneerson's name.
• Some Chabad Hasidim hold that Schneerson will literally return from the dead amidst a general bodily resurrection of the dead, and will be proclaimed as Messiah. Some Chabad Hasidim have developed an extensive literature of prooftexts attempting to show that this is what previous rabbinic literature actually meant (Berger 2001, see below for details).
• Berger also asserts that a few Chabad followers hold Schneerson to be God incarnate, and that they worship him as such. In contrast, Chabad rabbis state that this belief is in contradiction with Chabad teachings, and deny that people with such beliefs exist (see Dalfin, Rapoport).

Vociferous opponents of the "meschichist" ("messianist") approach were some of the prominent roshei yeshiva (deans of Talmud colleges), such as Rabbi Elazar Menachem Shach, dean of the Ponovezh yeshiva in Israel, who had condemned Chabad beliefs even before Schneerson's death. He was the leader of a group that had historically been at odds with all Hasidim, including Chabad, although from the 20th century onwards they worked quite closely together in organizations such as Agudath Israel, and Shach himself had not criticized any other Hasidic group in this way. It is noteworthy that many roshei yeshiva, including the late Rabbi Moses Feinstein and Rabbi Abraham Pam (essentially from the same camp as Schach) held Schneerson in the highest regard and did not take a stance vis a vis the Messianic stirrings. Death is the cessation of physical life in a living organism or the state of the organism after that event. ... A Rosh yeshiva (Hebrew: ראש ישיבה) (plural in Hebrew: Roshei yeshiva, but also referred to in the English form as Rosh yeshivas) is a rabbi who is the academic head, or rosh (ראש), of a yeshiva (ישיבה), a college of higher Talmudic study. ... Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbÄ«;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbÄ«) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools the sages were addressed as רִבִּי (Ribbi... World Agudath Israel (The World Israelite Union) was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Orthodox Judaism. ... A Rosh yeshiva (Hebrew: ראש ישיבה) (plural in Hebrew: Roshei yeshiva, but also referred to in the English form as Rosh yeshivas) is a rabbi who is the academic head, or rosh (ראש), of a yeshiva (ישיבה), a college of higher Talmudic study. ... Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbÄ«;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbÄ«) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools the sages were addressed as רִבִּי (Ribbi... Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbÄ«;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbÄ«) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools the sages were addressed as רִבִּי (Ribbi...

The most vocal critic in the Modern Orthodox camp has been Rabbi David Berger, professor of history at Brooklyn College. In his 2001 book The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference, he criticizes the movement's Messianistic teachings, the perceived belief by many followers that the Rebbe was indeed the Messiah, and the incompatibility of these beliefs with traditional Judaism. He urges the Orthodox community to distance itself from Chabad. Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox, also known as Modern Orthodoxy and sometimes abbreviated as MO) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance and values with the secular modern world. ... One of the most famous quotations about history and the value of studying history, by Spanish philosopher, George Santayana, reads: Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. ... Brooklyn College of The City University of New York Brooklyn College of The City University of New York is a senior college of the City University of New York. ...

At the request of Berger, the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) resolved through a majority vote that “"In light of disturbing developments which have recently arisen in the Jewish community, the Rabbinical Council of America in convention assembled declares that there is not and has never been a place in Judaism for the belief that Mashiach ben David [Messiah son of David] will begin his Messianic Mission only to experience death, burial and resurrection before completing it."” Additonally Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshiva University, and major leader in the Modern Orthodox community, Rabbi Norman Lamm, has gone on record criticising the messianic tendencies within Chabad. The Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) is one of the worlds largest organizations of Orthodox Jewish rabbis; it is affiliated with The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, more commonly known as the Orthodox Union, or OU. History The roots of the organization go back to 1923 when... Yeshiva University Yeshiva University is a private Jewish university in New York City whose first component was founded in 1886. ... Norman (Nochum) Lamm, or Rabbi Dr. Norman Lamm, (born, 1927, Brooklyn, USA), major modern Orthodox Judaism rabbi, and Jewish communal leader. ...

In contrast, Berger's claims have been attacked as false and misleading by several books written in response to his claims. Moshe Idel, the Max Cooper Professor of Jewish Thought at Hebrew University, considered the world's foremost academic authority on kabbala, or Jewish mysticism, disagrees with Berger's key point, that Judaism abhors the idea of a messiah who rises from the dead. He pointed out that this notion is not as foreign as Berger would have readers believe. After all, the professor argued, the late King David is considered in Jewish literature as a top candidate for the post of Messiah (Yanover). Rabbi Aaron Soloveitchik expressed concern for voices attacking Chabad. At the time, he had authorized publication of a letter in which he urged respect for Chabad, expressed praise for its work and stated that its beliefs are not outside the realm of Orthodox Judaism. Likewise, Professor Aviezer Ravitzky, chairman of the department of Jewish philosophy at Hebrew University, strongly disputes Berger's claims that new Chabad teachings amount to heresy; however he does not believe that such beliefs are correct. In regards to those who wait for Schneerson to return from the dead as a messiah, Ravitzky stated "Torah does not prohibit a person from being stupid." This page is about the Biblical king David. ...

Earlier responses from other various Jewish spokespeople had been also been aimed specifically at the last two expressions of messianism. Longtime critics Allan Nadler (2001) and Rabbi Chaim Dov Keller (1998) warned that Chabad had moved its focus from God to Schneerson to the point that they "worship him", but their criticism did not have the impact that Berger's work and subsequent campign. Comparisons with Christianity have also been made. Rabbi Jack Riemer, for example, refers to the literature of Meschichist Chabad Jews as Christian, and as being the same as that of Jews for Jesus tract. Professor Jacob Neusner similarly writes (2001) that Chabad has invented "Halachic Christianity". Jews for Jesus is a controversial Evangelical Protestant organization founded in 1973 by Martin Rosen, also known as Moishe Rosen, an ordained Baptist minister, with a goal of converting Jews to Christianity. ... Jacob Neusner (1932- ) is an influential as well as a controversial academic scholar of Judaism and the most prolific. ...

References and further reading

• Berger, David. "The Fragility of Religious Doctrine: Accounting for Orthodox Acquiescence in the Belief In A Second Coming," Modern Judaism, Vol. 22, p.103-114, 2002
• Berger, David. The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference, Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001 (ISBN 1874774889)
• Dalfin, Chaim. Attack on Lubavitch: A Response, Jewish Enrichment Press, February 2002 (ISBN 1880880660)
• Fishkoff, Sue. The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch, Schocken, 2003 (ISBN 0805241892)
• Frumer, Assaf. Kol Hanikra Bishmi (Hebrew)
• Hoffman, Edward. Despite All Odds: The Story of Lubavitch. Simon & Schuster, 1991 (ISBN 0671677039)
• Keller, Chaim Dov. "G-d - Centered or Rebbe/Messiah - Centered: What is Normative Judaism?", Jewish Observer, March, 1998
• Lessons in Tanya chabad.org
• Mindel, Nissan. The philosophy of Chabad. Chabad Research Center, 1973
• Nadler, Allan. Last Exit to Brooklyn: The Lubavitcher's powerful and preposterous messianism. The New Republic May 4, 1992.
• Nadler, Allan. A Historian's Polemic Against 'The Madness of False Messianism' The Forward Oct. 19, 2001.
• Neusner, Jacob. A Messianism That Some Call Heresy. Jerusalem Post October 19, 2001
• Pavzener, Avraham. Al HaTzadikim (Hebrew). Kfar Chabad. 1991
• Prager, Dennis. Irresponsible Slander Moment Magazine 2002
• Rapoport, Chaim The Messiah Problem; Berger, The Angel and the Scandal of Reckless Indiscrimination Chaim Rapoport 2002
• Riemer, Jack. Will the Rebbe Return?. Moment Magazine February 2002.
• Schneerson, Menachem Mendel. On the Essence of Chasidus: A Chasidic Discourse by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Chabad-Lubavitch. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2003 (ISBN 0826604668)
• Schochet, Rabbi J. Immanuel. G-d Centered or Machloket-Centered: Which is Normative Judaism? A Response to Rabbi Chaim Dov Keller of Chicago. Algemeiner Journal.
• Shaffir, William. When Prophecy is Not Validated: Explaining the Unexpected in a Messianic Campaign. The Jewish Journal of Sociology. Vol.XXXVII, No.2, Dec. 1995
• Student, Gil. Can the Rebbe Be Moshiach?: Proofs from Gemara, Midrash, and Rambam that the Rebbe cannot be Moshiach, Universal Publishers, 2002, (ISBN 1581126115). online version
• Yanover, Yori. Attack on Chabad Is Called Unredeemable The Forward January 18, 2002

Cover from the August 30th, 2004 issue. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ... Moment magazine is a popular non-sectarian, politically diverse, religiously inclusive bi-monthly Jewish publication produced in the United States. ... Moment magazine is a popular non-sectarian, politically diverse, religiously inclusive bi-monthly Jewish publication produced in the United States. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ...

External links

• Non-Messianic
  • Chabad-Lubavitch main website
  • About the Lubavitcher Rebbe
  • Lubavitch News Service
  • Global Chabad-Lubavitch Centers and Institutions Directory
  • Chabad on Campus

• Messianic
  • Beis Moshiach Magazine
  • Chabad news from around the world

• Historical
  • A Brief History of Lubavitch Messianism
  • Rabbi Soloveitchik's statement regarding Chabad

• • Rabbi Aharon Feldman, Rosh yeshiva of Ner Israel Rabbincial College, Statement on Chabad