The Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the Clouds, were an Andean people living in the cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day Peru. The Incas conquered their civilization shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru. When the Spanish arrived in Peru in the 16th century, the Chachapoyas were one of the many nations ruled by the Inca Empire. Their incorporation into the Inca Empire had not been easy, due to their constant resistance to the Inca troops. The word Andean refers to the geographic area in and around the Andes Mountains of South America, and to the indigenous peoples that inhabit the area, such as the Inca. ... Amazonas is a region in northern Peru. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ... Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ... Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ...

Since the Incas and the Spanish conquistadors were the principal sources of information on the Chachapoyas, unbiased first-hand knowledge of the Chachapoyas remains scarce. Writings by the major chroniclers of the time, such as El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, were based on fragmentary second-hand accounts. Much of what we do know about the Chachapoyas culture is based on archaeological evidence from ruins, pottery, tombs and other artifacts. For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Conquistador (Spanish: kōn-kē-stŏ-dōr) (meaning Conqueror in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas and Asia Pacific under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement... One of the first mestizos of the New World, el Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539 - 1616) was a well-known writer on the subject of the Inca people. ...

The chronicler Pedro Cieza de León offers some picturesque notes about the Chachapoyas: Pedro Cieza de León (Llerena, Spain c. ...

"They are the whitest and most handsome of all the people that I have seen in Indies, and their wives were so beautiful that because of their gentleness, many of them deserved to be the Incas' wives and to also be taken to the Sun Temple (...) The women and their husbands always dressed in woolen clothes and in their heads they wear their llautos, which are a sign they wear to be known everywhere." The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and Southeast Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives... Coricancha The Coricancha (from the Quechua word Quri Qancha meaning Golden Courtyard), originally named Inti Qancha ( Temple of the Sun) was the most important temple in the Inca Empire, dedicated primarily to Inti, the Sun God. ... The llauto was one of the particular outfits of the ruling Incas. ...

Cieza adds that, after their annexation to the Inca Empire, they adopted customs imposed by the Cuzco-based Inca. Pedro Cieza de León (Llerena, Spain c. ... Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ... See other Peruvian regions President Carlos R. Cuaresma Capital Cusco Area 71,986. ...

The name Chachapoya is in fact the name that was given to this culture by the Inca; the name that these people may have actually used to refer to themselves is not known. The meaning of the word Chachapoyas may have been derived from sacha-p-collas, the equivalent of "colla people who live in the woods" (sacha = wild p = of the colla = nation in which Aymara is spoken). Some believe the word is a variant of the Quechua construction sacha puya, or people of the clouds. Eucalyptus Forest at Swifts Creek in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. ... Help wikipedia by translating the Spanish article into this article. ...

Geography

Valley of the Marañón between Chachapoyas (Leymebamba) and Celendín

The Chachapoyas' territory was located in the northern regions of the Andes in present-day Peru. It encompassed the triangular region formed by the confluence of the rivers Marañón and Utcubamba in the zone of Bagua, up to the basin of the Abiseo river, where the ruins of Pajáten are located. This territory also included land to the south up to the Chontayacu river, exceeding the limits of the current department of Amazonas towards the south. But the center of the Chachapoyas culture was the basin of the Utcubamba river. Due to the great size of the Marañón river and the surrounding mountainous terrain, the region was relatively isolated from the coast and other areas of Peru, although there is archaeological evidence of some interaction between the Chachapoyas and other cultures. Image File history File links Maranon. ... Image File history File links Maranon. ... The river Marañón rises about 100 miles to the north-east of Lima, Peru. ... Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru. ... The province of Celendín was created by law of September 30, 1862. ... The river Marañón rises about 100 miles to the north-east of Lima, Peru. ... Utcubamba River The Utcubamba River (Rio Utcubamba) is a river in the Amazonas Region of Peru, located at . The rivers name is Quechua for cotton fields. The Utcubamba River originates in the highlands of the central cordillera, then flows north through Amazonas before joining the Marañón River. ... Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. ... Gran Pajáten is an archaological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region, between the cities of Cajamarca and Chachapoyas. ... Amazonas is a region in northern Peru. ... Utcubamba River The Utcubamba River (Rio Utcubamba) is a river in the Amazonas Region of Peru, located at . The rivers name is Quechua for cotton fields. The Utcubamba River originates in the highlands of the central cordillera, then flows north through Amazonas before joining the Marañón River. ...

The contemporary Peruvian city of Chachapoyas derives its name from the word for this ancient culture as does the defined architectural style. Garcilaso de la Vega noted that the Chachapoyas territory was so extensive that, Garcilaso de la Vega, (b. ...

"We could easily call it a kingdom because it has more than fifty leagues long per twenty leagues wide, without counting the way up to Muyupampa, thirty leagues long more (...)" League is a unit of distance long common in Europe and Latin America, although no longer an official unit in any nation. ... League is a unit of distance long common in Europe and Latin America, although no longer an official unit in any nation. ... Moyobamba is a city in North Peru. ... League is a unit of distance long common in Europe and Latin America, although no longer an official unit in any nation. ...

The league was a measurement of about 5 kilometers. League is a unit of distance long common in Europe and Latin America, although no longer an official unit in any nation. ... A kilometer (Commonwealth spelling: kilometre), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1,000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ...

The area of the Chachapoyas is sometimes referred to as the Amazonian Andes, due to it being part of a mountain range covered by dense tropical woods. The Amazonian Andes constitute the eastern flank of the Andes, which were once covered by dense Amazon vegetation. the region extended from the cordillera spurs up to altitudes where primary forests still stand, usually above 3500 m. The cultural realm of the Amazonian Andes occupied land situated between 2000 and 3000 m altitude. The Amazon Andes, or what I call the Andean Amazonía, is known enough from the beginning of century; but very little studied for archaeologists, except exceptions as it is the case of the Culture Chachapoyas, with his most spectacular expressions in Kuelap and Pajaten, which have been studied by... The Himalaya as seen from the International Space Station A mountain range is a group of mountains bordered by lowlands or separated from other mountain ranges by passes or rivers. ... Eucalyptus Forest at Swifts Creek in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. ... The Amazon Andes, or what I call the Andean Amazonía, is known enough from the beginning of century; but very little studied for archaeologists, except exceptions as it is the case of the Culture Chachapoyas, with his most spectacular expressions in Kuelap and Pajaten, which have been studied by... The Andes form the longest mountain chain in the world. ... The Cordillera is a massive mountain range situated in the northern central part of the Philippines. ... The Amazon Andes, or what I call the Andean Amazonía, is known enough from the beginning of century; but very little studied for archaeologists, except exceptions as it is the case of the Culture Chachapoyas, with his most spectacular expressions in Kuelap and Pajaten, which have been studied by...

Origin of the Chachapoyas

Ever since early chroniclers reported the Chachapoyas to be a tall, fair-skinned race, there has been much popular speculation about their origins. Additionally, some claim that mummified remains of Chachapoyans resemble a Caucasoid-like physical type. A recent media report claimed that: Typical Caucasoid skull Caucasoid is a racial classification usually used as part of a phenotypal system, also including other classifications such as Australoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and sometimes others such as Capoid. ...

This contradicts standard theories of migration to the New World. If not an autapomorphy, (or an artefact of preservation conditions; see also the debate about the Tarim mummies), the Chachapoyas were a unique population. Accounts such as that of Cieza de León only indicate that they did have lighter skin than other Native Americans of the region, and as with other anomalous populations (such as the Guanche people of the Canary Islands), their origins and appearance are subject to speculation and exaggeration. Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ... An autapomorphy in cladistics is a derived trait that is unique to a given taxon. ... A Tarim Basin mummy photographed by Aurel Stein circa 1910. ... A Hupa man. ... Afro-Asiatic - Berber - Guanche Guanche was a language spoken on the Canary Islands up to the 16th century. ... The Canaries is the nickname of Norwich City FC. Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th  7,447 km²  1. ...

According to the analysis of the Chachapoyas objects made by the Antisuyo expeditions of the Amazon Archaeology Institute, the Chachapoyas do not exhibit Amazon cultural tradition; rather their cultural goods have Andean roots. Given that the terrain faciliates peripatric speciation - as evidenced by the high biodiversity of the Andean region - the physical attributes of the Chachapoyas are most likely reflecting founder effects, assortative mating, or related phenomena in an initially small population sharing a relatively recent common ancestor with other Amerind groups. The Antisuyo expedition, led by Giancarlo Ligabue and Federico Kauffman Doig in 1984 in Peru, enabled identification of a group of pre-Inca sarcophagi which had remained unknown in the scientific literature. ... The Amazon Archaeology Institute (IAA) is an entity without ends of lucre, affiliated to the National Institute of Culture of Peru (Agreement I-II-93), directed by Dr. Federico Kauffmann Doig; that jointly with the Center Studi Ricerche Ligabue (Italy), at which there presides the distinguished anthropologist and paleontologist Dr . ... Peripatric speciation (also known as Parapatry) is a type of speciation in the theory of natural selection. ... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variation of taxonomic life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ... Simple illustration of founder effect. ... Assortative mating (also called Assortative pairing) takes place when sexually reproducing organisms tend to mate with individuals that are like themselves in some respect (positive assortative mating) or dissimilar (negative assortative mating). ... The word Amerind (a contraction of American Indian) usually refers to the Native Americans, the peoples who lived in the Americas before the Europeans arrived in the continent; and to the modern ethnic communities that originate from those peoples. ...

The anthropomorphous sarcophagi resemble imitations of funeral bundles provided with wooden masks typical of the Horizonte Medio, a dominant culture on the coast and highlands, also known as the Tiahuanaco-Huari or Wari culture. The "mausoleums" may be modified forms of the chullpa or pucullo, elements of funeral architecture common throughout Peru and in Tiahuanaco-Huari. An anthropomorphic character Anthropomorphism, also called personification anthropomorphism, is the attribution of human characteristics and qualities to nonhuman beings, inanimate objects, or natural or supernatural phenomena. ... Stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Detail of a stone sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archeological Museum showing a hunting scene Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at Cádiz A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. ... Thanks to the excellent conservation of the funeral bundles of Paracas, we know with detail the funeral ritual that they used. ... Horizonte Medio is an era of Peruvian history. ... Area of the Middle Horizon The Gate of the Sun Tiwanaku (Spanish spellings: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in Bolivia. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the Andes in the south of modern day Peru, from about 500 to 1200 A.D. The capital city of the same name is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the Andes in the south of modern day Peru, from about 500 to 1200 A.D. The capital city of the same name is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... St. ... A small group of peripheral chullpas at Sillustani, Lake Titicaca, Peru. ... A small group of peripheral chullpas at Sillustani, Lake Titicaca, Peru. ... Area of the Middle Horizon The Gate of the Sun Tiwanaku (Spanish spellings: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in Bolivia. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the Andes in the south of modern day Peru, from about 500 to 1200 A.D. The capital city of the same name is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ...

The reason for an Andean people to inhabit the Amazonian Andes in particular seems to be the need to expand agrarian borders. The agricultural environments of both the Andes and the coastal region, characterized by its extensive desert areas and limited soil suitable for farming, became insufficient for sustaining a population like the ancestral Peruvians, which had grown for 3000 years. The Andes form the longest mountain chain in the world. ... The Amazon Andes, or what I call the Andean Amazonía, is known enough from the beginning of century; but very little studied for archaeologists, except exceptions as it is the case of the Culture Chachapoyas, with his most spectacular expressions in Kuelap and Pajaten, which have been studied by... Agrarian redirects here. ... The Chala or Coast is one of the eight natural regions in Peru. ... Loess field in Germany Soil horizons are formed by combined biological, chemical and physical alterations. ... Agrarian redirects here. ... Human population increase from 10,000 BC – 2000 AD. Population growth is change in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time. ...

This theory has been described as "mountainization of the rain forest" for both geographical and cultural reasons: first, after the fall of the tropical forests, the scenery of the Amazonian Andes changed to resemble the barren mountains of the Andes; second, the people who settled there brought their Andean culture with them. This phenomenon, which still occurs today, was repeated in the southern Amazonian Andes during the Inca Empire, which projected into the mountainous zone of Vilcabamba, raising haughty examples of Inca architecture such as Machu Picchu. Geography (from the Greek words Ge (γη) or Gaea (γαια), both meaning Earth, and graphein (γραφειν) meaning to describe or to writeor to map) is the study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. ... Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ... The Himalaya as seen from the International Space Station A mountain range is a group of mountains bordered by lowlands or separated from other mountain ranges by passes or rivers. ... Vilcabamba was a city founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last refuge of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572, signalling the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... View of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Piqchu Old Peak; sometimes called the Lost City of the Incas) is a well-preserved pre-Columbian Inca ruin located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft)[1] on a mountain ridge. ...

Some LDS scholars have posited that the Chachapoya are a remnant of the destroyed Nephite nation described in the Book of Mormon.[2] LDS is a TLA that can mean: Latter-Day Saint, a person who is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Latter Day Saint, a person who identifies with the Latter Day Saint religious movement (Not to be confused with Latter Day Saint (note: without... In the Book of Mormon, the Nephites are a people descended from or associated with Nephi, a prophet who traveled with his family from Jerusalem to the Western Hemisphere circa 600 B.C. at the urging of God. ... The Book of Mormon (originally, The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi) is one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement, named after the prophet/historian Mormon, who according to the text compiled most...

Incorporation to the Inca Empire

The conquest of the Chachapoyas by the Incas took place, according to Garcilaso, during the government of Tupac Inca Yupanqui in the second half of the 15th century. Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ... Garcilaso de la Vega, (b. ... Drawing of Tupac Inca Yupanqui by Guaman Poma (1615 CE) Tupac Inca Yupanqui (a. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...

He recounts that the warlike actions began in the slope of Pias. If this is true, it was to the south-west of the Gran Pajáten, whence it is deduced that the area of Pias was already considered as a Chachapoyas territory. Gran Pajáten is an archaological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region, between the cities of Cajamarca and Chachapoyas. ...

About the resistance that the Chachapoyas put up against the Inca's penetration in the times of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, there is abundant historical information, especially in the chronicle of Cieza. Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ... Drawing of Tupac Inca Yupanqui by Guaman Poma (1615 CE) Tupac Inca Yupanqui (a. ... Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica, from Greek Χρόνος) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ... Pedro Cieza de León (Llerena, Spain c. ...

During the sovereign Huayna Capac's government, the Chachapoyas rebelled: Huayna Capac (Quechua Wayna Qhapaq splendid youth) was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1493 - 1527) of the Inca Empire, and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. ...

"They had killed the Inca's governors and captains (...) and (...) soldiers (...) and many others were imprisoned, they had the intention to make them their slaves." For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ...

As an answer, Huayna Capac, who was in the Ecuadorian cañaris land and while he was gathering his troops, sent messengers to negotiate peace. But again, the Chachapoyas "punished the messengers (...) and threatened them with death". Huayna Capac (Quechua Wayna Qhapaq splendid youth) was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1493 - 1527) of the Inca Empire, and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. ... Before the penetration of the Incas the present area of Cañar province in Ecuador was populated by the brave Cañaris, pleasant but fierce and combative people when he was feeling irresolute. ... A troop is a military unit, originally a small force of cavalry, subordinate to a squadron and headed by the troop leader. ...

Then Huayna Capac ordered to attack them. He crossed the Marañon river over a bridge of wooden rafts that he ordered to be built probably in the surroundings of Balsas, next to Celendín. Huayna Capac (Quechua Wayna Qhapaq splendid youth) was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1493 - 1527) of the Inca Empire, and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. ... The river Marañón rises about 100 miles to the north-east of Lima, Peru. ... Balsas is a district of the province of Chachapoyas, Peru. ... The province of Celendín was created by law of September 30, 1862. ...

From here, the Inca's troops went to Cajamarquilla (Bolivar), with the intention of destroying this town that was "one of the principal towns" of the 'Chachapoyas. From Cajamarquilla, an embassy consisting of women came out to meet them. In front of them there was a matron, who was a former concubine of Tupac Inca Yupanqui. They were asking for mercy and forgiveness, which the Inca granted them. In memory of this event of peace consecration, the place where the negotiation had taken place was declared sacred and closed so from now on "(...) neither men nor animals, nor even birds, if it was possible, would put their feet in it." For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... A troop is a military unit, originally a small force of cavalry, subordinate to a squadron and headed by the troop leader. ... The archaeological place of Cajamarquilla locates in the margin right hand of the river Rímac, next to the city of Lima, to only 25 km from the coasts of the Pacific Ocean. ... The Bolívar Province is a Peruvian province located in the La Libertad Region. ... The archaeological place of Cajamarquilla locates in the margin right hand of the river Rímac, next to the city of Lima, to only 25 km from the coasts of the Pacific Ocean. ... In the UK; the word Matron is the job title of a very senior nurse. ... Look up concubine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Drawing of Tupac Inca Yupanqui by Guaman Poma (1615 CE) Tupac Inca Yupanqui (a. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ...

To assure the pacification of the Chachapoyas, the Incas installed garrisons in the region. They also arranged the transfer of groups of villagers under the system of mitmac, or change of territories of human groups: For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

"(...) it gave them grounds to work and places for houses not much far from a hill that is next to the city (Cuzco) called Carmenga." For The Emperors New Groove character, see Kuzco. ...

Of the Inca presence in the territory of Chachapoyas remain the architectural rests of Cochabamba, placed in the outskirts of Utcubamba in the current district of Leimebamba. For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Chachapoyas is a province of the Amazonas Region, Peru. ... The centre of Cochabamba Cochabamba is a city in central Bolivia, located in a valley bearing the same name in the Andes mountain range. ... Utcubamba River The Utcubamba River (Rio Utcubamba) is a river in the Amazonas Region of Peru, located at . The rivers name is Quechua for cotton fields. The Utcubamba River originates in the highlands of the central cordillera, then flows north through Amazonas before joining the Marañón River. ... A farmworker near Leimebamba. ...

Characteristics

The architectural model of the Chachapoyas is characterized by circular stone constructions as well as raised platforms constructed on slopes. Their walls were sometimes decorated with symbolic figures. Some structures such as the monumental fortress of Kuelap and the ruins of Cerro Olán are prime examples of this architectural style. The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Kuélap Fortress The fortress of Kuelap (or Kuélap), associated with the Chachapoyas culture, consists of massive exterior stone walls containing more than four hundred buildings. ... Cerro Olán is a pre-Hispanic Habitational group of houses with special architecture to 70 kilometers approximately from the city of Chachapoyas route highway Duraznopampa - Monmtevideo and San Pedro of Utac. ...

Chachapoyan constructions may date to the 9th or 10th century; this architectural tradition still thrived at the time of the arrival of the Spanish until the latter part of the 16th century. To be sure, the Incas introduced their own style after conquering the Chachapoyas, such as in the case of the ruins of Cochabamba in the district of Leimebamba. As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was that century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Capital Cusco (Vilcabamba after 1533) Language(s) Quechua Government Monarchy Sapa Inca  - 1570-1572 Túpac Amaru History  - Established 1197  - Spanish conquest 1532-1537  - Disestablished 1572 Area  - 1527 2,000,000 km2 772,204 sq mi Population  - 1527 est. ... The centre of Cochabamba Cochabamba is a city in central Bolivia, located in a valley bearing the same name in the Andes mountain range. ... A farmworker near Leimebamba. ...

The presence of two funeral patterns is also typical of the Chachapoyas culture. One is represented by sarcophagi, placed vertically and located in caves that were excavated at the highest point of precipices. The other funeral pattern was groups of mausoleums constructed like tiny houses located in caves worked into cliffs. Stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Detail of a stone sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archeological Museum showing a hunting scene Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at Cádiz A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. ... A mausoleum is a large and impressive tomb, usually constructed for a deceased leader. ... The Trango Towers in Pakistan have the highest cliffs in the world In geography, a cliff is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. ...

Chachapoyan handmade ceramics did not reach the technological level of the Mochica or Nazca cultures. Their small pitchers are frequently decorated by cordoned motifs. As for textile art, clothes were generally colored in red. A monumental textile from the precincts of Pajáten had been painted with figures of birds. The Chachapoyas also used to paint their walls, as an extant sample in San Antonio, province of Luya, reveals. These walls represent stages of a ritual dance of couples holding hands. Moche pottery (Image © PROMPERU, used with permission) The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... Late Intermediate Period Cultures The Nazca culture flourished in the Nazca region between 300 BC and 800 AD. They created the famous Nazca lines and built an impressive system of underground aqueducts that still function today. ... Ewer (reverse, middle) as cult instrument, in this coin celebrating the pietas of the Roman Emperor Herennius Etruscus. ... Textile art is the creation of textiles or creation with textiles. ... Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan. ... Red may be any of a number of similar colours at the lowest frequencies of light discernible by the human eye. ... Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan. ... Gran Pajáten is an archaological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region, between the cities of Cajamarca and Chachapoyas. ... Aves redirects here. ... The tunnels of San Antonio are located in the province of Luya. ... Luya is located in the south and west part of the department of Amazonas. ...

History

Although there is archaeological evidence that people began settling this geographical area as early as 200 A.D. or before, the Chachapoyas culture is thought to have developed around 800 A.D. The major urban centers, such as Kuélap and Gran Pajáten, may have developed as a defensive measure against the Huari, a Middle Horizon culture that covered much of the coast and highlands. Kuélap Fortress The fortress of Kuelap (or Kuélap), associated with the Chachapoyas culture, consists of massive exterior stone walls containing more than four hundred buildings. ... Gran Pajáten is an archaological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region, between the cities of Cajamarca and Chachapoyas. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the southern Andes from about 500 to 1200 AD. The capital city is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... This is a chart of the Peruvian cultural periods used by archaeologist studying the area. ...

In the fifteenth century, the Inca empire expanded to incorporate the Chachapoyas region. Although fortifications such as the citadel at Kuélap may have been an adequate defense against the invading Inca, it is possible that by this time the Chachapoyas settlements had become decentralized and fragmented after the threat of Huari invasion had dissipated. The Chachapoyas were conquered by Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui around 1475 A.D. The defeat of the Chachapoyas was fairly swift; however, smaller rebellions continued for many years. Using the mitmaq system of ethnic dispersion, the Inca attempted to quell these rebellions by forcing large numbers of Chachapoya people to resettle in remote locations of the empire. Drawing of Tupac Inca Yupanqui by Guaman Poma (1615 CE) Tupac Inca Yupanqui (a. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

When civil war broke out within the Inca empire, the Chachapoyas were located on middle ground between the northern capital at Quito, ruled by the Inca Atahualpa, and the southern capital at Cuzco, ruled by Atahualpa's brother Huascar. Many of the Chachapoyas were conscripted into Huascar's army, and heavy casualties ensued. After Atahualpa's eventual victory, many more of the Chachapoyas were executed or deported due to their former allegiance with Huascar. Quito (official name: San Francisco de Quito) is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. ... Atahuallpa, the 13th and last true (the last empereor being Tu Pac Sharu) Inca emperor Atahuallpa or Atawallpa (c. ... For The Emperors New Groove character, see Kuzco. ... Alternate meaning: Huáscar (warship) Huascar, in full Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar (“Sun of Joy”) (died 1532). ...

It was due to the harsh treatment of the Chachapoyas during the years of subjugation that many of the Chachapoyas initially chose to side with the Spanish colonialists when they arrived in Peru. Guaman, a local ruler from Cochabamba, pledged his allegiance to the conquistador Francisco Pizarro after the capture of Atahualpa in Cajamarca. The Spanish moved in and occupied Cochabamba, extorting what riches they could find from the local inhabitants. The centre of Cochabamba Cochabamba is a city in central Bolivia, located in a valley bearing the same name in the Andes mountain range. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro (c. ... Aerial view of Cajamarca, with Santa Appollonia hill in foreground Cajamarca is located in the northern highlands of Peru, and is the capital of the Cajamarca region. ...

During Inca Manco Capac's rebellion against the Spanish, his emissaries enlisted the help of a group of Chachapoyas. However, Guaman's supporters remained loyal to the Spanish. By 1547, a large faction of Spanish soldiers arrived in the city of Chachapoyas, effectively ending the Chachapoyas independence. Residents were relocated to Spanish-style towns, often with members of several different ayllu occupying the same settlement. Disease, poverty, and attrition led to severe decreases in population; by some accounts the population of the Chachapoyas region decreased by 90% over the course of 200 years after the arrival of the Spanish. Manco Inca Yupanqui (b. ... Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru. ...

Archaeological Sites

The Chachapoyas people built the great fortress of Kuélap, with more than four hundred buildings and massive exterior stone walls, possibly to defend against the Huari around 800 AD. Referred to as the 'Machu Picchu of the north,' Kuélap receives few visitors due to its remote location. Kuélap Fortress The fortress of Kuelap (or Kuélap), associated with the Chachapoyas culture, consists of massive exterior stone walls containing more than four hundred buildings. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the southern Andes from about 500 to 1200 AD. The capital city is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... View of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Piqchu Old Peak; sometimes called the Lost City of the Incas) is a well-preserved pre-Columbian Inca ruin located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft)[1] on a mountain ridge. ...

Other archaeological sites in the region include the settlement of Gran Pajáten, Gran Saposoa, the tombs at Revash, and the burial site at Laguna de los Condores (Lake of the Condors), among many others. Gran Pajáten is an archaological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region, between the cities of Cajamarca and Chachapoyas. ... Gran Saposoa is the name given to a series of ruins in the Andean cloud forests of the Amazonas region of Peru by American explorer Gene Savoy. ...

References

• von Hagen, Adriana. An Overview of Chachapoya Archaeology and History from the Museo Leymebamba website.
• Hemming, John. Conquest of the Incas. Harcourt, 1970.
• Muscutt, Keith. Warriors of the Clouds. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1998.
• Savoy, Gene. Antisuyo: The Search for the Lost Cities of the Andes. Simon & Schuster, 1970.

External Links

• Ethnography and Archaeology of Chachapoyas
• Archaeological conservation dilemmas in Chachapoyas
• Peru North map including Chachapoyas
• Incas in Chachapoyas
• Chachapoyas underground burial site discovered