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Encyclopedia > Chagatay Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic[1] in language and culture khanate of the Mongol Empire that comprised the lands controlled by Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), second son of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan. Chagatai's ulus, or hereditary territory, consisted of the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili River (today in eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (in the western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana (modern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). He inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states and northern Iran after the death of his father, which lands he ruled until his death in 1242. The lands later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, part of the Mongol Empire. These territories would later become the Turco-Mongol states. Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... For the Star Trek character see Khan Noonien Singh. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Mongol dominions, ca. ... Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings ÇaÄŸatay in Turkic Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Chaghtai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... This article is about the person. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Mongol dominions, ca. ... The Ili River is a river in Kazakhstan and in the western part of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, in northwestern China. ... Kashgar is an oasis city located west of the Taklamakan desert, at the feet of the Tian Shan mountain range in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China (39°24’26” N. lat. ... Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... The Central Asian Republics are five countries located in Central Asia that were former Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan The Central Asian Republics are sometimes referred to as Central Asia, although others prefer this term to be reserved for a larger geographic region within Asia rather than a designation given... // Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Chudskoye Lake, Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... The Turco-Mongols were the aristocratic, nomadic, mostly Turkic-speaking horsemen of Turkic and Mongolian descent in Central Asia who served as rulers and conquerors in Central and Western Asian societies during the Middle Ages. ...


By 1369, the western half (Transoxonia and further west) of the Chagatai Khanate had been conquered by Tamerlane, in his attempt to reconstruct the Mongol Empire. The eastern half, mostly under what is now Xinjiang, remained under Chagatai princes that were at times allied or at war with Timurid princes. Finally, in the 17th century, all the remaining Chagatay domains fell under the theocratic regime of Apaq Khoja and his descendant, the Khojijans, who ruled East Turkestan under Jungar and Manchu overlordships, consecutively. Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. ... For the similar-sounding word Timor, see Timor (disambiguation). ... East Turkestan (also transliterated: East Turkistan; Uyghur: Sherqiy Türkistan), also known as Uyghurstan, is the part of greater Turkistan in Xinjiang, China and far eastern Central Asia. ... Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ...

Contents

Mongol successor states

History of Mongolia
Before Genghis Khan
Mongol Empire
Khanates
- Chagatai Khanate
- Golden Horde
- Ilkhanate
- Yuan Dynasty
Timurid Empire
Mughal Empire
Crimean Khanate
Khanate of Sibir
Dzungar
Qing Dynasty (Outer Mongolia, Mongolia during Qing)
Mongolian People's Republic
Modern Mongolia
Inner Mongolia
Buryat Mongolia
Kalmyk Mongolia
Hazara Mongols
Aimak Mongols
Timeline
edit box

Genghis Khan's empire was inherited by his third son, Ögedei, the designated Great Khan who personally controlled the lands east of Lake Balkash as far as Mongolia. Tolui, the youngest, the keeper of the hearth, was accorded the northern Mongolian homeland. Chagatai (alternative spelling Chaghtai), the second son, received Transoxania, between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers in modern Uzbekistan, and Kashgaria, in which he made his capital at Almalik (near Kulja in the modern Xinjiang region of western China). Apart from problems of lineage and inheritance, the Mongol Empire was endangered by the great cultural and ethnic divide between the Mongols themselves and their mostly Islamic Turkic subjects. Although people have inhabited Mongolia since the Stone Age, Mongolia only became politically important after iron weapons entered the area in the 3rd century B.C. In general, Mongolia at this point had a similar history to the rest of the nomadic steppe that lies between Siberia Northern Russia to... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1683x1129, 411 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... // Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Mongol dominions, ca. ... The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Ordyn Uls; Tatar: ; Russian: ) is a Russian designation for the Mongol[1][2][3] — later Turkicized[4] — khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. ... Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... Flag of the Timurid Empire according to the Catalan Atlas c. ... Mughal Empire at its greatest extent in 1700 Capital Lahore, Delhi, Agra , Kabul, Lucknow and Bhopal Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai; later also Urdu) Government Absolute Monarchy , Unitary Government with a federal structure Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605... Flag Crimean Khanate in 1600 Capital Bakhchisaray Government Monarchy History  - Established 1441  - Annexed to Russia 1783 The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: ; Russian: - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: - Krymske khanstvo; Turkish: ) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783. ... In the 1440s, the Golden Horde was racked by civil war. ... Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... Outer Mongolia makes up Mongolia (presently a sovereign state) and Tannu Uriankhai (the majority of which is the modern-day Tuva Republic, a federal subject of the Russian Federation), while Inner Mongolia (内蒙古; Nèi MÄ›nggÇ”) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Mongolia (Mongolian Proper, including modern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tannu Urianhai, Höh Nuur - Qinghai, Ili Tarbagatai - Northern Xinjiang and excluding Buryatia) was subject to Qing dynasty between the end of the 17-th and beginning of the 20-th centuries. ... The Peoples Repubic of Mongolia was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1990. ... Following the collapse of the Peoples Republic of Mongolia, Mongolias first free, multi-party elections for a bicameral Peoples Khural were held on July 29, 1990. ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N i Měnggǔ Z qū) is an Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Buryat Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Буря́тия; Buryat: Буряад Республика) is a Russian Federation (a republic). ... The Republic of Kalmykia (Russian: ; Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Language(s) Hazaragi/Dari (Hazaragi and Dari dialects) Religion(s) Shia, some Sunni Related ethnic groups Mongol, Turkic, Iranian The Hazara are an ethnic group who reside mainly in the central region of Afghanistan, called Hazarajat or Hazaristan. ... The Aimak (or Eimak, Aimaq) are Persian-speaking nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes of mixed Iranian and Mongolian stock inhabiting the north and north-west Afghan highlands immediately to the north of Herat. ... 1911: Mongolia declares independence under Bogd haan. ... This article is about the person. ... Ögedei Khan, (Mongolian: , Ögöödei; also Ogotai or Oktay; c. ... KHAGAN, alternatively spelled Chagan, Qaqan etc, is a title of royal or imperial rank in Mongolian and Turkic languages. ... Categories: Lakes of Kazakhstan | Rift lakes | Stub ... Tolui,also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Mongolian: ; Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 1190–1232), was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. ... Outer Mongolia makes up Mongolia (presently a sovereign state) and Tannu Uriankhai (the majority of which is the modern-day Tuva Republic, a federal subject of the Russian Federation), while Inner Mongolia (内蒙古; Nèi MÄ›nggÇ”) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... A homeland is the concept of the territory to which one belongs; usually, the country in which a particular nationality was born. ... Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings ÇaÄŸatay in Turkic Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Chaghtai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. ... Transoxiana (sometimes also spelled Transoxania) is the now-largely obsolete name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan and southwest Kazakhstan. ... The Amu Darya (Darya means river) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large delta. ... Syr Darya (also known as Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a river in Central Asia. ... Kashgar is an oasis city located west of the Taklamakan desert, at the feet of the Tian Shan mountain range in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China (39°24’26” N. lat. ... Olmaliq (also known as Almalyk), is a city (2004 pop est 138,000) in the Toshkent Province of central Uzbekistan, approximately 65 km east of Tashkent. ... Town square in Yining/Ghulja, July 2005 Yining (Simplified Chinese: 伊宁; Traditional Chinese: 伊寧; Hanyu Pinyin: Yíníng; Uighur كۇلژا Kulja; also Kuldja, Gulja, Ghulja, Ining) is a city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern China, and the capital of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ...


When Ögedei died before achieving his dream of conquering all of China, there was a rough transition to his son Güyük (1241) overseen by Ögedei's wife Töregene who had assumed the regency for the five years following Ögedei's death. The transition had to be ratified in a kurultai, which was duly celebrated, but without the presence of Batu, the independent-minded khan of the Golden Horde. After Güyük's death, Batu sent Berke, who maneuvered with Tolui's widow, and, in the next kurultai (1253), the Ögedite line was passed over for Möngke, Tolui's son, who was said to be favourable to Nestorian Christianity. The Ögedites did not immediately go into opposition, and they retained their Mongolian domains. Güyük (c. ... Töregene Khatun ruled as Regent of the Mongol Empire from the death of her husband Ögedei Khan in 1241 until the election of her son Güyük Khan in 1246. ... Kurultai (Tatar: Qorıltay, Azerbaijani: Qurultay; Kurulmak meaning to assemble in Turkish, also Khural meaning meeting in Mongolian) is a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans. ... Batu Khan (Russian: , Ukrainian: , Chinese: ) (c. ... The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Ordyn Uls; Tatar: ; Russian: ) is a Russian designation for the Mongol[1][2][3] — later Turkicized[4] — khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. ... Berke was the ruler of the Golden Horde from 1257 to 1266, in the aftermath of the reign of his brother Batu Khan. ... Sorghaghtani Beki (died 1252) was the mother of four of the great figures in Mongol history, especially Möngke Khan, Kublai Khan, and Hulagu Khan. ... Möngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu) was the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. ... The Assyrian Church of the East is a church that traces its origins to the See of Babylon, said to be founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle. ...


The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai

Chagatai died shortly after Ögedei. The Chagataites, who had previously accepted Guyuk, consented to the succession to Möngke as Great Khan with some reluctance, and, on the whole, the Mongol Empire did not disgregate. Möngke died during his campaign against Song China. Kublai (Qubilai) succeeded him as Great Khan in 1260, but faced a succession crisis. His younger brother, Arigboka (Arigboqa), claimed the great khanate. Kublai brought him to heel with the help of Alghu, the Chagatai Khan. However, Alghu began to act independently of Kublai. KHAGAN, alternatively spelled Chagan, Qaqan etc, is a title of royal or imperial rank in Mongolian and Turkic languages. ... For other uses, see Liu Song Dynasty. ... For other uses, see Kublai Khan (disambiguation). ... The magnificent Cathedral of Chartres was dedicated in 1260. ... Ariq Boke or Arigh Bukha (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; died 1266), the youngest son of Tolui, was a grandson of Genghis Khan and a claimant to the Mongol Empire. ... Alghu (d. ...


Alghu was succeeded as khan by Baraq (Barak), who was based in Transoxiana. Baraq was at odds with Abaqa, the Ilkhan, or Lesser Khan, who ruled in Persia. The Ögedite Kaidu (Qaidu) saw in these troubles an opportunity to re-assert the imperial claim of his own line. He made an alliance with the Ilkhanids to make war on Baraq. Baraq attacked first, but was defeated, and became a vassal of Kaidu. The wars between Baraq and Persia continued until Baraq was finally defeated and killed by Abaqa. Baraq (d. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... Abaqa Khan (1234-1282), the son of Hulagu and Oroqina Khatun, a Mongol Christian. ... The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... Kaidu (d. ...


Kaidu joined forces with the Chagatai prince and pretender Duwa, who recognized the suzerainty of Kaidu, and together they invaded the Tarim, whose Uyghur inhabitants had remained loyal to the line of Genghis Khan, now represented by Kublai, who in 1279 had conquered China. Kaidu and Duwa's invasion was tantamount to a declaration of war, and Kublai had to repel their attack. The result of these wars was the independence of the Chagatai Khanate, as well as the separation of the Ilkhanate from Mongolia. Duwa (also known as Dua) (d. ... The Tarim River (Mandarin Dayan) is the principal river of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the Peoples Republic of China. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ...


When Kublai Khan died in 1294, the former Mongol Empire was divided into independent khanates: Kublai's imperial state (Yuan Dynasty) continued in Mongolia and China; the Golden Horde ruled the western steppes; Ilkhanid Persia dominated the Middle East; and the Chagatai Khanate covered Central Asia. The Golden Horde contested Azerbaijan with Ilkhanid Persia, but was at peace with the Chaghataites, whose independence it had actively encouraged. Ilkhanid Persia faced growing Mamluk power in Syria, which, following the death of Baraq, was no longer threatened from Transoxiana. Persia and the Golden Horde were Islamic, as were the Chagatai domains in Transoxiana and Uyghuria, but the Chagatai Mongols of the steppes clung tenaciously to their traditional customs. The Chagatai Khanate was turbulent and unsafe because of the efforts of Kaidu and his vassal Duwa to integrate the original ulus (dynasties) of Ögedei and Chagatai. Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Ordyn Uls; Tatar: ; Russian: ) is a Russian designation for the Mongol[1][2][3] — later Turkicized[4] — khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. ... Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy History  - As-Salih Ayyubs death 1250  - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of Egypt Saudi Arabia Syria Palestine Israel Lebanon Jordan Turkey Libya A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... // For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ...


Duwa was active in Afghanistan, and attempted to extend Mongol rule to India, but there he was defeated by a formidable foe, Ala-ud-Din of the Delhi Sultanate in 1296. The Mongols thereafter repeatedly invaded northern India. On at least two occasions, they came in strength. The second time around, they took Delhi but could not keep their hold on the Sultanate. Kaidu persisted in trying to conquer Mongolia, the key to China, but he died fighting the Kublaids, in 1301. The Khilji or Khalji were a dynasty of Indian rulers. ... The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... March 30 - Edward I stormed Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking the then Scottish border town with much bloodshed. ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ...

Tamerlane

Duwa tried to carry on where Kaidu left off, but he had to suppress a challenge by Kaidu's son, Chapar. When he tried to make war on the Ilkhanids he was repulsed and killed. After the death of Qazan Khan in 1346, the Chagatai Khanate was divided into western (Transoxiana) and eastern (Moghulistan/Uyghuristan) halves. Power in the western half devolved into the hands of several tribal leaders, most notably the Qara'unas. Khans appointed by the tribal rulers were mere puppets. In the east, Tughlugh Timur (13471363), an obscure Chaghataite adventurer, gained ascendancy over the nomadic Mongols, and converted to Islam. In 1360, and again in 1361, he invaded the western half in the hope that he could reunify the khanate. At their height, the Chaghataite domains extended from the Irtysh River in Siberia down to Ghazni in Afghanistan, and from Transoxiana to the Tarim Basin. Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... Moghulistan is a geographic unit inclusive of Zungharia, Uyghuristan in the Turpan Basin area and parts of modern Kazakhstan and Kyrghystan between Xianjing and Transoxania in the Tarim basin. ... Though interrupted in history and now unrealized as a modern nation-state, Uyghuristan (also Uyghurstan, Uighuristan, Uighurstan, Uyguristan, Uygurstan, Uiguristan, Uigurstan) is the political aspiration of the Uyghur people, the largest indigenous population of East Turkestan, which is now an administrative unit of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Tughlugh Timur (1347-1363) came from obscure origins to lead Mongol nomads of the Chagatai Khanate. ... Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411). ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 - 1363 - 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 See also: 1363 state leaders Events Magnus II, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg. ... Irtysh (Иртыш ; Kazakh: Ertis / Эртiс ; Tatar: İrteÅŸ / Иртеш ; Chinese: Erqisi / 额尔齐斯河) a river in Central Asia, the chief tributary of the river Ob. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Ghazni (Persian: غزنی , ÄžaznÄ«) is a city in eastern Afghanistan, with an estimated population of 149,998 people. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin. ...


Tughlugh Timur was unable to completely subjugate the tribal rulers, and, after his death in 1363, the Moghuls left Transoxiana, whereupon the Qara'unas leader Amir Husayn took control of Transoxiana. Tīmur-e Lang (Timur the lame), or Tamerlane, a Muslim native of Transoxania who claimed descent from Genghis Khan, desired control of the khanate for himself and opposed Amir Husayn. He took Samarkand in 1366, and was recognized as emir in 1370, although he continued to officially act in the name of the Chagatai khans. For over three decades, Timur used the Chagatai lands as the base for extensive conquests, conquering the rulers of Herat in Afghanistan, Shiraz in Persia, Baghdad in Iraq, Delhi in India, and Damascus in Syria. After defeating the Ottoman Turks at Angora, Timur died in 1405 while marching on China. The Timurid Dynasty continued under his son, Shah Rukh, who ruled from Herat until his death in 1447. For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Herāt (Persian: ‎ ) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. ... Eram Garden, Shiraz most popular garden. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ... // Combatants Timurid Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Timur Beyazid I Strength 140,000 men 85,000 men [1] Casualties 15,000-25,000 killed and wounded[] 15,000-40,000 killed and wounded[] The Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora, fought on July 20, 1402, took place at the field... Events May 29 - Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, meets Archbishop Richard Scrope of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home and then imprisons them June 8 - Archbishop Richard Scrope of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, executed in... Timurid Dynasty at its Greatest Extent The Timurids, self-designated GurkānÄ« (Persian: ), were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of originally Turko-Mongol[4][5][6][7] descent whose empire included the whole of Central Asia, Iran, modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as large parts of Mesopotamia... Shah Rukh or Shah Rokh means King-faced in Persian and can refer to: Shah Rukh Khan - Bollywood actor Shah Rukh (Shah Rokh, Shahrokh) is the name of many princes. ... Herāt (Persian: ‎ ) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. ...


Chagatayid rule continued in East Turkestan

By 1369, the western half (Transoxonia and further west) of the Chagatai Khanate had been conquered by Tamerlane, in his attempt to reconstruct the Mongol Empire. The eastern half, mostly under what is now Xinjiang, remained under Chagatai princes that were at times allied or at war with Timurid princes. Finally, in the 17th century, all the remaining Chagatay domains fell under the theocratic regime of Apak Khoja and his descendant, the Khojijans, who ruled East Turkestan under Jungar and Manchu overlordships, consecutively. Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. ... For the similar-sounding word Timor, see Timor (disambiguation). ... Apak Khoja is an Ak Taghlik Naqshbandi sectarian ruler of post-Chagatay city state of Kashgar in modern day Xinjiang. ... East Turkestan (also transliterated: East Turkistan; Uyghur: Sherqiy Türkistan), also known as Uyghurstan, is the part of greater Turkistan in Xinjiang, China and far eastern Central Asia. ... Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ...


Both Transoxonia and the Tarim Basin of East Turkestan became known as Moghulistan or Mughalistan, named after the ruling class of Chagatay and Timurid states which descended from the "Moghol" (Mongol) tribe of Doghlat, but was completely Islamicized and Turkified in language. It was the same Moghol Timurid ruling class that established the Timurid rule on the Indian Subcontinent known as the Mughal Empire. Moghulistan is a geographic unit inclusive of Zungharia, Uyghuristan in the Turpan Basin area and parts of modern Kazakhstan and Kyrghystan between Xianjing and Transoxania in the Tarim basin. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Mughal Empire at its greatest extent in 1700 Capital Lahore, Delhi, Agra , Kabul, Lucknow and Bhopal Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai; later also Urdu) Government Absolute Monarchy , Unitary Government with a federal structure Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605...


Arguably, it was under the Chagatay Khanate's rule in East Turkestan, that the culture of the original subjects of the Karakhanids became somewhat of a "national culture" of the largely Muslim state, that the Buddhist populations of the former Karakhoja Idikut-ate largely converted into the Muslim faith, and that all Chagatai language speaking Muslims, regardless whether they lived in Turpan or Kashgar, became known by their occupations as Moghols (ruling class), Sarts (merchants and townspeople) and Taranchis (farmers). This triple division of classes among the same Muslim Turkic folk was also the same in Transoxonia, regardless whether they were under Timurid or Chagatay, or even Uzbek and Khojijan princes. Even today, the sense of ethnic kinship between the modern Uyghur and Uzbek peoples remain strong. The Chagatai language is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia. ... Moghol is a Mongolian language spoken in Afghanistan by a few people around Herat. ... Sart is a name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia which has had shifting meanings over the centuries. ... The chief Taranchi mosque in Kuldja (now Yining), from Henri Lansdells 1885 book describing his visit there in 1882 The term Taranchi denotes the Muslim sedentary population living in oases around the Tarim Basin in todays Xinjiang or East Turkestan, whose mother tongue is Turkic, of the Qarluq...


Therefore it is widely believed that the modern Uyghur nation acquired its current demographic composition and its current cultural identity during the East Turkestani Chagatay period. The Chagatay period in East Turkestan was marked by instability and internecine warfare, with Kashgar, Yarkant and Qomul as major centers of warfare and warlord rule. Some Chagatay princes allied with the Timurids and Uzbeks of Transoxonia, some sought help from the Buddhist Kalmyks. The Chagatay prince Mirza Haidar Kurgan escaped his war-torn homeland Kashgar in early 16th century to Timurid Tashkent, only to be evicted by the invading Shaybanids. Escaping to the mercy of his Mughal Timurid cousins which was then rulers of Delhi, India, he gained his final post as governor of Kashmir and wrote the famous Tarikh-i-Rashidi, widely acclaimed as the most comprehensive work on the Uyghur civilization during the East Turkestani Chagatay reign [1]. The Republic of Kalmykia ( Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... The Shaybanid dynasty was a 16th century Uzbek dynasty founded by Muhammad Shaybani. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...


The Khojijans were originally the Aq Tagh tariqa of the Naqshbandi order, which originated in Timurid Transoxonia. Struggles between two prominent Naqshbandi tariqas the Aq Taghlik and the Kara Taghlik engulfed the entire East Turkestani Chagatay domain in late 17th century, which Apaq Khoja finally triumphant both as a national religious and political leader. The last ruling Chagatay princess married one of the ruling Khojijan princes (descendants of Apaq) and became known as Khanum Pasha. She ruled with brutality after the death of her husband, and singlehandedly slaughtered many of her Khojijan and Chagatayid rivals. She was known to have boiled alive the last Chagatayid princess that could have continued the dynasty. The Khojijan Dynasty fell into chaos despite the brutality of Khanum Pasha, and became a vassal of the invading Jungar Kalmyks. The death of Khanum Pasha signals the end of all Chagatayid rules both east and west of Syr Darya. Naqshbandi (Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Tasawwuf orders (tariqa) of Islam. ... Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ... The Republic of Kalmykia ( Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...


Successors of the Chagataites

The Chagatai Khanate flourished again during the 15th century, when it took Tashkent in 1484, although by then its Mongol component had been diluted and it was a mainly Turkic empire with Mongol overlords, for the name of Genghis Khan still drummed legitimacy. The Chagatai Khanate did not have uncontested domain over the steppes, for the Kyrgyz and the Oirats (Western Mongols) roamed in Dzungar (east of Lake Balkash) without major opposition. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Tashkent (Uzbek: , Russian: ) is the capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... The Oyirad (also spelled Oirat) is an alliance of the western Mongols. ... Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ... Categories: Lakes of Kazakhstan | Rift lakes | Stub ...


In the 15th and 16th centuries, the area of the Chagatai Khanate came under the control of the Shaybanids, a branch of the Golden Horde, who were also called Uzbeks. They moved east to the central steppes in 1431 and south to the Syr Darya in 1446 to make contact with the settled peoples of Transoxania. The nomads who remained in the north revolted in 1456 and became the Kazakhs. The Mongolian Oirat nomads seceded the following year. The Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani captured Samarkand in 1501 and Khiva in 1505. Tashkent fell in 1509, and the Chagatai dynasty gradually petered out in the Ili region (in modern northwest China) through internal decomposition and attrition from attacks by the Kazakhs, the Oirats, and other hordes that were roaming Central Asia. Meanwhile, the Uzbeks founded the Khanate of Bukhara in 1582, which endured beyond the Russian conquest of the 19th century until the Russian Revolution. The Shaybanid dynasty was a 16th century Uzbek dynasty founded by Muhammad Shaybani. ... Language(s) Kazakh, Russian (and/or languages in country of residence) Religion(s) Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар IPA: ; Russian: Казахи; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of... The Oyirad (also spelled Oirat) is an alliance of the western Mongols. ... Portrait of Muhammad Shaybani Abu I-Fath Muhammad Shaybani Khan (c. ... Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ... Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia, which lies in the present-day Khorezm Province of Uzbekistan. ... Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 伊犁哈薩克自治州, Pinyin: Yīlí Hāsàkè zìzhìzhōu, Kazakh: ىله قازاق اۆتونومىيالى وبلىسى / Іле Қазақ автономиялы облысы, Uyghur: ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ۋىلايىتى / Ili Ķazaķ aptonom wilayiti), in northernmost Xinjiang, is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Language(s) Kazakh, Russian (and/or languages in country of residence) Religion(s) Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар IPA: ; Russian: Казахи; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to... Khanate of Bukhara was a feudal state in Central Asia during the 16th–18th centuries. ...


Kashgaria was ruled by descendants of the Moghul side of the Chaghataites until 1678, when a Sufi cleric (a Khoja) took the throne with the help of the Oirat (Dzungar) Mongols. When the Oirats were driven by the Khalkhas, or eastern Mongols, out of Kobdo (east of Lake Balkash), a branch of the Oirats held out in the Tarbagatai Range (south-east of Balkash). Another branch went south and occupied Lhasa in Tibet, where it founded an independent khanate in 1616. In 1677, the Oirats of Tarbagatai had established suzerainty over Kashgaria and the Khojas. It is this branch of the Oirats which recaptured Kobdo in 1690 from the divided Khalkhas. It proceeded to invade Mongolia to the Kerulen River (eastern Mongolia), but were quickly ejected by the Khalkhas with the help of the Manchu Qing dynasty, which at that point made Mongolia its vassal (1691). The territories of the Oirats west of Mongolia became the Khanate of Junggar, which in 1717 annexed Lhasa. It was a distant reconstitution of the Mongol Chagatai Khanate, but totally separated from the Turks of Transoxiana, and also, unlike the Chagatai Khanate, in a world where nomadic power was obsolescent. Kashgar is an oasis city located west of the Taklamakan desert, at the feet of the Tian Shan mountain range in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China (39°24’26” N. lat. ... Events August 10 - Treaty of Nijmegen ends the Dutch War. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Khwāja or Khoja, a Persian word literally meaning master, was used in Central Asia as a title of the descendants of the famous Central Asian Naqshbandi Sufi teacher, Ahmad Kasani (1461-1542). ... The Khalkha, or Halh (Халх [χɑɬχ]) in modern Khalkha Mongolian, is a subgroup of the Mongols. ... Founded 1931 Capital Khovd Area 76,100 km² Population  â€¢ Total (2000)  â€¢ Density 86,831 1. ... For other uses, see Lhasa (disambiguation). ... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... Year 1616 (MDCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1677 (MDCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... The Dzungars (also Jungars or Zungars; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) were a tribe of the Oirat Mongols. ...


References

  1. ^ Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, S. Frederick Starr, pg. 243
  • "The Chagatai Khanate". The Islamic World to 1600. The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. 1998. Retrieved May 19, 2005.