Western Chalukya Empire during Pulakesi II (c. 640 CE), Vikramaditya II (c.735 CE), Vikramaditya VI (c.1120 CE)
Official languages	Prakrit Kannada
Capitals	Early Chalukyas: Vatapi Later Chalukyas : Manyakheta, Basavakalyan
Government	Monarchy
Preceding state of Badami Chalukya	Kadambas
Preceding state of Kalyani Chalukya	Rashtrakuta
Succeeding states of Kalyani Chalukya	Hoysala, Seuna, Kakatiya, Southern Kalachuri

The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakesi II (Immadi Pulakesi) (609 – 642) C.E.^[1] extended the Chalukyan Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of Harsha by defeating him on the banks of the river Narmada. He also defeated the Vishnukundins in the southeastern Deccan. He is considered as one of the great kings in Indian history. Pallava Narasimhavarman however reversed this victory by attacking and occupying the Chalukya capital Vatapi (Badami). Image File history File links Chalukya_territories_new2. ... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... Vikaramaditya II was a son of Vijayaditya. ... Vikramaditya VI was a king of the Kalyani Chalukya clan. ... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... Prakrit (Sanskrit prāká¹›ta प्राकृत (from pra-ká¹›ti प्रकृति), original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has an alternative meaning based on an alternative sense of capital) is the principal city or town associated with its government. ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ... Modern Malkheda in Karnataka, once tha capital of Rashtrakutas ... Basavakalyan is a town in Bidar District of the state of Karnataka, India. ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Seuna dynasty (850 - 1334), also called the Sevuna or Yadava dynasty during their peak ruled present day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh from their regal capital at Devgiri (Daulatabad) in Maharashtra. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... This name is used by two kingdoms who had a secession of dynasties from the 10th-12th century AD, ruling over areas in Central India (west Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan) and were called Chedi or Haihaya (Heyheya) (northern branch) and the other Kalachuri (southern branch). ... Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ; also, less commonly, Kanarese) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... South India is a region of India that includes the entire Indian Peninsula, south of the Vindhya ranges. ... The geography of India is extremely diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, hills and plateaus. ... The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years. ... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... Events The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610). ... Events August 5 - In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia. ... Pallava, were a South Indian dynasty who established their capital at Kanchipuram in the 4th cent. ... Harsha or Harshavardhana (606-648) was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India as paramount monarch for over forty years. ... The Narmada or Nerbudda is a river in central India. ... Vishnu (one who pervades in everything) + Kundina (Kaundinya gotra). ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ...

The Chalukya Empire went in to a brief decline following Pulakesi II due to internal feuds. It recovered during the reign of the equally illustrious Vikramaditya II who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II and captured Kanchipuram. After the rise of the Rashtrakutas the Chalukyas of Badami went in to an eclipse to be recovered in the tenth century C.E. by Tailapa II (973 – 997) C.E. These later Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani. These 'Western Chalukyas' were in constant conflict with the Imperial Cholas over the control of the Eastern Chalukya kingdom of Vengi. Vikaramaditya II was a son of Vijayaditya. ... Kanchipuram temple, engraved in 1811. ... The Rashtrakutas were a dynasty which ruled the Deccan during the 8th-10th centuries. ... Tailapa II (973 – 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... Events City of Gdansk is founded Saint Adalbert of Prague is sent to Prussia by Boleslaus I of Poland Samuil of Bulgaria crowned Tsar by Pope Gregory V The town of Trondheim is founded. ... Kalyani is a raga in the Carnatic music of South India. ... The Western Chalukyas ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between the seventh and the eight centuries. ... The Chola dynasty (Tamil: சோழர் குலம்; IPA pronunciation: ) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE. The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... // Vengi dynasties Vengi kingdom extended from River Godavari in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just below the southern banks of River Krishna in the south. ...

After almost three hundred years of glory, the Western Chalukyan power finally succumbed to the Hoysalas and Yadavas. Somesvara IV 1184 – 1200 C.E. was the last recognised Chalukyan ruler. The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Yadava Dynasty ruled a kingdom in what is now Maharashtra, India from the 12th century to the 14th century. ... Somesvara IV (1183 - 1200) was the last king of the Chalukya empire. ... // Events Abbeville receives its commercial charter. ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died...

The Chalukyan dynasty witnessed some determined struggles for political hegemony over the Deccan. It also saw some remarkable achievements in the myriad realms of culture, particularly in the evolution and proliferation of architectural styles. Chalukyas have left behind their legacy of some of the most beautiful architecture and literature. The Chalukyan style of architecture was a combination of the South Indian and the North Indian building styles.

Origin of Chalukyas

Natives of Karnataka

Chalukya Territories during Pulakesin II c. 640 C.E.

While opinions vary regarding the origins of the Chalukyas, there is consensus on the opinion that they were natives to the Karnataka region. ^[2] Their inscriptions are in Kannada and Sanskrit. Their inscriptions call them Karnatas and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as Priyagallam and Noduttagelvom. The names of some Chalukya kings end with the Kannada term arasa ("king" or "chief"). The Rashtrakuta inscriptions speak of Chalukyas of Badami as Karnataka Bala (Power of Karnataka). Scholars have proposed that the word Chalukya originated from Salki or Chalki which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.^[3]. They claim that the Chalukyas were descendants or were related to the Kadambas of Banavasi. The Chalukyas took control of the territory formerly ruled by the Kadambas. The Badami cave inscriptions (578 CE) of Mangalesa, the Mahakuta Pillar inscription (602 CE) of Mangalesa, Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 C.E. in Kannada provide more evidence of the Chalukyan language. The earliest inscription of Badami cliff dated 543CE of Pulakesi I and the Aihole inscription (634 CE) of Pulakesi II are examples of Sanskrit inscriptions written in Kannada script. The Kannada literary work Karnateshwara Katha, which was quoted later by Jayakirti, belonged to the period of Pulakesi II with the great king himself as the hero.^[4]. Image File history File links Chalukya_territories_lg. ... Image File history File links Chalukya_territories_lg. ... Pulakesi II (c. ... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Karnātakā (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: / /) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ... Mangalesa ( C.596 – 610 C. E.) succeeded Kirtivarman I to the Chalukya throne. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... Pulakesi I (543 – 566 C.E.) established the Chalukya dynasty in then western Deccan and his descendents ruled over an empire that comprised of the entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh. ... Aihole123 is now in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ...

The reign of the Chalukyas saw the arrival of Kannada as the predominant language of inscriptions along with Sanskrit, in areas of the Indian peninsula outside what is known as Tamilaham (Tamil country).^[5]. Several coins of the Early Chalukyas with Kannada legends have also been found indicating usage of Kannada at the highest administrative level.^[6] The ancient Tamil country of the classical era extended from River Krishna to the Cape Comorin(Kanyakumari). ...

Aihole inscription mentions Pulkesi as king of three Maharashtras consisting of 99,000 thousand villages. The Solanki (chale/chalukya), one among of 96 Maratha clans are descendants of the Chalukya clan of Kshatriyas whose oldest known area of residence may be in present-day Karnataka. Aihole123 is now in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ... For the English cricketer, See Vikram Solanki The Solanki or Chalukya is a Hindu Gurjar,Rajput dynasty of India, who ruled the kingdom of Gujarat from the 10th to the 13th centuries. ... The Marāthās is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu, Marathi-speaking castes of warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries...

Chinese notes

Huien-Tsang, a Chinese traveller speaks of Pulkesi as king of Maharashtra and a kshatriya. This must have been a terminology describing the entire territory between Kaveri and Narmada.^{[citation needed]} Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र mahārāṣṭra, literally: Great Nation; IPA: )( ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is the title of the princely military order in the Vedic society. ... The Cauvery (sometimes written as Kaveri) is one of the major rivers of southern India. ... The Narmada or Nerbudda is a river in central India. ...

Etymology

Dancing Shiva in Badami

The name Chalukya seems to have been derived from the word 'Chalkya' which was the original form of the dynastic name. Like the Chutus and Kadambas, the Chalukyas were an indigenous tribe. They rose to importance in the later Satavahana period and asserted their independence after the downfall of the central empire. The Hyderabad plates of Pulakesi II calls them Harithiputhras of Manavysya gotra hence directly connecting them to Kadambas and Satavahana. taken during a trip to Badami This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... taken during a trip to Badami This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... chutus were the feudatories of the Satavahana Dynasty. ... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years. ... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years. ...

In the Maruturu inscription of Pulakesi II, a village that was granted by him is presumed to be situated in the Chalukya Vishaya. It is therefore clear that the original word of Chalukya was applied to a territorial division or a Vishaya of a kingdom. The territorial division came to be known as Chalukya after the Chalukyan clan. PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ...

The provenance of the Maruturu grant and also the other factors mentioned in it clearly prove that this Chalukya Vishaya must have comprised portions of the ceded districts of Andhra Pradesh including perhaps parts of the Mahboobnagar district of Telangana, proving that the Chalukyas were the original residents of this area. Andhra Pradesh : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... ≈ Location of Telangana region Telangana region marked in white. ...

According to the earliest Chalukyan legend preserved in a Kannada inscription dated 578 C.E. at Badami, the Chalukyas were worshippers of the feet of the god Kartikeya and belonged to Manavyasa Gotra and had themselves purified by the performance of several vedic rites. They were Kshatriyas. They were nourished by the Sapta matrikas (the seven divine mothers), acquired great merit and prosperity and obtained the Varaha Lanchana (the emblem of the boar) from Vishnu. Events Tiberius II Constantine succeeds Justin II as Byzantine Emperor Births Deaths July 30 - Jacob Baradaeus, bishop of Edessa October 5 - Justin II, Roman emperor Northern Zhou Wu Di, Chinese ruler John Malalas, Byzantine chronicler Categories: 578 ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ... A gotra (lit. ... The adjective Vedic may refer to The Vedas, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan texts. ... A Kshatriya is a member of the military or reigning order, according to the law-code of Manu the second ranking caste of the Indian varna system of four castes, the first being the Brahmin or priestly caste, the third the Vaishya or mercantile caste and the lowest the Shudra. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari , with honorific Shri Vishnu; , ), is a form of God, in Hinduism. ...

Legends

Vidyapati Bilhana, the famous poet in the court of Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyana, mentions a legend in his work, Vikramankadeva Charita: Events The doctrine of apocatastasis is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople. ... Events Synod of Constantinople called by Emperor Constantine V. Samarkand conquered by Arabs. ... Pulakesi I (543 – 566 C.E.) established the Chalukya dynasty in then western Deccan and his descendents ruled over an empire that comprised of the entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh. ... Events The doctrine of apocatastasis is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople. ... Events Births Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad Deaths Chen Wen Di, Chinese ruler of the Chen Dynasty Theodosius I, Patriarch of Alexandria. ... Kirtivarman I (566 – 597) succeeded Pulakesi I as the ruler of the Chalukya Dynasty. ... Events Births Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad Deaths Chen Wen Di, Chinese ruler of the Chen Dynasty Theodosius I, Patriarch of Alexandria. ... Events Saint Augustine is created Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Mangalesa ( C.596 – 610 C. E.) succeeded Kirtivarman I to the Chalukya throne. ... Events Saint Augustine is created Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Events The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610). ... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... Events The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610). ... Events August 5 - In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia. ... Vikramaditya I (655 – 680 C.E.) followed his father, Pulakesi II on to the Chalukya throne. ... Events November 15 - Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of Winwaed Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Vinayaditya ((680 – 696 C.E.) followed his father, Vikramaditya I on to the Chalukya throne. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Events Births Deaths Categories: 696 ... Vijayaditya ((696 – 733 C.E.) followed his father, Vikramaditya I on to the Chalukya throne. ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 696 ... Events Births Emperor Junnin of Japan Deaths Categories: 733 ... Vikaramaditya II was a son of Vijayaditya. ... Events Births Emperor Junnin of Japan Deaths Categories: 733 ... Events Swithred succeeds Saelred as king of Essex. ... Kirtivarman II (746 – 753 C.E.) was the last ruler in the Badami Chalukya dynasty. ... Events Swithred succeeds Saelred as king of Essex. ... Events Synod of Constantinople called by Emperor Constantine V. Samarkand conquered by Arabs. ... Dantidurga was the founder of the dynasty called Rashtrakutas. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... Events Abkhazia becomes independent, and will remain such until the 15th century Births Alcuin, missionary and bishop (approximate date) Deaths May 25 - Bede, English Historian and monk Categories: 735 ... Events Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and establishes a new Umayyad dynasty. ... Bilhana Kavi was an 11th Century Kashmiri poet. ... Vikramaditya VI was a king of the Kalyani Chalukya clan. ... The Western Chalukyas (973 - 1200) also known as Kalyani Chalukya or Later Chalukya ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between...

Indra once requested Brahma to create a hero who would put an end to godlessness in the world and punish the wicked. Agreeing to his request, Brahma looked into his Chuluka (hollow of the hands) while performing the Sandhya, and lo! From there sprang a mighty warrior. He was called Chalukya and he became the eponymous ancestor of the line. In it were born two great heroes, Harita and Manavya who raised the Chalukyas into distinct position. This story is repeated and elaborated in the Ramastipundi grant of Vimaladitya of the Eastern Chalukya family.

Another version of this legend is found in the Nilagunda Record of Vikramaditya VI and is repeated by Bilhana. According to this legend, the Chalukyas originally hailed from Ayodhya where fifty-nine kings, and later sixteen more, of this family ruled from Dakshinapatha (South India) where they had migrated. Indra is also the name of a song by the Thievery Corporation. ... Brahma (written Brahmā in IAST) (Devanagari ब्रह्मा, pronounced as ) is the Hindu God of Creation, and one of the Hindu Trinity - Trimurti, the others being Vishnu and Shiva. ... Sandhya is a South Indian actress renowned for her expressive face. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The Handarike inscription of Vikramaditya VI claims that the Chalukyas were born in the interior of the Chuluka (hollow of the palm) of the sage Haritipanchashikhi when he was pouring out libations to the Gods. Further, the Chalukyas claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas (the seven divine mothers). It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times.

Another arguement is that the Chalukya were descendents of the "Seleukia" tribe of Iraq and that their conflict with the Pallava of Kanchi was but a continuation of the conflict between ancient "Seleukia" and "Parthians", the proposed ancestors of Pallavas. However, this theory has been rejected for building lineage based on similar sounding clan names.^[7]. Pallava, were a South Indian dynasty who established their capital at Kanchipuram in the 4th cent. ... Reproduction of a Parthian warrior as depicted on Trajans Column The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Origins Bust of Parthian soldier, Esgh-abad Museum, Turkmenia. ... The Pallavas were hereditary Hindu rulers who dominated southeastern India between the 4th and 9th centuries. ...

Periods in Chalukya history

The Chalukyas ruled over the central Indian plateau of Deccan for over 600 years. During this period they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. These are the Chalukyas of Badami, who ruled between the 6th and the 8th century C.E., and the two sibling dynasties of Chalukyas of Kalyani or the Western Chalukyas and the Chalukyas of Vengi or the Eastern Chalukyas.^[8] The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... The Western Chalukyas ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between the seventh and the eight centuries. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ...

Chalukyas of Badami

The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakesi I c. 550 C.E. ^[9] Pulakesi I took Vatapi (Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital. They are referred to as Chalukyas of Badami. Pulakesi I and his descendants ruled over an empire that comprised of the entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan. Pulakesi II was perhaps the greatest emperor of the Badami Chalukyas. Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... Tailapa II (973 – 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... Events City of Gdansk is founded Saint Adalbert of Prague is sent to Prussia by Boleslaus I of Poland Samuil of Bulgaria crowned Tsar by Pope Gregory V The town of Trondheim is founded. ... Satyasraya (997 – 1008 C.E.) was the Chalukya king of the revived Western Chalukyas. ... Events City of Gdansk is founded Saint Adalbert of Prague is sent to Prussia by Boleslaus I of Poland Samuil of Bulgaria crowned Tsar by Pope Gregory V The town of Trondheim is founded. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Vikaramaditya V (1008 – 1015 C.E.) succeeded Satyasraya on the western Chalukya throne. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Events August: Canute the Great invades England. ... Jayasimha II (1015 – 1042 C.E.) succeeded his brother Vikramaditya V on the western Chalukya throne. ... Events August: Canute the Great invades England. ... Events April 18/April 19 - Emperor Michael V of the Byzantine Empire attempts to remain sole Emperor by sending his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoe of Byzantium to a monastery. ... Somesvara I (Ahavamalla) (1042 – 1068 C.E.) succeeded his father Jayasimha II as the Chalukya king. ... Events April 18/April 19 - Emperor Michael V of the Byzantine Empire attempts to remain sole Emperor by sending his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoe of Byzantium to a monastery. ... Events Emperor Go-Sanjo ascends the throne of Japan William the Conqueror takes Exeter after a brief siege Births Henry I of England (d. ... Somesvara II (1068 – 1076 C.E.) succeeded his father Somesvara I (Ahavamalla) as the Chalukya king. ... Events Emperor Go-Sanjo ascends the throne of Japan William the Conqueror takes Exeter after a brief siege Births Henry I of England (d. ... Events February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Vikramaditya VI was a king of the Kalyani Chalukya clan. ... Events February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland. ... Somesvara III (1126 - 1138) C.E. was the next Chalukya king and son of Vikramaditya VI and Queen Chandaladevi. ... Events Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland. ... Events Robert Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... Jagadhekamalla II (1138 - 1151) C.E. followed Somesvara III to the Chalukya throne. ... Events Robert Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... Events Ghazni is burned by the princes of Ghur Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and succeeded by his son Henry, aged 18. ... Tailapa III (1151 - 1164) succeded Jagadhekamalla II to the Chalukya throne. ... Events Ghazni is burned by the princes of Ghur Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and succeeded by his son Henry, aged 18. ... Events Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne. ... Jagadhekamalla III (1164 - 1183) succeded Tailapa III to the highly diminished Chalukya empire. ... // Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... Events Three-year old Emperor Go-Toba ascends to the throne of Japan after the forced abdication of his brother Antoku during the Genpei War William of Tyre excommunicated by the newly appointed Heraclius of Jerusalem, firmly ending their struggle for power Andronicus I Comnenus becomes the Byzantine emperor Births... Somesvara IV (1183 - 1200) was the last king of the Chalukya empire. ... // Events Abbeville receives its commercial charter. ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... Profile, Amritheshwara temple (1196 C.E.) in Amrithapura, Chikmagalur District Veera Ballala II (1173 - 1220) was the greatest monarch of the Hoysala dynasty. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... Events Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury August 9th - Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh. ... // The world in 1220 Middle Ages in Europe Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) Events Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate - Bukhara and Samarkand taken End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khans Mongolian cavalry Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope... Pulakesi I (543 – 566 C.E.) established the Chalukya dynasty in then western Deccan and his descendents ruled over an empire that comprised of the entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh. ... Events By Place Byzantine Empire Silk reaches Constantinople (approximate date). ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ... Bagalkot is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. ... Karnātakā (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: / /) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Karnātakā (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: / /) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Andhra Pradesh : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ...

The last Badami Chalukya king Kirtivarman I was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta Dandidurga in 753 C.E. Kirtivarman I (566 – 597) succeeded Pulakesi I as the ruler of the Chalukya Dynasty. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... Events Synod of Constantinople called by Emperor Constantine V. Samarkand conquered by Arabs. ...

Chalukyas of Kalyani

Main article: Western Chalukyas

The Chalukyas revived their fortunes in 973 C.E. after their period of decline under the Rashtrakutas. While the popular theory is that the Kalyani Chalukyas belonged to the Badami Chalukya line,^[10] objections have been raised by some historians indicating they may have been unrelated to the Early Chalukya family.^[11]. However, it has also been noticed that the Badami Chalukyas had titles like Satyashraya, which is also the name of a Kalyani Chalukya prince and that they used titles ending with Malla which was seen commonly in other Chalukya families of the area.^[12]. Irrespective of their exact origin, The reign of the Kalyani Chalukyas was a golden age in Kannada literature. Tailapa II, overthrew the Rashtrakuta Krishna III and re-established the Chalukyasn kingdom and recovered most of the Chalukya empire.^[13] This dynasty came to be known as the Western Chalukya dynasty or Later Chalukya Dynasty. The Western Chalukyas ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between the seventh and the eight centuries. ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... The Kannada language belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is the second oldest language currently spoken in India. ... Tailapa II (973 – 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... The Western Chalukyas ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between the seventh and the eight centuries. ...

The Western Chalukyas ruled for another 250 years and were in constant conflict with the Cholas and their cousins the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Satyasraya 997 – 1008 C.E., Somesvara I 1042 – 1068 C.E. and Vikramaditya VI (1076 – 1126 CE) were some of the greatest emperors of this dynasty. The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... Satyasraya (997 – 1008 C.E.) was the Chalukya king of the revived Western Chalukyas. ... Events City of Gdansk is founded Saint Adalbert of Prague is sent to Prussia by Boleslaus I of Poland Samuil of Bulgaria crowned Tsar by Pope Gregory V The town of Trondheim is founded. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Somesvara I (Ahavamalla) (1042 – 1068 C.E.) succeeded his father Jayasimha II as the Chalukya king. ... Events April 18/April 19 - Emperor Michael V of the Byzantine Empire attempts to remain sole Emperor by sending his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoe of Byzantium to a monastery. ... Events Emperor Go-Sanjo ascends the throne of Japan William the Conqueror takes Exeter after a brief siege Births Henry I of England (d. ... Vikramaditya VI was a king of the Kalyani Chalukya clan. ... Events February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland. ...

The Western Chalukyas went into their final dissolution c. 1180 C.E. with the rise of the Hoysalas, Kakatiya and Yadavas. Events April 13 - Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter November 18 - France Emperor Antoku succeds Emperor Takakura as emperor of Japan Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon Artois is annexed by France Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Yadava Dynasty ruled a kingdom in what is now Maharashtra, India from the 12th century to the 14th century. ...

Eastern Chalukyas

Main article: Eastern Chalukyas

Pulakesi II (c. 608 – 644 C.E) conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh c. 616 C.E., defeating the remnants of the Vishnukundina kingdom. He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as Viceroy. ^[14] On the death of Pulakesin II, the Vengi Viceroyalty developed into an independent kingdom. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi outlived the main Vatapi dynasty by many generations. Till around the middle of 9th century, they continued to encourage Kannada language in the Vengi region. Thereafter, inscriptions show a gradual shift towards Telugu with the appearance of Telugu stanzas written in old Kannada script. Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... Events September 15 - Boniface IV becomes pope. ... Events Births Deaths Paulinus of York, bishop of Northumbria November: Omar, Second caliph of Islam by assassination. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... Andhra Pradesh : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... Events Eadbald succeeds Ethelbert as king of Kent. ... Vishnukundina By 514 AD. The Vakataka empire was reduced to areas of present day Telengana area. ... Kubja Vishnuvardhana (624 – 641 C.E.) was the brother of Chalukya Pulakesi II. Vishnuvardhana ruled the Vengi territories in the eastern Andhra Pradesh as the viceroy under Pulakesi II from around 615 CE. Eventually Vishnuvardhana declared his independence and started the Eastern Chalukya dynasty (c. ... The town of Vatapi, better-known today as Badami, is located at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastyatirth water reservoir - an artificial lake - on three sides. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) (also Telegu) belongs to the Dravidian language family but with ample influence from the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family and is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. ...

Art and architecture

The most enduring legacy of the Chalukya dynasty is the architecture and art that they left behind. More than one hundred and fifty monuments attributed to the Badami Chalukya and built between 450 - 700 C.E. remain in the Malaprabha basin in Karnataka. Events August 25 - Marcian proclaimed Eastern Roman Emperor by Aspar and Pulcheria. ... // Events Saint Adamnan convinces 51 kings to adopt Cáin Adomnáin defining the relationship between women and priests. ... Malaprabha is a river flowing through the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Karnātakā (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: / /) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

Badami Chalukyas

The rock-cut temples of Pattadakal (a UNESCO World Heritage Site),Badami and Aihole, and the some of the celebrated paintings and sculptures of the Ellora and Ajanta caves are examples of the art that the Chalukya Empire patronized. They also influenced the architecture in Vengi and Gujarat. This is the beginnings of Chalukyan style of architecture and a consolidation of South Indian style. Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ... Aihole123 is now in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated... Ajanta takes the name after the village Ajinţhā in Aurangabad district in the state of Maharashtra(N. lat. ... // Vengi dynasties Vengi kingdom extended from River Godavari in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just below the southern banks of River Krishna in the south. ... Gujarat (Gujarati: , , IPA ; also spelled Gujrat and sometimes Gujarath. ...

In Aihole, the Durga temple (6th C. C.E), Ladh Khan temple (450 C.E.), Meguti temple (634 C.E.), Hucchimalli and Huccappayya temples (5th c. C.E.), Badami Cave temples, 600 C.E. are examples of early Chalukyan art. The majestic temples at Pattadakal were commissioned by Vikramaditya II (740 C.E.). Here the Virupaksha, Mallikarjuna, Sangameswara and a Jain temple are in the dravidian style while Jambulinga, Kasivisweswara and Galaganatha are in the Northern nagara style. The Papanatha temple shows an attempt to combine the Northern and Southern styles. Events August 25 - Marcian proclaimed Eastern Roman Emperor by Aspar and Pulcheria. ... Events The Arabs invade Palestine. ... Badami Cave temple is at Badami in the Bagalkot District in the north part of the Karnataka state of India. ... For other uses, see number 600. ... Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... Vikaramaditya II was a son of Vijayaditya. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ...

Kalyani Chalukyas

Elaborate Kalyani Chalukya art, Thirpuranthakeshwara Temple, Shimoga District Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 2347 KB) Summary Photograph taken by self (Dineshkannambadi) in July, 2006 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Mantapa, Kalyani Chalukya art, Thirpuranthakeshwara Temple (1070 C.E.), Shimoga District Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 2081 KB) Summary Photograph taken by self (Dineshkannambadi) in July, 2006 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Panchatantra art, Thirpuranthakeshwara Temple Shimoga District Image File history File linksMetadata Shimoga_Thirpuranthakeshwara_panchatantra. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Kamasutra art, Thirpuranthakeshwara Temple Shimoga District Image File history File linksMetadata Shimoga_Thirpuranthakeshwara_kamasutra. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The buildings of Later Chalukya style sometimes called the "Gadag style" or "In-between" style in the Tungabhadra - Krishna River doab constitute a link between the early Chalukyan and the Hoysala temples.^[15] The Kalyani style of architecture reaches its maturity and culmination in the 12th century, with over a two hundred temples built across the deccan, more then half of them in Karnataka. They were also famous for their ornate stepped wells or Pushkarni and ornate pillars. The Kasi Vishveshvara at Lakkundi in Gadag district, Mallikarjuna at Kuruvatii in Davangere district and Mahadeva at Itagi in Koppal district, Kalleshwara temple at Bagali in Bellary District are the finest examples produced by the later Chalukya architects. The 12th Century Mahadeva Temple with splendid sculptures is said to be one of the finest examples in the country in respect of magnificence and decorative details. The exquisite carvings on walls, pillars and towers speak volumes about the Chalukyan taste and culture. Gadag, is a district of Karnataka state in India. ... The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ... The Krishna River is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). ... Lakkundi in Gadag District of Karnataka is a place of antiquarian interest with as many as 50 temples & 29 inscriptions, spread over the period of the later Chalukyas, Kalachuris, Seunas & the Hoysalas. ... Gadag District has a population of 971,955 (2001 Census of India), which increased 13. ... Davanagere District, also known as Davangere District, is an administrative District of Karnataka state in southern India. ... Koppal is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. ... Bellary District is a district in Karnatka. ...

They added many ornate temples in Badami and Aihole during its second phase of temple building activity, like the Mallikarjuna and Yellamma temples.

"The Chalukya art zone of Karnataka has been described by K. V. Soundara Rajan as "The Prayaga of coalescing formal trends in temple styles…" Moreover, the building activities of the period were, as Percy Brown observes, "clearly the result of an enthusiasm which was religious in origin and in intensity of purpose." ^[16]

"In Karnataka history, Chalukyan period is considered as golden age. Besides political expansion it represented efficient administration, social security, spread in education and other cultural activities increase in trade and commerce, growth in literature, art and architecture. It also brought in unique religio-social reformation of Basavanna which gave birth to Veerashaivism". ^[17]

An yearly celebration called Chalukya utsava, a three-day festival of music and dance organized by the government of Karnataka is held every year at Pattadakal, Badami and Aihole. A Kannada movie of the 1960's called Immadi Pulakeshi celebrates the life and times of the great king. Basaveshvara Shree Basava (also known as Basaveshwara or Basavanna) is known as the reviver of the Veerashaiva (Lingayats) religion in India. ... Virasaivism is a religious movement of Hinduism in India. ... Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ... Aihole123 is now in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ...

Literature

Kannada Literature

Main article: Kannada literature

The Kalyani Chalukya patronized great Kannada poets like Ranna. He was the court poet of Tailapa II and Satyasraya. Ranna was the first poet to write under the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Ajitapurana Sahasabhimavijaya, Parashuramacharitha, Sahasa Bhima Vijaya or Gadaa Yudda, Ranna-Kanda are his famous works. The Kannada language belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is the second oldest language currently spoken in India. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Necromancer_bells. ... Tailapa II (973 – 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... Satyasraya (997 – 1008 C.E.) was the Chalukya king of the revived Western Chalukyas. ...

There were many other well known Kannada scholars of this time. Among them Chandraraja wrote Madanatilaka, a work on erotics , Shridharacharya patronised by Somesvara I wrote Jatakatilaka a work on astrology and Chandraprabhacharite, Kirtivarma, younger brother of Vikramaditya VI wrote Govaidya on veterinary science , Nayasena wrote Dharmamritha, Nagavarma wrote Kavyavalokana, Brahmashiva wrote Samayaparikshe, Rajaditya wrote Kshetraganita, Vyavaharaganita, and Lilavati, Jagaddala Somanatha's work on medicine was Karnataka Kalyanakaraka. Even ministers like Durgasimha, patronised by Jayasimha II wrote Panchatantra and army commander Chavundaraya II wrote Lokopakara, a collection of useful knowledge, Shantiraja wrote Sukumaracharita. Noted grammarian Nagavarma II, patronised by Jagadhekamalla II wrote Kavyavalokana, Karnataka Bhashabhushana, Abhidana Vastukosha, Kirtti Varman and Vritta Vilasa. Somesvara I (Ahavamalla) (1042 – 1068 C.E.) succeeded his father Jayasimha II as the Chalukya king. ... Vikramaditya VI was a king of the Kalyani Chalukya clan. ... Jagadhekamalla II (1138 - 1151) C.E. followed Somesvara III to the Chalukya throne. ...

Another major development of this period was poetry/literature in the form of Vachana sahitya. Devara Dasimayya, who wroteVachanas, belonged to this period. Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi and Allamaprabhu were the greatest Virashaiva poets of this time. The vachanas are a body of work, and a form of writing, in Kannada. ... Basaveshvara Shree Basava (also known as Basaveshwara or Basavanna) is known as the reviver of the Veerashaiva (Lingayats) religion in India. ... Akka Mahadevi (ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ) was a prominent figure of the Veerashaiva Bhakti movement in the 12th Century Karnataka. ... Lingayatism is a religious movement in India. ...

Sanskrit Literature

Main article: Sanskrit literature

The Chalukya rulers of Kalyani gave encouragement to Sanskrit scholars like Vadiraja who wrote Yashodharacharitam, Parshvanatha Charitam, Nyayavinishchayatika and a commentary on Akalankas Nyayavinishchaya . Kashmiri poet Bilhana immortalized the name of his patron Vikramaditya VI through his Vikramankadeva Charitha. Vijnaneshwara achieved fame by writing Mitakshara a book on Hindu law. Somesvara III himself was a great scholar who complied an encyclopedia of all arts and sciences called Manasollasa. Mitakshara and Manasollasa are considered two unique works from Karnataka to the field of law, science and arts respectively. Jagadhekamalla II wrote Sangithachudamani a work on music. Mitasagara and Dayapala who wrote Rupasiffhi were thre other two well known scloars. Literature in Sanskrit, one of Indias two oldest languages, and the basis of several modern languages in India. ... Bilhana Kavi was an 11th Century Kashmiri poet. ... Vikramaditya VI was a king of the Kalyani Chalukya clan. ... Vijnaneshwara was a prominent jurist of 12th century India. ... The Mitakshara is a legal treatise on inheritance, written by Vijnaneshwara in the 12th century. ... Somesvara III (1126 - 1138) C.E. was the next Chalukya king and son of Vikramaditya VI and Queen Chandaladevi. ... Jagadhekamalla II (1138 - 1151) C.E. followed Somesvara III to the Chalukya throne. ...

Government and Social life under Badami Chalukya

Nature of Governance

The Early Chalukyas followed an administrative arrangement similar to their predecessors, the Kadambas and in some ways the Guptas. They used titles like Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara and Parama Bhattaraka. Not much is known about their ministerial organisation. However, designations like Mahasandhivigrahika (foreign minister) have been noted from inscriptions. The kings had a Rajguru (Royal priest) who were placed very high in the ministerial council. Vyaghraswamin, a brahmin was Rajguru to Kirtivarman I, Nagavardhanacharya to Pulakesi II and Sudarshanacharya to Vikramaditya I. Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumara Gupta I (414-455) CE. The Gupta Empire was an Indian empire ruled by the Gupta dynasty in ancient India from around 320 to 550 CE. // Origins The origins of the Guptas are shrouded in obscurity. ... A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of a caste within Hindu society. ... Kirtivarman I (566 – 597) succeeded Pulakesi I as the ruler of the Chalukya Dynasty. ... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... Vikramaditya I (655 – 680 C.E.) followed his father, Pulakesi II on to the Chalukya throne. ...

The army consisted of Infantry, Cavalry, Elephant corps and a powerful navy. The elephants were intoxicated prior to battle. It was with their navy that they conquered Lanka and Puri on east coast of India. Inscriptions repeatedly use the term Karnatabala refering to their armies. Taxes were levied and called Herjunka, Kirukula, Bilkode and Pannaya. Lanka is the name given in Hindu mythology to the island fortress capital of the evil king Ravana in the epic Ramayana. ... Puri can mean: Puri, a city in the Indian state of Orissa, which is famous for the Jagannath temple and the serene beaches located there . ...

The empire was divided into Maharashtrakas (provinces), then into smaller Rashtrakas (Mandals), Vishaya (district), Bhoga (taluk). There were also many autonomous regions ruled by feudatories like Alupas, Gangas, Banas, Sendrakas etc. At the lower levels of administration, the Kadamba style fully prevailed.
The Alupas kings (Kannada: ಆಲೂಪರು)(450 - 1400 C.E.) were a minor dynasty who ruled parts of coastal Karnataka as feudatories of all the major kingdoms of Karnataka starting with the Kadambas until the reign of the Vijayanagar empire. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

Coinage

The Badami Chalukyas minted coins that were of a different standard compared to the northern kingdoms.^[18]. The coins had Nagari and Kannada legends. They minted coins with symbols of temples, lion or boar facing right and the lotus. The coins weighted 4gms and were called honnu in old Kannada and had fractions such as fana and the quarter fana, whose modern day equivalent being hana. A gold coin called Gadyana is mentioned in some record in Pattadakal which later came to be known a varaha which was also on their emblem.

Religion

The rule of the Badami Chalukya was a period of religious harmony. They were themselves initially followers of Vedic Hindusim as seen in the various temples dedicated to many popular Hindu dieties with Aihole as the experimental laboratory and Pattadakal as the location of their grandest architecture. The worship of Lajja Gauri, the fertility godess was also popular. Later from the time of Vikramaditya I took an inclination towards Shaivism. However they actively encouraged Jainsm as well as attested to by one of the Badami cave temples and other Jain temples in the Aihole complex. Buddhism was on a decline having made its ingress into south-east Asia, as confirmed by Hiuen-Tsiang. Badami, Aihole and Kurtukoti, Puligere (Laksmeshwara in Gadag district) were primary places of learning.
Vikramaditya I (655 – 680 C.E.) followed his father, Pulakesi II on to the Chalukya throne. ... Badami is a city in Karnataka in modern India. ... Aihole123 is now in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ... Gadag District has a population of 971,955 (2001 Census of India), which increased 13. ...

Society

The Hindu caste system was present and prostitution was recognised by the government. Some kings had concubines who were given much respect, sati was perhaps absent as inscriptions speak of widows and devadasis' were present. sage Bharata's Natyashastra or Bharatanatyam, the dance of South India was popular as seen in many sculptures and mentioned in inscriptions. Woman enjoyed political power in administration. Queens Vijayanka, a noted Sanskrit poetess and Lokamadevi stand as examples. Sati may refer to any of the following: The Hindu Goddess Sati, daughter of Daksha and wife of Shiva A social practise in some parts of India in past centuries, often spelt Suttee The Buddhist Sati; see mindfulness. ... Stamp issued in honour of Bharatanatyam Bharatanatyam (also spelled Bharathanatyam, Bharatnatyam or Bharata Natyam) is a classical dance form originating in India. ...

Government and Social life under Kalyani Chalukya

Nature of Governance

The Kalyani Chalukya kingship was hereditary but whenever a king did not have a male heir, the succession passed on to his brother. Their administration was highly decentralised. Feudatory clans like the [Alupas]], Hoysalas, Kakatiya, Seuna, southern Kalachuri and others were allowed to rule autonomous provinces, paying annual tribute to the Chalukyan emperor. From inscriptions, designations like Mahapradhana, Sandhivigrahika, Dharmadhikari (chief justice) are known. A specialization in some jobs are seen like Tadeyadandanayaka (commander of reserve army). All ministerial positions also included the role of dandanayaka indicating that the cabinet was trained as army commanders as well. The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Seuna dynasty (850 - 1334), also called the Sevuna or Yadava dynasty during their peak ruled present day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh from their regal capital at Devgiri (Daulatabad) in Maharashtra. ... This name is used by two kingdoms who had a secession of dynasties from the 10th-12th century AD, ruling over areas in Central India (west Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan) and were called Chedi or Haihaya (Heyheya) (northern branch) and the other Kalachuri (southern branch). ...

The Kingdom was divided into provinces such as Banavasi-12000, Nolambavadi-32000, Gangavadi-96000, each number indicating the number of villages under its jurisdiction. Each large province was divided into smaller provinces containing lesser number of villages like Belavola-300. These big provinces were called Mandala under which were Nadu followed by Kampanas (group of villages) and finally a Bada (village). A Mandala was under a person from the royal family, a trusted feudatory or senior official. Tailapa II himself was in charge of Tardavadi province during the Rashtrakuta rule. Chiefs of Mandalas were transferable. Woman from the royal family also administered Nadus' and Kampanas'. Army commanders were called Mahamandaleshwaras and those who headed a Nadu were called Nadugouvnda.
Tailapa II (973 – 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ...

Coinage

The Kalyani Chalukyas struck punch marked gold pagodas which were large thin gold coins with several varying punch marks on them on the obverse. They usually carried multiple punches of symbols such as stylished lion, Sri in Kannada, spearhead, king's title, lotus etc. Jayasimha II used the legend Sri Jaya. Somesvara I issued coins with Sri Tre lo ka malla and Somesvara II, used Bhuvaneka malla, Lakshmideva's coin carried Sri Lasha, and Jagadhekamalla II coinage had Sri Jagade. Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... Jayasimha II (1015 – 1042 C.E.) succeeded his brother Vikramaditya V on the western Chalukya throne. ... Somesvara I (Ahavamalla) (1042 – 1068 C.E.) succeeded his father Jayasimha II as the Chalukya king. ... Somesvara II (1068 – 1076 C.E.) succeeded his father Somesvara I (Ahavamalla) as the Chalukya king. ... Jagadhekamalla II (1138 - 1151) C.E. followed Somesvara III to the Chalukya throne. ...

Lakkundi in Gadag district and Sudi in Dharwad district were the main mints (Tankhashaley). Their heaviest gold coin was Gadyanaka weighting 96 grams, Dramma weighted 65 grams, Kalanju was 48 grams, Kasu was 15 grams, Manjadi of 2 1/2 grams, Akkam was 1 1/4 grams and Pana was 9.6 grams. Lakkundi in Gadag District of Karnataka is a place of antiquarian interest with as many as 50 temples & 29 inscriptions, spread over the period of the later Chalukyas, Kalachuris, Seunas & the Hoysalas. ... Gadag District has a population of 971,955 (2001 Census of India), which increased 13. ... Dharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. ...

Religion

During the 10th. - 13th. centuries, a steady decline in Jainism and Buddhism and a rise in popularity of Vaishnavite and Shaivite Hinduism was the most notable feature, though the Kalyani Chalukyas were tolerant towards all faiths. The arrival of the Veerashaiva movement and the migration of Ramanujacharya and his followers to the hill country ruled by feudatory Hoysalas from Tamil country gave impetus to this process. Jainism continued to be popular in some areas like Shravanabelagola while Buddhism was popular in Dambal and Balligavi. However judging by the number of Vaishnava and Shaiva monuments built during this time, it is clear that Hindusim was on an ascent. The popularity of Shaivite literature and the start of Brahminical works in Kannada and Sanskrit eroded the popularity of prolific Jains works in the same languages. Mention of religious disharmony is however not found, indicating a smooth transition. The Hoysalas took an inclination towards Hinduism from the time of Vishnuvardhana. The region between the Tungabhadra and Krishna River was undoubtedly the seat of learning. Agraharas flourished in Bagevadi, Mangoli and Kadlevad in (Bijapur district), Nargund and Hottur in Dharwad district, Nagayi in Gulbarga district, Narasimhapura in Hassan district and balligavi in Shimoga district were important places of learning.
Vaishnavites are followers of Vaishnavism in which Vishnu or His avatars are worshipped as the supreme God. ... Shaivism, also Saivism, is a branch of Hinduism that worships Siva as the Supreme God. ... Hinduism (Sanskrit: , IAST: ), also known as , (IAST: ) and , (IAST: ) is a set of religious traditions that originated mainly in the Indian subcontinent. ... Virasaivism is a religious movement of Hinduism in India. ... Sri Ramanuja Acharya (1017 - 1137 AD) was an Indian philosopher and is recognized as the most important saint of Sri Vaishnavism. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The statue of Gomatheswara dates from 978-993 AD. Shravanabelagola is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ... Vishnuvardhana (Kannada: ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ) (1108-1152), was a king of the Hoysala Empire in what is today the Indian state of Karnataka. ... The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ... The Krishna River is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). ... Bijapur (Kannada: ವಿಜಾಪುರ) is a district in the state of Karnataka. ... Dharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. ... Gulbarga District Gulbarga District is situated between 76°.04 and 77°.42 east longitude, and 16°.12 and 17°.46 north latitude, covering an area of 16,224 square kilometres. ... Hassan is a district in Karnataka state, India. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Society

These were revolutionary times in a social sense. The rise of Veerashaiva popularity challenged the Hindu caste system which none the less retained regal patronage. These times ushered in a era of female emancipation. The Chalukya queens Chandaladevi, Hoysala queen Shantala devi and Kalachuri queen Savaladevi were all noted dancers who given many public performances. Woman from royalty and nobel families not only administered large areas of the kingdom but also fought wars as commanders. Chalukya princess Akkadevi and Hoysala queen Umadevi fought many wars for their country. More than thiry poetesses from the Veerashaiva sect became famous for their Vachanas. Vachanas are a form of Kannada poetry and, according to the 20th century scholars, closely linked to the social revolution lead by Basaveshvara, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi. ...

Sati was voluntary. Records speak of cases where widows long survived their husbands like Chalukya Queen Attimabbe while another woman Dekabbe commited sati against the wishes of her family.

The guards of the royal families called Lenka, Velevali and Garuda commited suicide upon the death of their master. It was also common for Jains to commit Sallekhana, while jumping on spikes, walking into fire are also known on a voluntary basis in order to achieve salvation. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Notes

1. ^ Immadi in old Kannada means 'the second'
2. ^ Well known historians like Dr. S. C. Sircar, Prof. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ASI epigraphist N. Laxminarayana Rao and Professor S. C. Nandinath have asserted that the Chalukyas were Kannadigas (Kannada speakers) and very much the natives of Karnataka.
3. ^ Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the name while Dr. S.C. Nandinath has argued that the Chalukyas were of agricultural background from Karnataka region who later took up a martial career(Dr. S.U. Kamat, 2001).
4. ^ According to Dr. Chidananda Murthy, (Dr. S.U. Kamat, 2001).
5. ^ According to Dr. Romila Thapar, 2003, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD).
6. ^ Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, 2001
7. ^ Dr. Lewis's theory has not found acceptance because the Pallavas were in constant conflict with the Kadambas as well, prior to the rise of Chalukyas(Dr. S.U. Kamat, 2001).
8. ^ the Eastern Chalukyan dynasty was established when Pulakesi II established the Viceroyalty of Vengi under his brother Vishnuvardhana in 624 C.E.
9. ^ The name probably meant "the great lion'
10. ^ Poet Bilhanas Sanskrit work Vikramadeva Charitam and Ranna's Kannada work Gadayuddha and inscriptions from Nilagunda, Yevvur, Kauthem and Miraj claim Tailapa II was son of Vikramaditya IV, seventh in descent from Bhima, brother of Vikramaditya II
11. ^ Dr. Fleet, Dr. Bhandarkar and Dr. Altekar claim that unlike the Badami Chalukyas, the Kalyani Chalukyas did not mention to being Harithiputhras of Manavysya gotra. Also the use of titles like Tribhuvannamalla marked them of as a distinct line
12. ^ According to historian, Dr. B.R. Gopal, kings of the Chalukya line of Vemulavada, who were certianly from the Badami Chalukya family also used this title often
13. ^ Later legends and tradition hailed Tailapa as an incarnation of the God Krishna who fought 108 battles against the race of Ratta (Rashtrakuta) and captured 88 fortresses from them (Prof. K.A.N Sastri)
14. ^ The word Kubja means 'hunchback' pointing to a possible physical deformity of the king.
15. ^ According to Percy Brown.
16. ^ History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje.
17. ^ Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, The Chalukya dynasty
18. ^ However, the Early Chalukya issued gold coins that weighted 120 grams, in imitation of the Gupta dynasty says noted historian and numismatic expert Dr. A.V. Narasimha Murthy

Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ; also, less commonly, Kanarese) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Bilhana Kavi was an 11th Century Kashmiri poet. ... Vikaramaditya II was a son of Vijayaditya. ... Vemulavada (alternatively spelt Vemulawada) is a town 38 km from Karimnagar, in the Andhra Pradesh state, India. ... Krishna playing his bansuri Artwork © courtesy of The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari, in IAST ), according to various Hindu traditions, is the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ...

See also

• Hoysala Empire
• Chola Empire
• Eastern Chalukyas
• Chalukya Cholas
• Badami Cave temple

The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Cholas were the most famous of the three dynasties that ruled ancient Tamil Nadu. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... The Chalukya Chola dynasty ruled the Chola Empire from 1070 C.E. until the demise of the empire in the second half of the 13th century. ... Badami Cave temple is at Badami in the Bagalkot District in the north part of the Karnataka state of India. ...

External links

• Indian Inscriptions - Archeological Survey of India
• Chalukyan Art by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
• List of rulers of Maharashtra
• History Of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje
• Coins of Chalukyas
• The Chalukyan magnificence
• Coins of Alupas, a Chalukya feudatory
• Aihole temples
• Badami caves temples
• Pattadakal temples

References

1. ^ Immadi in old Kannada means 'the second'
2. ^ Well known historians like Dr. S. C. Sircar, Prof. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ASI epigraphist N. Laxminarayana Rao and Professor S. C. Nandinath have asserted that the Chalukyas were Kannadigas (Kannada speakers) and very much the natives of Karnataka.
3. ^ Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the name while Dr. S.C. Nandinath has argued that the Chalukyas were of agricultural background from Karnataka region who later took up a martial career(Dr. S.U. Kamat, 2001).
4. ^ According to Dr. Chidananda Murthy, (Dr. S.U. Kamat, 2001).
5. ^ According to Dr. Romila Thapar, 2003, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD).
6. ^ Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, 2001
7. ^ Dr. Lewis's theory has not found acceptance because the Pallavas were in constant conflict with the Kadambas as well, prior to the rise of Chalukyas(Dr. S.U. Kamat, 2001).
8. ^ the Eastern Chalukyan dynasty was established when Pulakesi II established the Viceroyalty of Vengi under his brother Vishnuvardhana in 624 C.E.
9. ^ The name probably meant "the great lion'
10. ^ Poet Bilhanas Sanskrit work Vikramadeva Charitam and Ranna's Kannada work Gadayuddha and inscriptions from Nilagunda, Yevvur, Kauthem and Miraj claim Tailapa II was son of Vikramaditya IV, seventh in descent from Bhima, brother of Vikramaditya II
11. ^ Dr. Fleet, Dr. Bhandarkar and Dr. Altekar claim that unlike the Badami Chalukyas, the Kalyani Chalukyas did not mention to being Harithiputhras of Manavysya gotra. Also the use of titles like Tribhuvannamalla marked them of as a distinct line
12. ^ According to historian, Dr. B.R. Gopal, kings of the Chalukya line of Vemulavada, who were certianly from the Badami Chalukya family also used this title often
13. ^ Later legends and tradition hailed Tailapa as an incarnation of the God Krishna who fought 108 battles against the race of Ratta (Rashtrakuta) and captured 88 fortresses from them (Prof. K.A.N Sastri)
14. ^ The word Kubja means 'hunchback' pointing to a possible physical deformity of the king.
15. ^ According to Percy Brown.
16. ^ History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje.
17. ^ Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, The Chalukya dynasty
18. ^ However, the Early Chalukya issued gold coins that weighted 120 grams, in imitation of the Gupta dynasty says noted historian and numismatic expert Dr. A.V. Narasimha Murthy

• Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras upto 1565 A. D., P. G. Publishers, Guntur (1988)
• South Indian Inscriptions
• Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
• Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat (2001). Concise History of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
• Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi.

Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ; also, less commonly, Kanarese) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Bilhana Kavi was an 11th Century Kashmiri poet. ... Vikaramaditya II was a son of Vijayaditya. ... Vemulavada (alternatively spelt Vemulawada) is a town 38 km from Karimnagar, in the Andhra Pradesh state, India. ... Krishna playing his bansuri Artwork © courtesy of The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari, in IAST ), according to various Hindu traditions, is the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ...

MIDDLE KINGDOMS OF INDIA
Timeline:	Northern Empires	Southern Kingdoms	Foreign Kingdoms
6th century BCE  5th century BCE  4th century BCE  3rd century BCE  2nd century BCE  1st century BCE  1st century  2nd century  3rd century  4th century  5th century  6th century  7th century  8th century  9th century 10th century 11th century Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 6th century BCE through to the Islamic invasions and the related Decline of Buddhism from the 7th century CE. // Kingdoms and Empires The Aryans had invaded India from the Northwest, according to the Aryan Invasion Theory, and... Coin of the Western Kshatrapas Bhratadaman (278 to 295 CE). ...	Magadha empire Nanda empire Maurya Empire Satavahana empire Sunga Empire Kuninda Kingdom Kalinga Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... Nanda dynasty is said to be established by an illegitimate son of the king Mahanandin of the previous Shishunaga dynasty. ... The Maurya Empire at its largest extent. ... The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years. ... Approximate greatest extent of the Sunga empire (185 BCE-73 BCE) For other uses of the term Sunga see Sunga (disambiguation) The Sunga empire (or Shunga empire) controlled the eastern part of India from around 185 to 73 BCE. It was established after the fall of the Indian Mauryan empire. ... Silver coin of the Kuninda Kingdom, c. ... Kalinga in 265 B.C. Kalinga was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom of central-eastern India, in the province of Orissa. ... Gupta Empire Pala Empire Solanki Sena dynasty	Pandyan Kingdom The Gupta Empire in 400 CE (not including vassal states) The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in ancient India. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... For the English cricketer, See Vikram Solanki The Solanki or Chalukya is a Hindu Gurjar,Rajput dynasty of India, who ruled the kingdom of Gujarat from the 10th to the 13th centuries. ... The Sena dynasty ruled Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. ... The Pandyan kingdom பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. ... Chera Cholas Kalabhras It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ... The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ... Kalabhras were the South Indian dynasty who between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E. ruled over entire Tamil country, displacing the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties. ... Pallava Pallava, were a South Indian dynasty who established their capital at Kanchipuram in the 4th cent. ... Chalukya Rashtrakuta	(Persian rule) (Greek conquests) The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... In ancient times, trade between India and Greece flourished with silk, spices and gold being traded. ... Indo-Greeks Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians Kushan Empire Western Kshatrapas Indo-Sassanians Kidarite Kingdom Indo-Hephthalites (Islamic invasion of India) The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Greco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic kings[1], often in conflict with each other. ... Early anepigraphic coinage of the Indo-Scythians (c. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 AD), first king of the Indo-Parthians kingdom. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... Approximate territory of the Western Kshatrapas ( 35- 405 CE). ... Coin of the Indo-Sassanian king Varahran I (early 4th century). ... Coin of Kidara (reigned circa 360-380 CE), founder of the Kidarite Kingdom Obv: King Kidara standing. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. ... The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent took place during the ascendancy of the Rajput Kingdoms in North India, during the 7th to the 12th centuries. ... Shahi (Islamic empires in India) Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ... During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in South Asia. ...