South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green.

The kingdom of Champa (or Chiêm Thành in Sino-Vietnamese records) controlled what is now south and central Vietnam from approximately 7th century through 1832. Before Champa, there was a kingdom called Lin-yi (Lam Ap) (established since 192 A.D.) but relationship between Lin-yi and Champa is still not clear. The modern Cham Lords in Panduranga began to establish in the middle 15^th century, obtained a position as an autonomy principality of Tran Thuan Thanh (Nagar Cham di Pandurang) belonging to Nguyen Lord of Cochinchina in 1695 and became the most faithful vassal of Emperor Gia Long of Nguyen dynasty, but it was finally dissolved in 1832 by emperor Gia Long's son, emperor Minh Mạng. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (425x666, 9 KB) Summary South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. showing the approximate areas of control for the Dai-Viet (Vietnam), Champa, and Khmer Empires. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (425x666, 9 KB) Summary South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. showing the approximate areas of control for the Dai-Viet (Vietnam), Champa, and Khmer Empires. ... Champa may refer to: Champa, 2nd century kingdom located in what is now south and central Vietnam Plumeria is a small genus of 7-8 species native to the tropical and subtropical Americas. ... Sino-Vietnamese (Hán Việt) are the elements in the Vietnamese language derived from Chinese. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Cochinchina, from Cochin China (see note below) (known locally as Nam Kỳ, meaning southern region), in French: Cochinchine) is a name for the southernmost part of Vietnam, lying southeast of Cambodia. ... Jan. ... Gia Long (1762-1820), born Nguyá»…n Phúc Ánh, was an emperor of Annam. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Minh Mạng (1791-1841) was the second emperor of the Nguyá»…n Dynasty of Vietnam, reigning from 14 February 1820 until 20 January, 1841. ...

Writing Champa's history was dominated, until the end of the 20^th century, by the Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese annals. This imposed a single view on Champa history which is not supported by epigraphical, geographical, or archaeological records.^{[citation needed]} Recently, a revised Champa historiography has emerged. The newer histories describe a string of Cham territories with central authority moving between different regions and at times not existing at all. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Prehistory

Champa's people, the Cham Malayo-Polynesian settlers of mainland Southeast Asia, appear to have reached the mainland from Borneo about the time of the Sa Huynh culture in the 1^st and 2^nd centuries BC. There are pronounced ceramic, industrial and funerary continuities with sites such as the Niah Caves in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Sa Huynh sites are rich in iron artifacts, by contrast with the Dong Son culture sites found in northern Vietnam and elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia, where bronze artifacts are dominant. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ... The Sa Huynh culture (1000 BC - 200) was an archaeological culture in central and southern Vietnam. ... (Redirected from 1st century BCE) (2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century - other centuries) The 1st century BC starts on January 1, 100 BC and ends on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st... (3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events BC 168 Battle of Pydna -- Macedonian phalanx defeated by Romans BC 148 Rome conquers Macedonia BC 146 Rome destroys Carthage in the Third Punic War BC 146 Rome conquers... The Niah Caves is a prehistorical site in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. ... State motto: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti State anthem: Ibu Pertiwiku Capital Kuching Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Yang di-Pertua Negeri Abang Muhammad Salahuddin  - Ketua Menteri Abdul Taib Mahmud History    - Brunei Sultanate 19th century   - Brooke dynasty 1841   - Japanese occupation 1941-1945   - British control 1946   - Accession into Malaysia 1963  Area  - Total 124,450... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... The Dong Son culture is a prehistoric Bronze age culture that was centered at the Red River Valley of Vietnam. ... Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ...

The Sa Huynh culture is a late prehistoric metal age society on the central coast of Viet Nam. In 1909, about 200 jar burials were uncovered at Sa Huynh, a coastal village located south of Da Nang. Since then, many more burials have been found, at some 50 sites. The Sa Huynh shows a distinct regional Bronze Age culture, with its own styles of axes, daggers, and ornaments. Carbon dating has placed the Sa Huynh culture roughly the same time line with the Dong Son culture, that is about the first millennium BC. From about 200 AD, the central coast of Viet Nam was inhabited by the Chams, who had adopted elements of Indian political and religious culture. Recent researches by Vietnamese archaeologists has shown that the Chams are linguistic and cultural descendants of the Sa Huynh people. The uncovered artifacts show the Sa Huynh people were highly skilled craftsmen in the production of jewelry and ornaments made with hard stones and glass. Sa Huynh styled ornaments were also found in Thailand, Taiwan and Philippines suggesting they were traded with South East Asian neighbors, over land and maritime routes. Archaeologists also observe that iron seems to have been used by the Sa Huynh peoples when their Dong Son neighbors were still mostly using bronze. This article is about the city of Da Nang. ...

Champa origins

Po Sa Nu (Pho Hai) Cham Towers, near Phan Thiết

Lin-yi was established by the rebellion of a local official named Ku-lien against the Han Empire in 192 in the region of present-day Huế. After 7th century, Champa included thereafter the modern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận, and Bình Thuận. Initially closely tied to Chinese cultural and religious traditions, wars with neighboring Funan and the acquisition of Funanese territory in the 4^th century saw the infusion of Indian culture into Cham society. From the 10th century onwards Arab maritime trade in the region brought increasing Islamic cultural and religious influences. The Cham language is part of the Austronesian family. Cham communities exist in contemporary Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia and Chinese Hainan Island. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 609 KB)The Thap Poshaknu Cham Towers near Mui Ne and over-looking the city of Phan Thiet, South-Central Viet Nam. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 609 KB)The Thap Poshaknu Cham Towers near Mui Ne and over-looking the city of Phan Thiet, South-Central Viet Nam. ... Commodus assassinated by a wrestler named Narcissus at the behest of Commodus concubine, chamberlain and Praetorian prefect. ... Huế (順化 in Chinese characters) is a city in Vietnam. ... Quang Nam (Vietnamese Quảng Nam) is a province in central of Vietnam. ... Quang Ngai (Vietnamese Quảng Ngãi) is a province in south-central Vietnam, on the coast of South China Sea. ... Binh Dinh (in Vietnamese, Bình Định) is a Province of Vietnam. ... Phu Yen (in Vietnamese Phú Yên  ) is a province in the South Central Coast of Vietnam. ... Khánh Hòa Province   is a province of Vietnam with a population of 1,066,300 spanning an area of 5,197 km². Its capital is Nha Trang. ... Ninh Thuan Province is a province in Vietnam. ... Bình Thuận   is a Province of Vietnam. ... Tây SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) North-South Division During The Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Cham is the language of the Cham people of Southeast Asia. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ...

Champa was an important link in the Spice Route which stretched from the Persian Gulf to southern China and later in the Arab maritime routes in Indo-China as a supplier of aloe. Despite the frequent wars between Champa and Cambodia the two countries also traded and cultural influences moved in both directions. The two royal families intermarried frequently. After 1692 many Chams, including members of the royal family and aristocracy took refuge in Cambodia and some were given high office. Champa also had close trade and cultural relations with powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya and later Majapahit of the Malay Archipelago. A trade route is the sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... Indochina, or French Indochina, was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in south-east Asia, part of the French colonial empire. ... Map of Southeast Asia at end of 12th century. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ...

Before 1471, Champa was a confederation of 4 (at times 5) principalities, each named after a historic region in India.

• Indrapura - The city of Indrapura is now called Dong Duong, not many miles from present-day Da Nang and Hue. Da Nang used to be the city of Singhapura and is close to the valley of My Son, site of many ruined temples and towers. The area once controlled by this principality included present-day Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, and Thừa Thiên–Huế provinces.

• Amaravati (present-day Quảng Nam province).

• Vijaya - The city of Vijaya is now called Cha Ban but it lies just a few miles north of present-day Qui Nhon in Bình Định province. For a time, Vijaya principality controlled much of present-day Quang-Nam, Quang-Ngai, Binh Dinh, and Phu Yen provinces.

• Kauthara - The city of Kauthara is now called Nha Trang in present-day Khánh Hòa province.

• Panduranga - The city of Panduranga is now called Phan Rang in present-day Ninh Thuận province). Panduranga was the last of the Cham territories to be annexed by the Vietnamese.

Within the four principalities there were two main groups: the Dua and the Cau. The Dua lived in Amarvati and Vijaya while the Cau lived in Kauthara and Pandaranga. This article is about the city of Da Nang. ... An image with the hues cyclically shifted The hues in the image of this Painted Bunting are cyclically rotated with time. ... My son temple Mỹ Sơn is a temple complex, located in Quang Nam province in Vietnam, 69km south-west of Danang, was an imperial city during the Champa dynasty. ... Quang Binh (in Vietnamese Quảng Bình  ) is a province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. ... Quang Tri (in Vietnamese Quảng Trị  ) is a province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam, next to the former capital of Huế. This is where the southernmost Chinese commandery of Rinan was centred during the Later Han dynasty (25-220 CE). ... Thừa Thiên–Huế is a province in Vietnam, approximately in the center of the nation. ... Quang Nam (Vietnamese Quảng Nam) is a province in central of Vietnam. ... Qui Nhon is a coastal city in the centre of Vietnam. ... Binh Dinh (in Vietnamese, Bình Định) is a Province of Vietnam. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Khánh Hòa Province   is a province of Vietnam with a population of 1,066,300 spanning an area of 5,197 km². Its capital is Nha Trang. ... Ninh Thuan Province is a province in Vietnam. ...

Cham territory included the mountainous zones west of the coastal plain and (at times) extended into present-day Laos. However, the Cham were focused on the sea and had few settlements of any size away from the coast.

1000 to 1832

Cham history was characterised by repeated military conflict with the Chinese, the Khmer, the Vietnamese, and the Mongol empires. The Chams had many successes over the years, but many failures as well. While the traditional view, argued by Georges Maspero and George Coedès, describes a single Cham polity, more current scholarship describes a string of independent principalities, each focused on a particular river mouth plain. Maspero's frequent shifts of capital and changes of dynasty are now thought to refer to events in independent Cham states rather than a unified Champa. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... George Coedès (1886-1969)was a 20th century scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history. ...

Remains from the Champa in a museum in Da Nang.

As an example, according to Maspero, the initial capital of Indrapura was thought too close to Dai-Viet and so the Cham kingdom transferred the capital to a more southern city, Vijaya, around 1000 A.D. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...

In the 12th century, the Cham warred repeatedly with the Khmer of Cambodia. The Cham attacked the Khmer capital near Angkor in 1177, and sacked it in 1178 following a seaborne invasion from the great lake of Tonle Sap. In 1178, the Khmer prince Jayavarman VII defeated the Cham in battle, and in 1191 he captured the Cham capital. Intricate stone bas reliefs depicting naval and land battles between Khmer and Cham forces can be viewed at the temple of Bayon, constructed by Jayavarman VII in his city of Angkor Thom. See David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992). NASA satellite image of the Tonle Sap (the Great Lake) The Tonlé Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and river system of huge importance to Cambodia. ... Jayavarman VII (1125?-1215?) was a king of the Khmer Empire (1181 - 1215????) in present day Cambodia. ... [[Image:Bayon-temple. ... Face-tower of the South Gate, showing Avalokiteshvara Bayon temple, Angkor Thom The Terrace of the Leper King, showing apsara Angkor Thom was the fortified inner royal city built by Jayavarman VII (1181 - 1220?), Buddhist king of the Khmer Empire, at the end of the 12th Century, after Angkor had...

More than a century of war between the Chams and the Khmers, during which each nation saw its capital repeatedly captured and looted, ended in 1203 when Jayavarman VIII occupied the southern Cham country and made it a Khmer province. Less than 20 years later, the Chams regained their independence in 1220. Events April 16 - Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France. ... Jayavarman VIII was one of the kings of the Khmer empire. ... // The world in 1220 Middle Ages in Europe Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) Events Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate - Bukhara and Samarkand taken End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khans Mongolian cavalry Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope...

The Mongols under Kublai Khan in 1281 ordered the Cham King Indravarman V to come to Bejing with tribute but he refused. The Mongols sent a fleet down to attack the Cham kingdom and the Cham hid in the hills. A year later the Mongols sent a large army (an estimated 500,000 strong) south to attack the Cham. This army marched through Vietnam but without Vietnamese permission. The Vietnamese harassed the army in conjunction with the Cham. With little to show for this display of force, the Mongol army withdrew. Perhaps to solidify the positive relations between the two kingdoms in 1306 a Vietnamese princess married a northern Cham king. The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... Kublai Khan, Khubilai Khan or the last of the Great Khans (September 23, 1215[8] - February 18, 1294[9]) (Mongolian: Хубилай хаан, Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was a Mongol military leader. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... (help· info) (IPA pei˩ tɕɪŋ˦), a city in northern China (formerly known in western, democratic cultures as Peking or Peiking), is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Events March 25 - Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland June 19 - Forces of Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruces Scottish rebels at the Battle of Methven Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property In London, a city ordinance degrees that heating with...

The marriage did not solve the disputes between Vietnam and Champa and in 1312, the Vietnamese king, Tran Anh Tong, defeated the Cham and made them a vassal state for the next 14 years. Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ...

Che Bong Nga - the Red King

The last strong king of the Cham was Che Bong Nga or Che Bunga (ruled 1360 - 1390). In Vietnamese stories he is called The Red King. Che Bong Nga apparently managed to unite the Cham lands under his rule and by 1372 he was strong enough to attack Vietnam from the sea and almost conquer the whole country. Chế Bồng Nga ruled 1360 - 1390 CE (Cik Bunga) also known as The Red King is the last strong king of the Champa. ... Chế Bồng Nga ruled 1360 - 1390 CE (Cik Bunga) also known as The Red King is the last strong king of the Champa. ... Events October 24 - The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years War. ... Events Births December 27 - Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (died 1411) Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancemaster (died 1470) John Dunstable, English composer (died 1453) Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (died 1436) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (died 1447) John VIII Palaeologus Byzantine Emperor (died 1448) Deaths... In this year, the city of Aachen, Germany begins adding a Roman numeral Anno Domini date to a few of its coins. ...

Cham forces sacked the capital city (Hanoi) in 1372 and then again in 1377. A last attack in 1388 was checked by the Vietnamese General Ho Quy Ly, future founder of the Ho Dynasty. Che Bong Nga died two years later in 1390. This was the last serious offensive by the Cham against Vietnam but it helped spell the end of the Tran Dynasty, which was revealed as weak and ineffective in the face of the Cham military (Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation D. R. SarDesai, ppg 33-34, 1988). Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Ná»™i, Hán Tá»±: 河内)  , estimated population 3,145,300(2005), is the capital of Vietnam. ... In this year, the city of Aachen, Germany begins adding a Roman numeral Anno Domini date to a few of its coins. ... // Events January 17 – Pope Gregory XI enters Rome. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland A Chinese army under Xu Da sacks Karakorum Births September 14 - Claudius Claussön Swart, Danish geographer September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... The Hồ Dynasty was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors, Hồ Quý Lý in 1400 who, after 9 months of reign, gave the throne to his second son, Hồ Han Thuong, who reigned from 1400 till 1407, a habit from the previous Tran Dynasty to bequest the... Events Births December 27 - Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (died 1411) Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancemaster (died 1470) John Dunstable, English composer (died 1453) Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (died 1436) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (died 1447) John VIII Palaeologus Byzantine Emperor (died 1448) Deaths... The Trần Dynasty (陳朝 Trần Triều; or vernacularly Nhà Trần, meaning the Trần House) was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that time known as Đại Việt) from 1225 to 1400. ...

Defeat and destruction

In 1446, Dai-Viet under the leadership of Trinh Kha attacked the center of the Champa kingdom. The attack was successful and Vijaya, the central Cham state, was captured. However, a year later a counter-attack drove the Vietnamese out of the city. Events Mehmed II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate in favor of his father Murad II by the Janissaries. ... Trinh Kha (? - 1451) close advisor to Le Loi, chief ruler of Vietnam during the 1440s, and founder of the powerful Trinh family. ...

Remnants of Cham Kingdom at My Son.

In 1470, the Dai-Viet, led by the great emperor Le Thanh Tong, attacked the Cham. Le Thanh Tong was an extraordinary administrator and leader. The Dai-Viet army was very powerful and well organized. By contrast the Chams were disorganized and weak. Vijaya was captured after four days of fighting on March 21, 1471. The Cham king Tra-Toan was captured and died not long after. At least 60,000 Cham were killed and 30,000 taken as slaves by the Vietnamese army. The capital of Vijaya was largely destroyed (though Qui Nhon was located close by). As a result of the victory, Le Thanh Tong annexed the principalities of Amaravati and Vijaya. This defeat caused the first major Cham emigration, particularly to Cambodia and Malacca. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Events May 15 - Charles VIII of Sweden who had served three terms as King of Sweden dies. ... Le Thanh Tong (1442–1497) was king of Vietnam from 1460 till his death from old age. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 1471, not the BT caller ID service accessible by dialling 1-4-7-1. ... Qui Nhon is a coastal city in the centre of Vietnam. ... State motto: Bersatu Teguh State anthem: Melaka Maju Jaya Capital Malacca Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Yang di-Pertua Negeri Mohd Khalil Yaakob  - Ketua Menteri Mohd Ali Mohd Rustam History    - Malacca Sultanate 13th century   - Portuguese control 24 August 1511   - Dutch control 1641   - British control 17 March 1824   - Japanese Occupation 1942-1946...

However, the principality of Panduranga remained in existence. Moreover, under the protection of Dai-Viet, it preserved some of its independence. This was the starting point of the modern Cham Lords in the principality of Panduranga (Phan Rang, Phan Ri and Phan Thiet).

In 1594 the Cham Lord Po At sent forces to assist the Sultanate of Johor's attack on Portuguese Malacca. Events February 27 - Henry IV is crowned King of France at Rheims. ... The Sultanate of Johor (or sometimes Johor-Riau) was founded by Malaccan Sultan Mahmud Shahs son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah in 1528. ... Nickname: Bandaraya Bersejarah (English : Historical city) Location in Malaysia Coordinates: Country Malaysia State Malacca Establishment 1502 Granted city status 2003  - Mayor Zaini Md Nor Area    - City 303 km²  (114. ...

In 1692, the Cham Lord Po Sot rebelled against Nguyễn Phúc Trần who ruled southern Vietnam. The revolt was at first unsuccessful and the aftermath was exacerbated by an outbreak of plague in Panduranga. However, a Cham aristocrat Oknha Dat obtained the help of the general A Ban, a Lauw (Orang Laut? Overseas Chinese?) leader. They defeated the Nguyễn forces of Nguyễn Phúc Chu in 1695. After the victory, new king Po Saktiray Da Patih (younger brother of Po Sot) signed a peace treaty with Nguyễn Phuc Chu. As a result of the treaty, the Cham lords were called as Trấn Vương (local lord) of Thuận Thành(Panduranga) by the Nguyễn Lords, and they were closely supervised by Nguyễn officials. Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ... Nguyá»…n Phúc Chu 1675 - 1725; ruled the southern provinces of Vietnam from 1691 - 1725. ... Jan. ...

Although the Cham lords had authority to the Cham people, "Archives du Panduranga" supplied some evidences about their limited authority over Vietnamese settlers. The Cham lords often played the role of the judge for Kinh-Cham conflict cases.

17 years later, in 1712, the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu made new treaty called "the treaty with 5 articles"(Nghị định ngũ điều) with the Cham Lord Po Saktiray Da Patih and clarified the right (included the trial right of the Cham lords and Cham people) and the obligation of the Cham Lords and the Nguyen Lords. This new treaty was kept until 1832 by the Cham Lords, Nguyễn Lords, Tây Sơn Lords and Nguyễn Emperors.

As a result of the war between the Tây Sơn, under Nguyễn Nhạc, and Nguyễn Ánh, in 1786, the Cham Lord Chei Krei Brei and his court fled to Cambodia. The assumption behind this flight is that they supported the Nguyễn Lords and the Tây Sơn Lords seemed to have won the war. From then on, the Cham Lords' title was downgraded to prefect. The name of Tây SÆ¡n is used in many ways referring back to the period of peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between the eras of the Lê and Nguyá»…n dynasties in history of Vietnam. ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Nguyá»…n Lords (1558 - 1775) were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam. ...

In 1796, during the last years of the Tây Sơn, Tuen Phaow, a noble from Makah (Kelantan), headed a major revolt against the new Cham leaders (Po Ladhwan Paghuh, Po Chơng Chơn and Po Klan Thu) and claimed Kelantan's support but the revolt was defeated. The Cham leaders regained their special rights once Nguyễn Ánh (the Emperor Gia Long) regained control over Vietnam in 1802. But even the limited Cham rule in Panduranga officially came to an end in 1832, when the Emperor Minh Mạng annexed the area. Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... The name of Tây SÆ¡n is used in many ways referring back to the period of peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between the eras of the Lê and Nguyá»…n dynasties in history of Vietnam. ... --69. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Minh Mạng (1791-1841) was the second emperor of the Nguyá»…n Dynasty of Vietnam, reigning from 14 February 1820 until 20 January, 1841. ...

Religion

Cham sculpture of Hindu deity

Before the conquest of Champa by Lê Thánh Tông, the dominant religion of the Champa people was Shaivism and the culture was heavily influenced by India. Islam started making headway among the Cham after the 10th century, but it was only after the 1471 invasion that this influence picked up speed. By the 17th century the Royal families of Cham Lords also began to turn to Islam and this eventually triggerred the major shift in religious orientation of the Cham so that by the time of their final annexation by the Vietnamese, the majority of the Cham people had converted to Islam. Most Cham are now Muslims but, like the Javanese in Indonesia, they are heavily influenced by Hinduism. Significant minorities of Hindus and Mahayana Buddhists exist. Indonesian records indicate the influence of Princess Darawati, a Cham princess in influencing her husband Kertawijaya, Majapahit’s seventh ruler, similarly to Parameshwara of Malacca, to convert the Majapahit royal family to Islam. The Islamic tomb of Putri Champa (Princess of Champa) can be found in Trowulan, the site of Majapahit imperial capital. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (960 × 1280 pixel, file size: 299 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This photo is of a Cham sculpture housed at the Museum of Art in Ho Chi Minh City. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (960 × 1280 pixel, file size: 299 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This photo is of a Cham sculpture housed at the Museum of Art in Ho Chi Minh City. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Javanese is a term used to describe a native of the Indonesian island of Java. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Guan Yin from Mt. ... Parameshwara may refer to different things: Parameshwara (God), a Sanskrit term for Supreme God Parameshvara, an Indian mathematician Category: ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ...

Remains

Many Champa towers still stand in Central Vietnam (An Nam). The most significant example of Cham architecture is My Son (Viet: Mỹ Sơn) near the town of Hoi An (Viet: Hội An). My Son, is a large complex that was heavily damaged by US bombing during the Vietnam War. The site is currently being restored with donations from a number of countries and NGO's. As of 2004, there were still land mines and UXO's to be cleared. There is a Museum of Cham Sculpture in Da Nang (Viet: Đà Nẵng) which was established in 1915 by the French. My son temple Mỹ Sơn is a temple complex, located in Quang Nam province in Vietnam, 69km south-west of Danang, was an imperial city during the Champa dynasty. ... Há»™i An   (Hán Tá»±: 會安) is a small city on the coast of the South China Sea in central Vietnam. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Minefield” redirects here. ... Unexploded ordnance (or UXOs) are explosive weapons (bombs, shells, grenades, etc. ... This article is about the city of Da Nang. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ...

The dynasties of Lin-yi and Champa

Dynasty I

• 192- ? Sri Mara
• ?
• ?
• circa 270 Fan Hiong
• circa 284-336 Fan Yi

Dynasty II

• 336-349 Fan Wen
• 349- ? Fan Fo
• circa 377 Bhadravarman I
• ? Gangaraja
• ? Manorathavarman
• d circa 420 Wen Ti

Dynasty III

• circa 420-Fan
• ? Fan
• ? Fan
• ? Fan
• ? Fan
• ? Fan
• ? Fan
• circa 510 Devavarman
• circa 526/9 Vijayavarman

Dynasty IV

• circa 529 ? Rudravarman I
• circa 605 Sambuvarman
• circa 629 ? Kanharpadharma
• ? -645 Bhasadharma
• 645- ? Bhadresvaravarman
• (d. 653 ? (f)
• 653- ? Vikrantavarman I
• circa 685-c. 730 Vikrantavarman II
• circa 749/58 Rudravarman II

Dynasty of Panduranga

• circa 757 : Prithivîndravarman
• circa 774 : Satyavarman
• circa 793 : Indravarman
• circa 801 : Harivarman
• circa 820-860 : Vikrantavarman III

Dynasty of Bhrigu

• circa 877 : Indravarman II
• circa 896-905 : Jayasimhavarman
• 905-910 : Bhadravarman II
• 911-vers 971 : Indravarman III
• 989- ? : Vijaya Shrî Harivarman II
• circa 989 : Yanpuku Vijaya Shrî

Dynasty of the South

• 1041-1059 : Jayasimhavarman II
• 1059-1060 ? : Bhadravarman III
• circa 1060 : Rudravarman
• circa 1081 : Jaya Indravarman IV
• ? -1086 : Paramabodhisattva
• 1086-1139 : Jaya Indravarman V
• 1139-1147 : Jaya Indravarman VI
• 1147-1163 : Jaya Harivarman VI
• 1163- ? : Jaya Indravarman VII
• ? - 1190 : Jaya Indravarman VIII
• 1226- ? : Jaya Parameshvaravarman IV
• ? - 1237 : Jaya Indravarman X
• 1266- ? : Indravarman IX
• ? - 1307 : Jayasimhavarman IV
• 1307- ? : Mahendravarman
• 1342-1360 : Bo-dê
• 1360-1390 : Che Bong Nga (or Che Bunga).
• 1441-1446 : Bichai

• 1627 – 1651 Po Rome
• 1660 – 1692 Po Sot

Dynasty of Po Saktiraidaputih, vassal Cham rulers under the Nguyen Lords Chế Bồng Nga ruled 1360 - 1390 CE (Cik Bunga) also known as The Red King is the last strong king of the Champa. ... The Nguyen Lords (1558 - 1775) were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam. ...

• 1695 - 1728 Po Saktiraidaputih
• 1728 - 1730 Po Ganvuhdaputih
• 1731 - 1732 Po Thuttirai
• 1732 - 1735 vacant
• 1735 - 1763 Po Rattirai
• 1763 - 1765 Po Tathundamohrai
• 1765 - 1780 Po Tithuntiraidapaguh
• 1780 - 1781 Po Tithuntiraidaparang
• 1781 - 1783 vacant
• 1783 - 1786 Chei Krei Brei
• 1786 - 1793 Po Tithundaparang
• 1793 - 1799 Po Lathundapaguh
• 1799 - 1822 Po Chong Chan

See also

• History of Vietnam
• Cham people

Tây Sơn Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List of Vietnamese monarchs The History... This article is about the Cham people of Asia. ...

Literature

• Insight Guide - Vietnam (ed.) Scott Rutherford, 2006. ISBN 981-234-984-7.
• Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation D. R. SarDesai, ppg 33-34, 1988. ISBN 0-941910-04-0
• Emmanuel Guillon. Cham Art. Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, 2001. ISBN 0500975930
• art.com Hindu-influenced art above the entrance of one of the Po Nagar Cham towers, Photographic Print by Steve Raymer, 12x16 ASIN B000EUCYYQ
• Jean-Francois Hubert. The Art of Champa. Parkstone Press, 2005. ISBN 185995975X

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Champa

• Proceedings of the Seminar on Champa
• Champa Revised
• Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th—19th Centuries
• The Survivors of a Lost Civilisation
• Cham Muslims: A look at Cambodia's Muslim minority
• The Cham Muslims of Indo-China
• Photos of Cham art at the Fine Arts Museum in Saigon
• Plumeria flowers - Champa Flowers - La fleur de frangipaniers – Hoa Sứ, Hoa đại, Hoa Champa .

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...