 Areas under the Mayas' control, approximately 1870 Chan Santa Cruz or U Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz is the Maya town now known as Felipe Carrillo Puerto in what is now the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. This name is often assigned to the Maya free state ruled from Chan Santa Cruz for much of the second half of the 19th century. Nonetheless, indigenous documentation including the 'Proclaimation' of The State of The Cross and copious correspondence on behalf of this same state give its true name as, Juan, (Huaan), de la Cruz, 'The State of The Cross'. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 503 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1957 × 2333 pixel, file size: 114 KB, MIME type: image/gif) Ungefährer Herrschaftsbereich der Maya von Chan Santa Cruz während des Kastenkriegs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 503 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1957 × 2333 pixel, file size: 114 KB, MIME type: image/gif) Ungefährer Herrschaftsbereich der Maya von Chan Santa Cruz während des Kastenkriegs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file...
Felipe Carrillo Puerto is the name of a municipality and its chief town in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, named for the assassinated local politician Felipe Carrillo Puerto. ...
Quintana Roo is a state of Mexico, on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. ...
This article is about the contemporary indigenous peoples and cultures who descend from, or remain, speakers of the Mayan languages of southern Mesoamerica. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
History
Pre-Columbian Period The people of the State of the Cross are predominantly indigenous descendants of the Iz'a Maya state, which held sway over the eastern half of the Yucatan Peninsula during the decades preceding the European Invasion. Postinvasion influences include Arauak and Carib refugees from the islands, shipwrecked Spaniards, escaped African slaves, and Chinese coolies (Villa Rojas 194x). More recently the state has been flooded with Mexican nationals, Hatians and Euro-American hoteliers/tourists. The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ...
Contact Period After the Spanish had made their presence known for some years, the Xiu Maya state of the western half of the peninsula allied itself with the Spanish Empire, which subsequently inflicted massive property and population losses upon the Iz'a Maya state. Nonetheless, The Iz'a state continued to train and educate indigenist Maya leaders in the sanctuaries of the southern province, Peten Iz'a, 'Lake of the Adepts', right through the invasion and sack of the island capitol Tayasil, by general Martin de Ursua in 1697, (Cogolludo 1xxx). Indeed, there is internal evidence that the Maya Hieroglyphic manuscript, now held in Madrid Spain was created at Tayasil some years after the invasion of Yucatan. This evidence includes paper from a Spanish book which was employed as a base for several pages of the manuscript (Coe 199x).
Uaan The province of Uaan 'Palm, Entity, State', remained unknown to the Spanish, although its capital, Chable, 'Anteater', is mentioned several times in the Books of Chilam Balam as a cycle seat (Edmonson 1984). Upon the fall of Peten Iz'a, only the Iz'a province of Uaan maintained anything like an independent existence, and this only through strict secrecy.
Pacification The Spanish were thoroughly occupied in 'pacifying' the Maya of the western half of the Iz'a state through the 1700s. The most famous of these campaigns was against the indigenist Kanek', and his followers during the early 1700s, (Chamberlan 19xx).
Uprising When the Spanish Creols declared Yucatecan independence and began fighting over the leadership of their infant slave state, the Maya leaders saw their best chance to recover their freedom and independence. This action had been in the planning for some time as revealed by recently discovered letters (constituting written orders, through an established military chain of command, to step up the plan) written in the wake of the martyrdome of the Batab of Chichimilla, Antonio Manuel Ay, on August 26, 1847 at Saki, the sacred 'White' city of the north. Exactly three days after Ay's murder, the eastern Maya, now identified as Uiz'oob, 'Loincloths', rose in a general uprising which nearly drove the invaders entirely from the peninsula (Huchim 1997:97-107). This uprising in 1848, called La Guerra de las Castas, Caste War of Yucatan by the Spanish, resulted in the liberation of the old Iz'a Maya state, leaving the old Xiu Maya state in the hands of the Yucateco Creols. The descendants of this short-lived Maya free state and those who live like them are commonly known as Cruzoob, (Reed 1964). is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
The Caste War of Yucat n (1847-1901) began with the revolt of native Maya people of Yucat n (Mexico) against the population of European descent (called Yucatecos) in political and economic control. ...
Betrayal and the fall of the Maya Free State From the late 1850s through 1893 the United Kingdom recognized the Maya free state as a de facto independent nation, even sponsoring treaty negotiations between the Spanish Yucateco state and the Maya Crusoob state. These negotiations resulted in a signed international treaty, which was never ratified by either party. The Maya state had extensive trade relations with the British colony of British Honduras, and its military was substantially larger than the garrison and militia in British Honduras. In contrast to the Yucatecans and the Mexicans, the British found it both practical and profitable to maintain good relations with the Maya free state for some years. The murder of British citizens along with most of the Yucatec 'Creol' garrison after the siege and fall to the Maya of their southern holy city of Bak Halal, 'Water Narrows', changed all that, (Reed 195x). No one will ever know for sure why the commanding general ordered a wholesale slaughter of the garrison, possibly he was tired of retaking the city from the more aggressive Yucateco state. Regardless, this action frightened the tiny British Colonial establishment in neighboring British Honduras and they got busy. // Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Railroads begin to supplant canals in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods. ...
Motto (Latin) Under the Shade I Flourish Anthem Land of the Free Royal anthem God Save the Queen Capital Belmopan Largest city Belize City Official languages English[1] Demonym Belizean Government Parliamentary democracy - Monarch Elizabeth II - Governor-General Sir Colville Young - Prime Minister Rt. ...
The British Government assigned Lord Spenser to disentangle Her Royal Majesty's Government from indigenous free states and the Maya free state in particular. Shortly thereafter HRMG signed a treaty "Spenser Mariscal" which ceded all of the Maya free state's lands to Mexico. Meanwhile the 'Creols' on the west side of the Yucatan peninsula had come to realize that their minority-ruled ministate could not outlast its indigenous neighbor. After the Creols offered their country to anyone who might consider the defense of their lives and property worth the effort, Mexico finally accepted. With both legal pretext and a convenient staging area in the western side of the Yucatan peninsula, Chan Santa Cruz was occupied by the Mexican army in the early years of the 20th century, (Reed 1964). Various treaties with Mexico were signed by the leaders of the indigenous state through the late 1930s and 1940's. These treaties, "Letters of General May", make very interesting reading today. Following General May's death the remaining Maya officials initiated contacts with Washington through the archaeologist and American Spy, (Harris, Sadler 199x), Sylvanus Morley, (Sullivan 199x). (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
Religion One of the notable aspects of the Maya free state was the reappearance of Maya religion in an indigenous form, sometimes called "The Cult of The Talking Cross". This was most probably a continuation of native folk beliefs, reemerging when the Spanish colonist's civil war released the Maya from the repressions of Yucatán's Hispanic population. The indigenous priests had maintained their ancient Religious Texts and the spiritual knowledge contained therein, as they continue to do today, (Roys 195x, Thompson 196x). The indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the ancient and modern Maya vary greatly over space and time, but certain common features can be discerned, all of which are consistent with other Mesoamerican religions. ...
Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 106 Government - Governor Ivonne Ortega Pacheco PRI - Federal Deputies PAN: 4 PRI: 1 - Federal Senators Hugo Laviada (PAN) Alfredo RodrÃguez (PAN) Cleominio Zoreda (PRI) Area Ranked 20th - State 38,402 km² (14,827. ...
Maya Sacred Books Upon the arrival of Friar Jacobo de Testera, leading the first of the Franciscan Missions to the Maya in 156x, a Maya encyclopedia project was begun. This project was designed to collect prayers, orations, commentaries and descriptions of native life as aids to the destruction of Maya culture in general and Maya religion specifically. Diego de Landa's famous Relación de las cosas de Yucatán contains much of the Spanish explanatory text of this encyclopedia without however, employing any of the actual indigenous texts, (Tozzer 1941).
The Maya elders who participated in this project, including Juan Na Chi Kokom, former leader of the Iz'a' state in eastern Yucatan, were most likely willing volunteers who saw the project as a way to preserve Maya culture and religion. After the project was anathemized by the Roman Church the former Maya collaborators collected and reconstructed as much as they could and assembled them into a loose collection of texts which is now known as the Books of Chilam Balam (Roys 195x). The Books of Chilam Balam, 'Spokesman of the Patron', (Barrera Vasquez 19xx, Roys 195x, Edmonson 1982, 199x, Bricker & Miram 2001). Copies from Calkini, Chan Kan, Chumayel, Ixil, Kaua, Mani, Tixkakal and Tisimin. (Barrera Vasquez 19xx). Usually translated as a collection of historical and mythological texts, this book actually contains a great deal of information specifically pertaining to the ancient Maya Calendar and the priests who maintained it. For example, there are texts recording the reminders for each day for diviners, natal charts for each day, a list of rituals associated with each day, a discussion of the selection, training and initiation of Maya calendar priests, a Maya rosary prayer, a divination prayer, a discussion of sacrifices at the sacred well of Chi Ch'en Iz'a, an explanation of auto sacrifice, a list of pilgrimage places, discussions of the Maya years and cycles, advice to a woman already seven months pregnant, and a discussion of Maya family life. The Roman Catholic Church is the largest religious denomination of Christianity with over one billion members. ...
The Maya calendar is a system of distinct calendars and almanacs used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala. ...
The Songs of Z'itbalche, (Barrera Vasquez 19xx) is a collection of songs, prayers and ritual speeches. This collection includes traditional girls' songs, prayers for seating images, and others.
The Ritual of the Bakabs, (Roys 1965, Marin 198x, etc.). Usually translated as a collection of medical texts. The first half of this book is comparable to the books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel and Tisimin and actually contains songs, advice, prayers and ritual speeches. These texts include one on the Maya Pontiff, one on the Chiuoh lineage, one on seers, several for novice diviners, a midwife's prayer and a renewal prayer for the divining seeds. The second half of this book is comparable to the second half of the Chilam Balam of Kaua and Maya herbals, it also contains, mostly herbal, medical remedies for a wide variety of ailments.
Maya Herbals, (Roys 19xx, Ethnobotany of the Maya).
The Maya Church Shortly after Yucatan was declared an independent state, the Yucatan Peninsula was divided into two independent warring states: a Hispanic state in the west, and a Maya freestate in the east. For the first time in centuries the Maya were in charge of a state which sponsored their indigenous faith. (The Roman Church had consistently refused even to ordain native Maya as Priests). Previously, the village lay assistants maestros cantores, who were sons of Maya priests often acted as members of their fathers' profession as well, (Clendenin 197x). This article is about religious workers. ...
The Maya Church in every Crusero village and town, houses the Holy Cross in her sanctuary. Maya churches are easily distinguished from Roman churches by the presence of a walled inner sanctum, the gloria, inside the Maya church (Villa Rojas 194x). Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. ...
God and His Angels K'u, 'God', is one, undepictable and incorporeal, (Motul Dictionary).
Hunab K'u, 'Unique God', (Motul Dictionary).
Hahal K'u, 'True God', (Motul Dictionary).
Tepal, 'Lord', epithet for God and His Angels, (Motul Diactionary).
Ahau, 'Lord', epithet for God and His Angels, (Motul Dictionary).
Yumil Kaan, 'Grandfather Sky', widespread indigenous epithet for God and His Angels (Berendt 1888).
Chakoob, 'Angels', are God's active force, who manifest his will on earth and can be petitioned for aid. There are 1, 4, 5, 6, or 7 Chakoob, one for each direction addressed in a particular ritual. The directions are color coded along with their Chakoob. Thus, east is red, north is white, west is black, south is yellow, sky is blue, earth is green and the center is clear, (Thompson 1965).
Kiichpam Kolel, 'Beautiful Grandmother', U Kolel Cab, 'Grandmother Earth', Guadelupe, any of the feminine principles of the universe, (Gann 1888, Thompson 1933, Villa Rojas 1943). She and the other feminine spirits are autonomous and can be petitioned for good through prayers before her cross or image.
Yumz'iloob, 'Fathers', 'Patrilineage Ancestors' are autonomous and can be petitioned for good or ill through prayers before the appropriate lineage crosses, (Villa Rojas 1943).
Balam, 'Jaguar', 'Patron' of the village, town, province, state, nation which acts as agent and protector for the social unit in question, (Proskouriakoff 196x, Villa Rojas 1943).
Balamoob, 'Jaguars', Twenty 'Patrons' of the days of the 260 day Sacred Round, the four 'Yearbearers' of the 365 day year, the Ahauoob of the 360 day 'year', and the K'atun, (Proskouriakoff 196x, Villa Rojas 1943).
Ik'oob, 'Spirits', are autonomous and can be petitioned for good or ill, (Villa Rojas 1943).
K'asal Ik'oob, 'Evil Spirits', are autonomous and chaotic and must be exorsized before any ritual can begin, and appeased before any ritual can end, Villa Rojas 1943).
Ix Ceel, 'Little Tree', family devotional cross, (Roys 1965).
Worship There are two great annual festivals, both descended from the two great annual festivals of the Precolumbian Maya. U K'in Crus, 'The Day of The Cross', is the ancient Maya New (365 day) Year Festival and U K'in Kolel, 'The Feast of Our Grandmother', Guadelupe, is the ancient Maya New (360 day) 'Year' Festival.
The Crusoob also celebrate a 'Mass' and 'Novenas' which always include corn tortillas and typically tamales, meat, fruit, atole, pepper, chocolate, a desert and an alcoholic beverage, (Villa Rojas 1943).
The Holy Cross The Holy Cross must be guarded and fed several times a day. Every householder has a small domestic cross with a diminutive huipil, 'woman's dress', and a mirror around its neck. This little female cross was known in Precolumbian times as Ix Cel, 'Little/female Tree'. In addition to the village Patron Cross and the Household crosses, there are special Lineage Crosses for important lines and four Guardian Crosses at the entrances to town, (Villa Rojas 1943). The religion of the people now is quite mixed, with some devoted exclusively to the indigenous church and its ritual calendar, while others are exclusively or partially Roman Catholic, Protestant or Evangelical.
The shrines of the "Talking crosses" remain a vital part of the local culture to this day. Indeed, as recently as 2002 the Mexican Government finally lifted the stigma of witchcraft, to which indigenous priests had been subject under Mexican Civil and Roman Church law, recognizing the Church of The Talking Cross as a legitimate religion, (plaque on shrine in Carrillo Puerto).
The state of the Cross The State of The Cross was declared on x,x,184x, in Xoken, 'Read to me', a south-eastern satalite of modern Valladolid where the Proclamo was first read to the people.
The Capitol, Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz was founded in about 1850 near a sacred z'onot, a natural well providing a year round source of holy water, where the talking cross continues to speak.
The city was laid out in the Precolumbian Maya manner, surrounding a square with the Balam Nah, the 'Patron Saint's House', and the school at the east, the Pontiff's house at the west, the General's houses at the north and the storehouses and market to the south, (Reed 1964).
The regional capitals in Bak Halal, Chun Pom, Vigia Chico and Tu Luum, were probably laid out on the same plan as the capital.
At its greatest extent, 1860s-1890s, The State of The Cross encompassed all of the southern and central parts of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. With associated, buffer and splinter groups The State of The Cross was the core of a broader indigenist liberation movement which controlled virtually all of the old Iz'a territories. These territories include the eastern, central and southern portions of the Yucatan peninsula, extending from Cape Catoche south to include what is now northwestern Belize and Northeastern Guatemala.
National Records The 'Proclamation of Juan de la Cruz', or El Proclamo, in Spanish is the Maya free state's formal declaration of independence. Appended to the Procamation are the state's constitution and by laws. In addition to responsibilities for military service (the constitution was written in time of war) and support for the indigenous church the Maya people (and those of any race) who consented to the sovereignty of the new state were guaranteed equal and fair treatment, (Bricker 197x).
Official Correspondence and International Treaties of the Maya State Treaties with the Yucateco state.
Treaty with the Yucateco state sponsored by the British Government in Hondouras.
Treaties with the British Government.
Official correspondence with Washington, (Sullivan 199x).
Treaties with the Mexican Government, (Correspondence of General May)
Treaties of the Guatemalan Government.
Treaties of the Yucateco state.
Treaties between Mexico and the British Government. The Spenser Mariscal Treaty.
Officials Most Maya offices are unpaid or are paid by donations from wealthy and/or devout members of the community. These officials are typically among the oldest and most impoverished of the people, having distributed most of their personal property to finance the associated community festivals, (Redfield and Villa Rojas 194x).
Religious Officials Ahau Kan, Ah Z'ab Kan, 'Supreme Wisdom', 'He Rattles Sky', the Supreme Pontiff of the Maya church, now known as Nohoch Tata, 'great father', (Tozzer 1941, Villa Rojas 194x).
Kan Ek', 'Wise Star', one of four Cardinals who held forth from the four holy cities: Bakhalal, now Bacalar, in the east, Sakil, Spanish Valladolid, in the north, Ich Kan Si Ho', Spanish Merida, in the west, and Cham Putun, now 'Champoton', in the south, disused, (Edmonson 1984).
Ek', 'Star', one of eight Archbishops in the Maya church, disused, (Motul Dictionary).
Cho'op, 'Macaw', one of twenty Provincials or Bishops in the Maya Church, disused. Only the Province of Uaan now survives, the Cho'opil Uaan is now the Supreme Pontiff of the Maya church and is known as the Nohoch Tata, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 194x).
The first Nohoch Tata was Manual Nahuat, 1847 until his death on March 23, 1851. is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
K'in, 'Sun', one of eighty Priests, sometimes identified in Spanish as Sacerdote, in the Maya Church. A diviner, one of a multitude who employs the Maya Sacred Calendar of 20 daily patrons and thirteen daily personalities/numbers, disused, (Tedlock 1982).
Ik', 'Wind', an Exorcista, a blessing, (Motul Dictionary, Roys 195x).
Uay, 'Familiar Spirit', 'Nagual', a Medium, one with good relations in the spirit world, (Motul Dictionary, Redfield 194x).
Kay, 'Fish', a Cantor, (Motul Dictionary).
T'an, 'Word', Rezador, an Orator, (Motul Dictionary).
Le, 'Leaf', Yerbatero, a Herbalist, (Motul Dictionary).
Civil Officials Halac Uinik, 'Real Man, Presidente Municipal, is a civil official at the level of provincial governor or higher, (Motul Dictionary). The first Halach Uinik at Chan Santa Cruz was Jose Maria Barrera, who held the position until his assassination in 1852.
Batab, 'Hatchet', Delegado, is the local civil official at the village level or lower, (Motul Dictionary).
Tupil, 'Earring', 'Novice', 'Alderman', is the entry level civil official at the village level or lower, including the Kambesah, 'Teacher' and the Kanan K'u, 'Sacristan', (Motul Dictionary).
Military Officials Ahau K'atun Kiuik', General de la Plaza, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 194x).
Ahau K'atun, General, there are four of these, one for each direction. Nonetheless, during the war of liberation it was the general of the north and of the south who garnered the most space in the Spanish and British colonial press, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 194x).
The General of The Plaza, the supreme commander of Maya Military forces, was an important office held by several different individuals. The last General of The Plaza was General May, who signed the final peace treaties with the Mexican government through the 1930s.
The first General of The North was Cecilio Chi, victor at Valladolid and Iz'amal, 1847 until his death in May of 1849. The second General of The North was Venancio Pec, 1849-1852.
The first General of The South was Jacinto Pat, victor at Peto, Tekax, Tikul, 1847 until his assassination in December of 1849. The second General of The South was Florentino Chan, 1849-1852.
Coronel
Major
Ah K'atun, Capitan, (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 194x)
Teniente
Sergento
Caporal
K'atun, Soldado, 'Private, Soldier in general', (Motul Dictionary, Villa Rojas 194x)
Traditional Occupations Konol, 'Seller', is a member of the merchant class which, while maintaining homes in the communities, does little farming and travels frequently from market to market in search of the best prices, (Redfiel and Villa Rojas 194x).
Ah Pak, Ah Nun Baal, Albanil, 'Waller', 'Immovable Thing', is a mason, (Redfield and Villa Rojas 194x).
Ah Kab, 'Beekeeper', (Redfield and Villa Rojas 194x).
Ah Men Che, Carpintero, (Motul Dictionary).
K'ol Nal, Graniero, 'Farm Corn', is the largest class consisting of subsistence farmers, (Motul Dictionary).
References Berendt
1888 The Lord's Prayer in three languages, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Bricker, Victoria
1976 The Indian Christ, The Indian King, the indigenous substrate of Maya myth and ritual. University of Texas Press, Austin.
(Author)
199x Las Cartas de General May, Ultimo General de la Plaza. , Universidad de Quintana Roo, Chetumal.
Clendenin, Inga
1978 Ambivalent Conquest, Spaniard and Maya in the.
Chamberlan,
19xx Materials for a bibliography of the cast war in Yucatan.
Coe, Michael
199x Maya Scribes, etc.
Edmonson, Munroe
1984 The Ancient Future of the Itz'a, The Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin. University of Texas Press, Austin.
199x Heaven Born Merida, The book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel.University of Texas Press, Austin.
Gann, Thomas
188x Explorations in British Honduras ?.
Harris, Charles & Sadler Louis
199x The Archaeologist was a Spy.
Martinez Huchim, Patricia
1997 The Uprising of the Men in Loincloths, Guerra de las Castas en Yucatan, Sastun, ano. #1, Merida.
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana
196x The Jaguar Motif in Maya art and Hieroglyphs.
Reed, Nelson
1964 The Cast War in Yucatan.
Roys, Ralph
195x The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
1965 The Ritual of The Bacabs, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Redfield, Robert & Villa Rojas
194x Chan Kom, a Maya Village. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
Sullivan, Paul
199x Unfinished Conversations, ,New York.
Tedlock, Barbara
1982 Time and the Highland Maya. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Thompson, J.E.S.
1933 Explorations in British Honduras. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
1965 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
1943 The Maya of East Central Quintana Roo, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
See also The Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) began with the revolt of native Maya people of Yucatán (Mexico) against the population of European descent (called Yucatecos) in political and economic control. ...
Kakure Kirishitan (éš ã‚Œã‚リシタン, Japanese for Hidden Christian) is a modern term for a member of a sect of Japanese Roman Catholicism that went underground after the Shimabara Rebellion in the 1630s. ...
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