NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888 – November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect, which is named after him. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Tiruchirapalli à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿à®°à®¾à®ªà¯à®ªà®³à¯à®³à®¿ (also spelt Tiruchchirapalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿, was also pronounced as Trichinopoly under British rule) is a city and a municipal corporation in Tiruchirappalli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density. ... The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science was established in July 1876 at 210 Bowbazar street, Kolkata, to foster high quality fundamental research in frontier disciplines of the basic sciences. ... The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bangalore, India. ... Presidency College is an undergraduate college in Chennai, India. ... Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran (8 October 1922 - 7 April 2001), is widely acknowledged as one of the most important Indian scientists of the 20th century, best known for creating the Ramachandran Map for understanding peptide structure. ... When light is scattered from a molecule most photons are elastically scattered. ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The International Stalin Prize or the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (renamed Russian: , the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions equivalent to the Nobel Peace Prize. ... Tamil (à®¤à®®à®¿à®´à¯ ) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density. ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... When light is scattered from a molecule most photons are elastically scattered. ...

Biography

Early years

Raman was born in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. At an early age, Raman moved to the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Tiruchirapalli à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿à®°à®¾à®ªà¯à®ªà®³à¯à®³à®¿ (also spelt Tiruchchirapalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿, was also pronounced as Trichinopoly under British rule) is a city and a municipal corporation in Tiruchirappalli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Visakhapatnam (also ViÅ›Äkhapaá¹á¹anamu, shortened and Anglicized: Vizag or Vizagapatam) is a port city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Andhra Pradesh : (Telugu: à°†à°‚à°§à±à°° à°ªà±à°°à°¦à±‡à°¶à±, Urdu: Ø¢Ù†Ø¯Ú¾Ø±Ø§ Ù¾Ø±Ø¯ÛŒØ´, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ...

Middle years

He completed his BA and MA in Physics and English from the Presidency College, Madras (now Chennai). He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Soon afterwards, Raman started doing experiments at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). This is where Raman did his Nobel Prize winning work. Presidency College is an undergraduate college in Chennai, India. ... Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras , is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is Indias fourth largest metropolitan city. ... (IPA: [] Bengali: à¦•à¦²à¦•à¦¾à¦¤à¦¾) (formerly ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. ...

In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density. ... Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (Bengali: à¦•à¦²à¦•à¦¾à¦¤à¦¾ à¦¬à¦¿à¦¶à§à¦¬à¦¬à¦¿à¦¦à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦²à¦¯à¦¼), located in the city of Kolkata (previously Calcutta), India, is the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. ... Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) is a premier scientific organisation of India. ...

Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect. Raman spectroscopy is based on this phenomenon. An interesting anecdote goes that he booked his tickets to Stockholm several months before the Nobel prizes were announced. 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon which creates or annihilates an optical phonon. ... Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used in condensed matter physics and chemistry to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. ...

Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtzs approach. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam. The term transverse means side-to-side, as opposed to longitudinal, which means front-to-back. In automotive engineering, the term transverse refers to an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle. ... The term superposition can have several meanings: Quantum superposition Law of superposition in geology and archaeology Superposition principle for vector fields Superposition Calculus is used for equational first-order reasoning This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist. ... A typical set of Tabla. ... The mridangam is a percussion instrument from South India. ...

In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bangalore, India. ... Bangalore (Kannada: ; pronunciation: in Kannada and in English) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. ...

He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established 4 factories in Southern India. [1]

He was knighted in 1929 and awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954. Raman was also awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1957). 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Stalin Prize or the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (renamed Russian: , the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions equivalent to the Nobel Peace Prize. ...

CV Raman is the uncle of Nobel laureate and Physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. Chandrasekhar redirects here. ...

India celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928.

Later years

He retired from the Indian Institute in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka, serving as its director and remained active there until his death on 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, at the age of 82. The Raman Research Institute was founded by Nobel laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1948 with funds from private sources. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Bangalore (Kannada: ; pronunciation: in Kannada and in English) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. ... KarnÄtakÄ (Kannada: à²•à²¨à²¾à³¯à²Ÿà²•) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

Works

Quotes

When he was offered a toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller he responded, Teetotalism is the principle or practice of complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages. ...

Books

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Ed. S Ramaseshan, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore 1988.

Bibliography

1909

"The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Nature, 1909
"The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Nature, 1909
"The Ectara", J. Indian Math. Club, 1909

1910

"The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations", Nature, 1910
"Oscillations of the Stretched Strings", J. Indian Math. Club, 1910

1911

"Photographs of Vibrational Curves", Philos. Mag., 1911
"Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'", Physics Rev., 1911
"The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String", Phys. Rev., 1911

1912

"The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type", Philos. Mag, 1912
"Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance", Phys. Rev. 1912
"Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1912

1913

"Some Acoustical Observations", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1913

1914

"The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
"The Maintenance of Vibrations", Phys. Rev. 1914
"Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1914
"On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914

1915

"On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces", Phys. Rev., 1915
"On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1915

1916

"On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1", Philos. Mag, 1916 (with S Appaswamair)
"On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello", Nature (London). 1916
"On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag., 1916

1917

"The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A. Dey)
"On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
"On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3", Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
"On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'", Nature (London) 1917

1918

"On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag., 1918
"On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing", Nature (London), 1918
"On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
"The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String", Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918

1919

"An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations", Phys. Rev., 1919
"A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1919
"On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments", Philos. Mag, 1919
"The Kinematics of Bowed Strings", J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta, 1919

1920

"On the Sound of Splashes", Philos. Mag, 1920
"On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, Philos. Mag., 1920
"Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1920
"On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer", proc. S. Soc. London, 1920 (with B Banerji)
"Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones", Nature (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar)

1921

"Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral", Nature (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland)
"The Nature of Vowel Sounds", Nature (London) 1921
"On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon", Proc. R. Soc. London, 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland)
"On Some Indian Stringed Instruments", Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1921

1922

"On Whispering Galleries", Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1922
"On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1922
"The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus", Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2,

1926

"The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones", Nature (London), 1926

1927

"Musical Instruments and Their Tones"

1928

"A new type of Secondary Radiation", Nature, 1928
"A new radiation", Indian Journal of Physics, 1928

1935

"The Indian Musical Drums", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids", Nature (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1936

"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
"Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves", Nature (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)

1937

"Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids", Nature (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1938

"Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity", Nature (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1948

Aspects of Science, 1948

1951

The New Physics: Talks on Aspects of Science, 1951

1959

Lectures on Physical Optics, 1959

See also

The Raman laser is a byproduct of the Raman Effect, discovered in 1928 by Nobel laureate Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. ... Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon which creates or annihilates an optical phonon. ... Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used in condensed matter physics and chemistry to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. ... Raman amplification(pronounced /rÊŒmÉ‘n/) is based on the Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS) phenomenon, when a lower frequency signal photon induces the inelastic scattering of a higher-frequency pump photon in a nonlinear optical medium. ... Overview Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is a specialized implementation of the more general Raman spectroscopy. ... The Raman Research Institute was founded by Nobel laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1948 with funds from private sources. ... Raman optical activity (ROA) is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that is reliant on the difference in intensity of Raman scattered right and left circularly polarised light due to molecular chirality. ... Raman is a small lunar crater that lies on the western edge of a plateau feature in the expansive lunar mare named Oceanus Procellarum. ...

External links

Nobel Prize in Physics: Laureates

2006: Mather, Smoot 2005: Glauber, Hall, Hänsch 2004: Gross, Politzer, Wilczek 2003: Abrikosov, Ginzburg, Leggett 2002: Davis, Koshiba, Giacconi 2001: Cornell, Ketterle, Wieman 2000: Alferov, Kroemer, Kilby
Full list of laureates Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners. ... John C. Mather at NASA John Cromwell Mather (b. ... George Smoot celebrating his Nobel Prize on October 3, 2006 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. ... Roy Jay Glauber (born 1 September 1925) is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. ... John L. Hall (born 1934) is a JILA (formerly known as the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) fellow and Physics lecturer at the University of Colorado at Boulder Physics department. ... Theodor Wolfgang HÃ¤nsch (b. ... David Gross and his wife in Santa Barbara David Jonathan Gross (born February 19, 1941 in Washington, D.C.) is an American physicist and string theorist. ... Prof. ... Frank Wilczek (born May 15, 1951) is a Nobel prize winning American physicist. ... Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov (Алексей Алексеевич Абрикосов) (born June 25, 1928, in Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR.) is a Russian theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field... Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (Виталий Лазаревич Гинзбург) (born October 4, 1916 in Moscow) is a Soviet/Russian theoretical physicist and astrophysicist, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the... Anthony James Leggett (born March 26, 1938), is Professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. ... Raymond Davis Jr. ... Masatoshi Koshiba (å°æŸ´ æ˜Œä¿Š Koshiba Masatoshi, born on September 19, 1926 in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture -) is a Japanese physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. ... Riccardo Giacconi (born October 6, 1931) is an Italian-born American Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist. ... Eric Allin Cornell (born December 19, 1961) is a physicist who, along with Carl E. Wieman, was able to synthesize Bose-Einstein condensate in 1995. ... Wolfgang Ketterle (born October 21, 1957, in Heidelberg, Germany) is a German physicist and a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Carl Edwin Wieman (born March 26, American physicist of the University of Colorado at Boulder who (with Eric Allin Cornell), in 1995, produced a Bose-Einstein condensate. ... Scientist, born 1930 in Belarus. ... Herbert Kroemer (born August 25, 1928) is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of California, Santa Barbara, received a Ph. ... Jack St. ... Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners. ...

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