The Battle of Changban (Chinese: 長坂之戰; Pinyin: Chángbǎn zhī zhàn) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city of Dangyang in Hubei Province), China in the year 208. It was fought between Liu Bei, who later founded the Kingdom of Shu and Cao Cao, the de facto ruler of northern China. The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1492x603, 302 KB)Photograph of the painting Zhao Yuns Fight at Changban inside the Long Corridor on the grounds of the Summer Palace in Beijing, China. ... The Long Corridor (Chinese: 长廊; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a covered walkway in the Summer Palace in Beijing, China. ... The Summer Palace in Beijing. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ;  ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... hello my name is marco u ... Dangyang City, in Hubei Province, China, lies 70 km east of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Wuchang (Chinese: ; pinyin: WÇ”chāng) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220) was a regional warlord and the last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220) was a regional warlord and the last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... French Republican Guard - May 8, 2005 celebrations Cavalry (from French cavalerie) were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Combatants Yellow Turbans Han Dynasty Commanders Zhang Jiao Zhang Bao Zhang Liang He Jin Huangfu Song Lu Zhi Zhu Jun Dong Zhuo Cao Cao Strength 360,000 Various Casualties Unknown Unknown The Yellow Turban Rebellion, sometimes also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a... Combatants Anti-Dong Zhuo Coalition Dong Zhuo Commanders Yuan Shao Dong Zhuo The Campaign against Dong Zhuo (董卓討伐戰) in 190 was initiated by a coalition of regional officials hoping to end Chancellor Dong Zhuos influence in the ailing Han court in China. ... The Battle of Jie Bridge (Chinese: 界橋之戰, pinyin: Jièqiáo zhi zhàn) was a military engagement fought between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in 191, at the beginning of the civil wars in China leading up to the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Combatants Zhang Xiu Cao Cao Commanders Zhang Xiu Cao Cao The Battle of Wancheng (宛城之戰) was a historical battle fought in the later years of the Han Dynasty between the warlords Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu in 197. ... Combatants Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu Commanders Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu The Battle of Xiapi (下邳之戰) occurred in the winter of 198 between the forces of Lü Bu against the forces of Liu Bei and Cao Cao in the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Combatants Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan Heishan bandits Commanders Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan† Zhang Yan The Battle of Yijing (易京之戰) took part shortly before the fall of the Han Empire in China, which began the era known as the Three Kingdoms. ... The Battle of Guandu (官渡之戰) was a battle in Chinese history. ... Combatants Liu Bei Cao Cao Commanders Liu Bei Xiahou Dun The Battle of Bowang (博望之戰), more famously known as the Battle of Bowang Slope (博望坡之戰), was a battle fought near Fangcheng, Henan between the forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Cao Cao Ma Chao Commanders Cao Cao Ma Chao Strength  ? 100,000 Casualties  ?  ? {{{notes}}} The Battle of Tong Gate (潼關之戰) was a battle between Ma Chao and the warlord Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms Era in China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Cao Wei Shu Han Commanders Xiahou Yuan† Liu Bei The Battle of Mount Dingjun (定軍山之戰) took place in year 219, during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Shu Han Shu rebels Nanman Commanders Zhuge Liang Yong Kai Zhu Bao Gao Ding Meng Huo Zhuge Liangs Southern Campaign (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Battle of Nanzhong (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), refers to the military campaign led by the Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han against the southern rebels... The Northern Expeditions (北伐) were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A.D. 228 to 234. ... The Battle of Jieting was a battle fought during the First Northern Expedition led by Zhuge Liang. ... Combatants Shu Han Cao Wei Commanders Zhuge Liang† Yang Yi, Fei Yi Sima Yi Strength 100,000 200,000 The Battle of Wuzhang Plains (五丈原之戰) is a famous standoff between the kingdoms of Wei and Shu in 234 A.D. during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Dangyang City, in Hubei Province, China, lies 70 km east of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng (省 shÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ... hello my name is marco u ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220) was a regional warlord and the last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...

Background

After Cao Cao's unification of northern China in 207, he made arrangements for a southern expedition into the lands of Jingzhou, held by Liu Biao at the time. Initial minor invasions led by Xiahou Dun were repelled by Liu Bei of Xinye, who was a vassal of Liu Biao at the time, thus Cao Cao personally led his armies south to conquer Jingzhou in the seventh month of 208. Cao Caos unification of northern China was an important transitionary period in Chinese history. ... Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Jīngzhōu) is a city in the Hubei province of the Peoples Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). ... Liú Biǎo (劉表 142 – 208) was the governor of the Jing province in China towards the end of the Han Dynasty. ... Xiahou Dun (? – 220) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Xinye (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Hsin-yeh) is one of the counties of Nanyang that lies in the southwest of Henan province in central China. ...

In August, when Cao Cao's forces had reached Wancheng, Liu Biao died of illness and his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him. Liu Cong's advisers Kuai Yue and Fu Xun (傅巽) convinced Liu Cong that he could not resist Cao Cao even with Liu Bei's help, so Liu Cong agreed to surrender. Liu Bei, at Fancheng at the time, was not informed of Liu Cong's decision to surrender. When Liu Bei became suspicious, he sent an attendant to Xiangyang to question Liu Cong, and only then would Liu Cong pass the news to Liu Bei through his subordinate official Song Zhong (宋忠). Dismayed, Liu Bei angrily drew his sword on Song Zhong, but did not kill him. Nanyang (Simplified Chinese: 南阳; Traditional Chinese: 南陽; pinyin: ) is a city in the south of Henan province, China. ... See also Liu Cong (劉聰) Liu Cong (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was the second son of the famous warlord Liu Biao during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ... Kuai Yue was a strategist for Liu Biao and brother of Kuai Liang. ... The Battle of Fancheng was fought between the Shu and Wei kingdoms during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China. ... Xiangyang (Traditional Chinese: 襄陽, Simplified Chinese: 襄阳, pinyin: Xiāngyáng) was a Chinese city famous for the Siege of Xiangyang (1267-1273) by Mongol invaders. ...

Liu Bei then called his followers to council. Zhuge Liang suggested that Liu Bei should attack Liu Cong to secure Jingzhou and defend against Cao Cao there, but Liu Bei rejected this and said, "as Liu Jingzhou (Liu Biao) was dying, he entrusted his orphans to me. I cannot turn from this obligation and seek my own advantage. When I die, how could I show my face to Liu Jingzhou?". Not willing to fall under the hands of Cao Cao, Liu Bei gathered his men and marched to the south. As he passed Xiangyang he called out to Liu Cong, but Liu Cong dared not see him and hid. Many officials and civilians of Xiangyang followed Liu Bei as he left, as he was greatly beloved by the people. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms era, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ...

In September, Liu Cong set out from Xiangyang towards Xinye to receive Cao Cao, surrendering Jingzhou. Cao Cao took over the command of Jingzhou's forces, especially their fleet, a component which Cao Cao's forces lacked. After settling Xiangyang, Cao Cao swiftly gave chase to Liu Bei with five thousand elite horsemen. By then Liu Bei had already started to retreat south to Jiangling, a supply depot. As he was bringing along more than a hundred thousand unarmed people and thousands of carts of luggage, Liu Bei's force could not move very quickly. Someone suggested to Liu Bei that he should abandon the people for his safety, but Liu Bei did not have the heart to desert them when the people risked their own lives to follow him. Instead, Liu Bei had Guan Yu sail ahead down the Han River with a detachment of several hundred ships and take a roundabout route to Jiangling, where they planned to meet. Jiangling is a city in Hubei, China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Guan (é—œ) Guan Yu (關羽) (160–219) was a Chinese military general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... The Han River (漢江; pinyin: Han Jiang) in China, was often referred to as Hanshui (漢水) in antiquity. ...

The battle

Map of the battle

Cao Cao's horsemen caught up to Liu Bei's congregation at Changban, Dangyang Commandery, and Liu Bei had to flee for his life, galloping away south with his close generals Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and Zhuge Liang while leaving his family and the populace behind. Cao Cao's forces captured all his army and his baggage. Xu Shu, a friend of Zhuge Liang who was also serving Liu Bei at the time, had the misfortune of his mother getting captured by the Cao forces. He then requested leave from Liu Bei and left to serve Cao Cao. Also, Liu Bei's two daughters were captured by Cao Chun, who pressed on to capture Jiangling before Liu Bei could go there. Image File history File links Changbanzhizhan. ... Image File history File links Changbanzhizhan. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was an important military commander during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Xu Shu (徐庶) was one of Liu Beis advisors during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Cao Chun (170 – 210) was a cavalry general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ...

Zhang Fei commanded twenty horsemen as rearguard. He held the river and broke the bridges down; looking fierce and shaking his lance, he shouted, "I am Zhang Yide. Come and battle me to the death!" None of Cao Cao's men dared to go near him, buying time for Liu Bei to escape. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ...

In the chaos, Zhao Yun disappeared to the north, prompting suspicion that Zhao Yun had surrendered to Cao Cao. When someone reported that to Liu Bei, Liu Bei angrily threw a handaxe and said "Zilong would never desert me." Surely enough, Zhao Yun came back with Liu Bei's infant son in his arms, also bringing back Lady Gan. With this, Zhao Yun was promoted to General of the Standard. (牙門將軍) Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was an important military commander during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Liu Chan (207 – 271) was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Lady Gan was Liu Beis second wife and mother of Liu Shan. ...

Turning east from Changban, Liu Bei and the remnants of his party had crossed the Han River to the east where Liu Qi, Liu Biao's elder son, still held control of Jiangxia commandery. They met Guan Yu's fleet and over ten thousand men led by Liu Qi in Hanjin (漢津). Together, they sailed down the river to Xiakou (夏口). Han River is the name of four unrelated rivers: Han River, or Han Gang, is a river in Korea, passing through Seoul and entering the Yellow Sea Han River, or Han Shui, is a tributary of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in central China Han River, or Han Jiang, is... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Wuchang (Chinese: ; pinyin: WÇ”chāng) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... Wuchang (Chinese: ; pinyin: WÇ”chāng) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ...

Aftermath

After the Battle of Changban, the land of Jingzhou west of the Han River become territories of Cao Cao. Cao Cao rode forward and entered Jiangling, settling the officials and peasants there. An adviser to Cao Cao, Jia Xu, suggested that Cao Cao should make full use of the resources in Jingzhou to settle in the soldiers before further territorial expansions, but Cao Cao preferred to use the momentum from his victories to attack Jiangdong next. Jia Xu (147 - 224 AD) was an advisor to the Wei Kingdom. ...

Lu Su, a statesman from Jiangdong, was originally on a peace mission to Jingzhou to send condolences for Liu Biao's death. By the time he reached Jingzhou, however, Liu Cong had already surrendered and Liu Bei had fled south. Lu Su went to see Liu Bei at Changban and, after Liu's defeat, followed him to Xiakou. There he asked where Liu Bei was heading after, and Liu Bei replied that he plans to take refuge under Wu Ju (吳巨), an old friend, in the distant Cangwu commandery (蒼梧; eastern part of modern-day Guangxi). To this, Lu Su dissuaded Liu Bei from joining Wu Ju, saying Wu Ju is only an ordinary fellow who would not be independent for long; and persuaded Liu Bei to form an alliance with his lord Sun Quan to defend against Cao Cao. Liu Bei was extremely pleased at this suggestion, and sent Zhuge Liang to go with Lu Su to see Sun Quan in order to secure the alliance. Lu Su (鲁肃) was an advisor for the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, having taken over the position from Zhou Yu. ... Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ...

This led to the Battle of Red Cliffs shortly after in the same year, where the Sun-Liu alliance defeated the overwhelming northern fleets, driving Cao Cao back north and forming the basis of the Three Kingdoms. This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ...

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, the battle was romanticized into a showcase of the power and bravery of Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun. An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220... Luo Guanzhong (Traditional Chinese: 羅貫中, Wade Giles: Lo Kuan-chung) was a 14th century Chinese author attributed with writing Romance of the Three Kingdoms and editing Outlaws of the Marsh, two of the most revered adventure epics in Chinese literature. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was an important military commander during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. ...

Liu Bei lost the battle and was pursued by Cao Cao. Liu Bei had been leading around the civilians who journeyed with him, and many of them were lost in this battle. Also, Liu Bei's wife was caught up in enemy lines, with his infant son Liu Shan. Being recognized only by Liu Bei and his brothers, Zhao Yun greatly frightened the whole army of Cao Cao by attempting to retrieve Liu Bei's wife and son. He managed to get to Lady Mi, Liu's wife, who placed the young Liu into his breast armor so as to keep the baby from harm, then killed herself by falling down a well, not wanting to be a burden to the general. Zhao Yun pushed over a wall to bury his lord's wife, then raced back to Liu Bei's side, still fighting with a child in his bosom. Liu Chan (207 – 271) was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was an important military commander during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Lady Mi was Liu Bei first wife. ...

Zhao Yun encountered Xiahou En, Cao Cao's sword bearer, but swiftly cut him down and gained a prized sword named the "Qinggang Sword" (青釭劍). Cao Cao, seeing Zhao's bravery, wanted him captured with the hopes of turning him to his side, and so ordered pursuit. While Zhao Yun was fleeing, he encountered many generals who attempted to capture him. When Zhao Yun escaped from an encirclement by four such generals, another unit led by Zhang He then blocked Zhao Yun. Without a word, they both fought. In about ten bouts Zhao Yun broke off the contest and applied the whip on to his mount. Unfortunately, the horse fell into a ditch. Zhang He approached for the kill, but a beam of reddish light formed an arc over the ditch. Zhang He fell back from this miraculous light. Zhao Yun's mount leapt up and went full speed. The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... For the 15th Century fleet Admiral, see Zheng He Zhang He (張郃) (167 – 231) was a distinguished military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Cao Cao's men then followed him all the way to Changban Bridge, where Cao Cao's troops were halted when they saw Zhang Fei standing alone on the bridge where he made his famous yell: "I am Zhang Fei of Yan. Who dares fight with me?!" Cao Cao, seeing that his enemy was so fierce and resolute, also out of fear for ambush, decided to retreat. Zhang Fei then shouted, "What mean you? You will not fight nor do you run away!" It was then Xiahou Jie (夏侯傑), a general of Cao Cao, was so frightened by Zhang Fei he died. Supposedly, Cao Cao ordered his troops to take a detour, remembering Guan Yu's comments on the fearsome Zhang. Zhang later destroyed the bridge to regroup with Liu Bei. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... State of Yan (small seal script, 220 BC) Yan (Pinyin: yān, simplified Chinese/traditional Chinese: 燕) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Guan (é—œ) Guan Yu (關羽) (160–219) was a Chinese military general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ...

At the sight of Zhao Yun and his son, Liu Bei took his son and threw him to the ground because he had endangered Zhao Yun. While in the context of the time period such an action was not considered in a particularly negative light (since a brave and powerful general was far more useful to the desperate Liu Bei than a baby), modern day detractors of Liu Bei suggest that this incident caused Liu Shan brain-damage and led him to grow up to become the incompetent ruler who undid all Liu Bei had strived to accomplish years later.

References

• Chen, Shou. Sanguo Zhi
• de Crespigny, Rafe. "To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 201 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 64 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang". Volume 2. Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra. 1996. ISBN 0-7315-2526-4.
• Luo, Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms
• Sima, Guang. Zizhi Tongjian