Changsha (Simplified Chinese: 长沙; Traditional Chinese: 長沙; Pinyin: Chángshā; Wade-Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital city of Hunan, a province of Southcentral China, located on the lower reaches of Xiangjiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. It covers an area of 11,819 sq. kilometers and has a population of 6,017,600 (2003 population census).   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 356 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (400 × 673 pixel, file size: 49 KB, MIME type: image/gif) Cncs wikipedia制作 from zh wp (删除该图像的所有修订版本) (当前) 07:23 2005å¹´3月31æ—¥ . . Juansheng (Talk) . . 226x430 (29257字节) (Cncs wikipedia制作) File links The following pages on the... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: ρ (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kg·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... ISO 4217 Code CNY User(s) Mainland of the Peoples Republic of China Inflation 1. ... A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ... Due to Chinas large population and area, the political divisions of China have always consisted of several levels since ancient times. ... District, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. ... In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of &#21439; (xiàn). ... A county-level city (&#21439;&#32423;&#24066; Pinyin: xiànjí shì) is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. ... Look up city, City in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... R-phrases 11-20/21/22-36/37/38 S-phrases 16-26-36 RTECS number EX1260000 (R) EX1250000 (S) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... Species see text Source: The Rhododendron page, and some research. ... The Postal code for the Peoples Republic of China is under a numeric 6-digit system for the whole country. ... Blue PRC licence plates of the 1992 standard (August 2004 image). ... The Chinese Telephone Code Plan is the way to group telephone numbers in mainland China. ... Simplified Chinese character (Simplified Chinese: or ; Traditional Chinese: or ; pinyin: or ) is one of two standard sets of Chinese characters of printed contemporary Chinese written language, simplified from traditional Chinese by the Peoples Republic of China in an attempt to promote literacy. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ... The Xiang River (also as Xiangjiang River, Chinese:&#28248;&#27743; or &#28248;&#27700;, pinyin: Xi&#257;ng Ji&#257;ng, Xi&#257;ng Sh&#468;i; Wade-Giles: hsi&#257;ng chi&#257;ng or hsi&#257;ng shu&#464;), in older transliterations as the Siang River or Hsiang River... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབྲི་ཆུ་; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ...

Administration

Changsha has jurisdiction over five districts (Furong, Tianxin, Yuelu, Kaifu, Yuhua districts), three counties (Changsha, Wangcheng, Ningxiang counties) and Liuyang city. Local government areas called districts are used, or have been used, in several countries. ... Yuelu (Chinese:岳麓区, pinyin:Yuèlù qÅ«) is one of five urban Districts of Changsha, the capital of Hunan, China. ... A county is generally a sub-unit of regional self-government within a sovereign jurisdiction. ... Changsha county is a part of Changsha city, the capital of Hunan province in China. ... Wangcheng County (Simplified Chinese: &#26395;&#22478;&#21439;, Traditional Chinese: &#26395;&#22478;&#32291;; pinyin: wàng chéng xiàn) is a county of Changsha, the capital of Hunan province in China. ... Ningxiang (&#23425;&#20065;) is a county of Changsha, the capital of Hunan province in China. ... Liuyang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a county-level city in Changsha, the capital of Hunan province in China. ... Look up city, City in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

History

The earliest settlement was probably founded in the first millennium BC. By 202 BC it was already a fortified city. During the Han Dynasty it was also the capital of Changsha kingdom. (2nd millennium BC &#8211; 1st millennium BC &#8211; 1st millennium AD &#8211; other millennia) Events The Iron Age began in Western Europe Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Buddhism was founded Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta and... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 3rd century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 207 BC 206 BC 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC - 202 BC - 201 BC 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC Events October... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 AD - 24 AD  - Abdication to Cao...

The celebrated Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty were constructed between 186 and 165 BC. The earliest tomb (no. 2), when excavated in the 1970s, had preserved the corpse of Lady Xin-Zhui in a surprisingly good condition. Also found in the tomb were the earliest versions of Dao De Jing (道德经), the main text of Taoism, among many other historical documents. Mawangdui (馬王堆) is an archaeological site located in Changsha, China. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC - 180s BC - 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC Years: 191 BC 190 BC 189 BC 188 BC 187 BC - 186 BC - 185 BC 184 BC... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC - 160s BC - 150s BC140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC Years: 170 BC 169 BC 168 BC 167 BC 166 BC - 165 BC - 164 BC 163 BC 162... The Tao Te Ching (&#36947;&#24503;&#32147;, Pinyin: D J&#299;ng, thus sometimes rendered in recent works as Dao De Jing; archaic pre-Wade-Giles rendering: Tao Teh Ching; roughly translated as The Book of the Way and its Virtue (see dedicated chapter below on translating the title)) is... Taoism (Daoism) is the English name referring to a variety of related Chinese philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. ...

During the Three Kingdoms period, Changsha was a much-fought-over territory. The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ...

During the Sui Dynasty, Changsha was a county. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-619[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ...

Yuelu Academy (岳麓书院) was founded in AD 976 (Song Dynasty), destroyed by war in 1127, and rebuilt in 1165 (Southern Song Dynasty). The celebrated philosopher Zhu Xi (朱熹) taught in at the Academy in 1165. It was destroyed by the Mongols but was restored in the late 15th century (Ming Dynasty). In 1903 it became Hunan High School. The modern day Hunan University is a descendant of the academy. The architecture of some of the buildings was restored from 1981–1986, presumably according to the Song design. Roof of Yuelu academy The Yuelu Academy (also as known as the Yuelu Academy of Classical Learning, S.Chinese: &#23731;&#40595;&#20070;&#38498;, T.Chinese: &#23997;&#40595;&#26360;&#38498;, pinyin: yuè l&#468; sh&#363; yuàn) is located on the east side of Yuelu Mountain in Changsha, the capital... Events January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II. First coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily. ... Events November 23 - Pope Alexander III enters Rome. ... Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: &#23435;&#26397;) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (born October 18, 1130, Yuxi, Fujian province, China – died April 23, 1200, China) was a Song Dynasty (960-1279) Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. ... Events November 23 - Pope Alexander III enters Rome. ... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... Ming China under the Yongle Emperor Capital Nanjing (1368-1421) Beijing (1421-1644) Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1368-1398 Hongwu Emperor  - 1627-1644 Chongzhen Emperor History  - Established in Nanjing January 23, 1368  - Fall of Beijing 1644  - End of the Southern Ming April, 1662 Population  - 1393 est. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... It is arguable if Hunan University is the oldest University of China. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ...

The 1903 Treaty of Shanghai between China and Japan opened the city to foreign trade. Consequently, factories, churches and schools were built. A college was started by Yale University bachelors, and later became a medical center named Xiangya and a secondary school named the Yali School. 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Wu (Long-short): ZÃ¥nhae; Shanghainese (IPA): ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the ninth largest in the world. ... “Yale” redirects here. ... The Yali School // Yali (雅礼) is a secondary school (6th through 12th grades) located in Changsha, Hunan Province in the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Mao Zedong Museum in Changsha

Mao Zedong, founder of the People's Republic of China began his political career in Changsha. He was a student at the Hunan Number 1 Teachers' Training School from 1913 to 1918. He later returned as a teacher and principal from 1920 to 1922. The school was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War but has since been restored. The Former Office of the Hunan Communist Party Central Committee where Mao Zedong once lived is now a museum that includes Mao's living quarters, photographs and other historical items from the 1920s. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 388 KB) Summary Changsha Museum, China Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Changsha User:Calton/Pictures Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 388 KB) Summary Changsha Museum, China Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Changsha User:Calton/Pictures Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... “Mao” redirects here. ... “Mao” redirects here. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ... Combatants Kuomintang of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ... In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ...

During the Second Sino-Japanese War the strategic location of Changsha made it the focus of four campaigns by the Japanese to capture it from the hands of the Chinese Nationalists which resulted in the battles of 1st Changsha, 2nd Changsha, 3rd Changsha, and 4th Changsha. The city was able to repulse the first three attacks thanks to Bai Chongxi's leadership, but ultimately fell for a short time into Japanese hands for another year until they were defeated in a counterattack and forced to surrender. Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro Strength 5,600,000 4,100,000 (including 900... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: &#22283;&#27665;&#38761;&#21629;&#36557;; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... Battle of Changsha (September 17, 1939 _ October 6, 1939) was the first attempt by Japan to take the city of China, during the second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Changsha (September 6, 1941 _ October 8, 1941) was Japans second attempt in taking the city of China, as part of the second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Changsha (December 24, 1941 _ January 15, 1942) was the third attempt by Japan to take the city of China during the China following their attack on Pearl Harbor. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Xue Yue There were three more battles in Changsha during the Second Sino-Japanese War, in 1939, 1941 and 1944. ... Bai Chongxi in uniform Bai Chongxi (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pai Chung-hsi) (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC). ...

The city later became the territory of the People's Republic of China when it was formed in 1949 after the Kuomingtang were driven to Taiwan. 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional Chinese: &#20013;&#22283;&#22283;&#27665;&#40680;; Simplified Chinese: &#20013;&#22269;&#22269;&#27665;&#20826;; pinyin: Zh&#333;ngguó Guómínd&#462;ng; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang; literally the National Peoples Party of China...

Geography and climate

Xiang River and Changsha's riverbank at night (2005)

Changsha is located at 111°53'–114°5' east longitude and 27°51'–28°40' north latitude, situated in the east central Hunan. Its terrain is high in the west and low in the east. There are many mountainous areas in the west and in the north. The Xiangjiang River flows south to northwest; 296 m high Mt. Yuelushan is in the west; and Liuyanghe River (Liuyang River) and Laodaohe River (Laodao River) east. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 570 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 729 pixel, file size: 517 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author & source: X. Zhou File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 570 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 729 pixel, file size: 517 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author & source: X. Zhou File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old... The Xiang River (also as Xiangjiang River, Chinese:&#28248;&#27743; or &#28248;&#27700;, pinyin: Xi&#257;ng Ji&#257;ng, Xi&#257;ng Sh&#468;i; Wade-Giles: hsi&#257;ng chi&#257;ng or hsi&#257;ng shu&#464;), in older transliterations as the Siang River or Hsiang River...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ... The Xiang River (also as Xiangjiang River, Chinese:&#28248;&#27743; or &#28248;&#27700;, pinyin: Xi&#257;ng Ji&#257;ng, Xi&#257;ng Sh&#468;i; Wade-Giles: hsi&#257;ng chi&#257;ng or hsi&#257;ng shu&#464;), in older transliterations as the Siang River or Hsiang River... The Mount Yuelu (S.Chinese:&#23731;&#40595;&#23665;, T.Chinese:&#23997;&#40595;&#23665;, pinyin: yuè l&#468; sh&#257;n) is located on the west bank of Xiang River in Changsha of Hunan, China. ...

Changsha has a monsoon climate within the sub-tropical zone, with annual average temperature being 16.8°C–17.2°C, 4.6°C in January and 28.6°C in July. Average annual precipitation is 1422 mm., and the yearly frost-free period is 275 days. Monsoon in the Vindhya mountain range, central India A monsoon is a rainy season which lasts for several months and has lasting climatic effects. ...

The four seasons are distinct. Summer is long and broiling, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable with abundant sunlight. In winter, it is nearly rainless and not very cold, changing to rainy and wet weather with rapidly increasing temperatures in the spring.

The Huángxīng Lù Pedestrian Commercial Street in Changsha (2006)

Changsha neighboring areas include: Jiangxi province, cities and counties of Hunan, such as Tonggu county, Wanzai county, Yichun city, Pingxiang city of Jiangxi province. Pingjiang county, Miluo city, Xiangyin County of Yueyang; Heshan District, Taojiang county, Anhua County of Yiyang; Lianyuan city of Loudi; Zhuzhou county, Liling City of Zhuzhou; Xiangtan county, Xiangxiang city of Xiangtan. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 785 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 782 pixel, file size: 697 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author & source: X. Zhou Template:The HuángxÄ«ng Lù Commercial Pedestrian Street in Changsha File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 785 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 782 pixel, file size: 697 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author & source: X. Zhou Template:The HuángxÄ«ng Lù Commercial Pedestrian Street in Changsha File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current... Jiangxi (Chinese: 江西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsi) is a southern province of the Peoples Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south. ... Yichun (Chinese: &#23452;&#26149;; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: I-chun; Postal System Pinyin: I-chun) is a city in the Chinese province of Jiangxi. ... Pingxiang is a medium-sized city located in west of Jiangxi province, China. ... Miluo is a town in China in the Province of Hunan in the Yuèyáng Shì it counts 658. ... Yueyang (Simplified: 岳阳; Traditional: 岳陽; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Yüeh-yang; Postal System Pinyin: Yochow) is a prefecture-level city in the Hunan province of China, on the shores of Dongting Lake. ... Not to be confused with Yin yang. ... Lianyuan (韩城市) is a city in Henan province in China. ... Loudi (Chinese: ; pinyin: Lóudî) is a city located in central Hunan province, China. ... Liling (醴陵) is a county-level city in the northeastern part of Hunan province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Zhuzhou (Chinese: &#26666;&#24030;; pinyin: ) is a city in Hunan, China, southeast of Changsha. ... Xiangxiang, 湘乡 Hunan is a town of 103. ... Xi&#257;ngtán City (&#28248;&#28525;&#24066;) is a city located in Xiangtan County in the center of Hunan province, China. ...

Transportation

Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors.

• Public Transport: The city's public transportation system consists of an extensive bus network with over a hundred lines as well as taxis. Most roads have wide, segregated bike lanes for cyclists.
• Roads: National Highway 109, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Express Way both connect the Changsha metro area nationally. There are two main bus terminals in Changsha: South Station and West Station, dispatching long- and short-haul trips to cities within and outside Hunan Province.
• River: Changsha is surrounded by major rivers, including the Xiangjiang, the Liuyanghe, and the Laodaohe. Ships transport people and goods in these waterways.
• Rail: Changsha Railway Station is located at city center and provides express and regular services to most cities in China.
• Air: Changsha Huanghua International Airport is a regional hub for China Southern Airlines, which serves major cities in China, including Hong Kong. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations.

A taxi serving as a bus Public transport comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles. ... Zhuzhou (Chinese: &#26666;&#24030;; pinyin: ) is a city in Hunan, China, southeast of Changsha. ... Xi&#257;ngtán City (&#28248;&#28525;&#24066;) is a city located in Xiangtan County in the center of Hunan province, China. ... The Xiang River (also as Xiangjiang River, Chinese:&#28248;&#27743; or &#28248;&#27700;, pinyin: Xi&#257;ng Ji&#257;ng, Xi&#257;ng Sh&#468;i; Wade-Giles: hsi&#257;ng chi&#257;ng or hsi&#257;ng shu&#464;), in older transliterations as the Siang River or Hsiang River... // Changsha Huanghua International Airport (IATA: CSX, ICAO: ZGHA) (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is located in the Huanghua township of Changsha munucipality, about 20 kilometers east of central Changsha, Hunan, Peoples Republic of China. ... China Southern Airlines (中国南方航空公司) (SEHK: 1055, NYSE: ZNH) is an airline based in Guangzhou in the Guangdong province of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

Economy

In 2005, Changsha's nominal GDP was ¥151.99 billion ($18.5 billion), a year-on-year growth of 14.9% from the previous year. Its per capita GDP was ¥24,318 ($3,000).^[1]

Changsha is one of China's top 20 "economically advanced " cities. Its GDP has grown at an average of 14% per year from 2001-2005, compared with the national average of 9%. During the year 2005, the service sector represented roughly half of Changsha's GDP (at 49%), up 112% from 2001 figures, and it is expected to continue driving the city's economic growth. The manufacturing and construction sectors have grown relatively steadily, growing 116% during 2001-2005. The primary sector, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, has grown slightly over this same period. In addition, the consumer market has grown dramatically with income levels. Urban residents in 2005 had average income of about USD $1,500, 15% higher than national average, and up 10% from 2001 figures. ^[2] The tertiary sector of industry, also called the service sector or the service industry, is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing and primary goods production such as agriculture), and primary industry (extraction such as mining and fishing). ...

The city has also attracted tremendous amount of foreign investment. In 2005, for example, nearly USD $1 billion worth of foreign direct investment (FDI) poured into the city, mainly in hi-tech, manufacturing, food production, and services. This figure is up 40% from 2001. 59% of the total FDI has come from Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Japan; 28% has come from the Americas and 9% from Europe.^[3] Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1], Central America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Cultural life

In recent years, Changsha has become an important creative center for TV and entertainment arts, with its many TV stations producing some of the most popular programs in China, including Super Girl, a Chinese female version of the UK Pop Idol or American Idol that is the most watched program ever to air on Chinese TV. These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry, including singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses like hair salons and fashion stores. Now it is not rare that some people will fly into Changsha to spend their weekends from as far as the northeastern city of Harbin. Super Girl 超级女声 This article is about the singing contest. ... Pop Idol was a British television series which debuted on ITV on October 5, 2001; the show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or pop idol, in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. ... AMERICAN IDOL HAS BEEN CANCELLED DUE TO DEATH OF SIMON ... Harbin on a map of China For other meanings of Harbin, see Harbin (disambiguation). ...

Changsha is home to the Lei Feng Jinianguan (Lei Feng Memorial) and his statue. Lei Feng (雷锋; Léi Fēng) (December 18, 1940 - August 15, 1962) was a soldier of the Peoples Liberation Army of the PRC. He was characterized by propaganda as a selfless and modest figure after his death and consequently was an idol to many. ...

Colleges and universities

Hunan Provincial Museum in Changsha, Hunan province, China

National Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 399 KB) Summary Hunan Provincial Museum in Hunan, China Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Changsha User:Calton/Pictures Wikipedia:Mind Benders/Round Four/4 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 399 KB) Summary Hunan Provincial Museum in Hunan, China Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Changsha User:Calton/Pictures Wikipedia:Mind Benders/Round Four/4 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan and Henan Hunan (&#28246;&#21335;; pinyin: Húnán) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of the Dongting Lake (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is...

• Central South University (中南大学)
• Hunan University (湖南大学)
• National University of Defense Technology (国防科技大学)

Public Central South University (CSU) is a comprehensive and national key university under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education in China. ... It is arguable if Hunan University is the oldest University of China. ...

• Changsha University of Science and Technology (长沙理工大学)
• Hunan Agricultural University (湖南农业大学)
• Hunan Normal University (湖南师范大学)
• Hunan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (湖南中医学院)
• Hunan Business College (湖南商学院)

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Notable inhabitants

Changsha is the birthplace of:

• Xiong Ni - Olympic diver and gold medalist
• Yang Kaihui - Mao's first wife
• Zhu Rongji - Prime Minister of China, 1997-2002
• Tian Han - Author of the lyrics to China's national anthem
• Huang Xing - Kuomintang General
• Hu Yaobang - CPC General Secretary until death (1989)
• Lei Feng - Eminent PLA soldier/role-model
• Li Xiaopeng - Olympic gymnast
• Li Fuchun
• Liu Shaoqi - President of China, until disgrace in 1966.
• Tan Dun - Contemporary composer (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hero soundtracks)

Ni Xiong (熊倪; born January 6, 1974) is a Chinese diver who won his first Olympic medal at the age of 14 at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea. ... Yáng Kāihuì (Traditional Chinese: 楊開慧, Simplified Chinese: 杨开慧, courtesy name: Yúnjǐn 云锦) (1901 - November 14, 1930) was the wife of Mao Zedong from 1920 to 1927. ... ZhÅ« RóngjÄ« (born October 1, 1928, Simplified Chinese: 朱镕基; Traditional Chinese: 朱鎔基; Wade-Giles: Chu Jung-chi) was the 9th Premier of the Peoples Republic of China State Council (March 1998-March 2003), and was a Standing Committee member of the Politburo of 15th CPC Central Committee (September 1997-November... Tian Han Tian Han (田汉; pinyin: tián hàn) (March 12, 1898 - December 10, 1968) was a Chinese playwright. ... Huang Hsing Huang Hsing or Huáng X&#299;ng (S. Chinese: &#40644;&#20852;, T. Chinese: &#40643;&#33288;; October 25, 1874 &#8211; October 31, 1916), Chinese revolutionary leader, militarist and statesman, was the first arm commander-in-chief of Republic of China. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... Hu Yaobang (Chinese: 胡耀邦 Pinyin: Hú Yàobāng, Wade-Giles: Hu Yao-pang) (November 20, 1915 – April 15, 1989) was a leader of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Lei Feng (雷锋; Léi FÄ“ng) (December 18, 1940 - August 15, 1962) was a soldier of the Peoples Liberation Army of the PRC. He was characterized by propaganda as a selfless and modest figure after his death and consequently was an idol to many. ... Li Xiaopeng (Simplified Chinese: &#26446;&#23567;&#40527;) (born July 27, 1981 in Hunan) is a Chinese gymnast. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liu Shaoqi (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Liú Shàoqí; Wade-Giles: Liu Shao-chi) (November 24, 1898 – November 12, 1969) was a Chinese Communist leader. ... Tan Dunn (pinyin: Tán Dùn, 譚盾; born August 18, 1957) is a Chinese composer, most widely known as the Grammy and Oscar award winning composer for the soundtracks of the movies Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hero. ... Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a Chinese-language wuxia (chivalric and martial arts) 2000 Academy Award winning film. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Economic Data Source

1. ^ Changsha Statistical Yearbook 2005
2. ^ Changsha Statistical Yearbook 2005
3. ^ KPMG Changsha Investment Environment Study 2006

Coordinates: 28°11′46″N, 112°58′20″E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...