In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge. It may be either a subatomic particle or an ion. A collection of charged particles, or even a gas containining a proportion of charged particles, is called a plasma, which is called the fourth state of matter because its properties are quite different to solids, liquids and gases. Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. ... In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle of which other, larger particles are composed. ... Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. ... A subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom: it may be elementary or composite. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ... The word plasma has a Greek root which means to be formed or molded (the word plastic shares this root). ... A solid is a phase of matter, characterized by resistance to deformation and changes of volume. ... A liquid will assume the shape of its container. ... A gas is one of the phases of matter. ...
The optimal field that accomplishes the acceleration of the chargedparticle may be calculated by solving the relativistic equations of motion for a chargedparticle in an EM field.
For an EM field propagating in the z-direction and polarized in the y-direction, the motion of the chargedparticle is confined to the y-z plane.
The chargedparticle propagates with respect to the spatiotemporally shaped EM -field such that the chargedparticle and the maximum field amplitude remain temporally and spatially coincident for a duration greater than an inverse frequency of the shaped EM field.
Gluons are the exchange particles for the color force between quarks, analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two chargedparticles.
The W and Z particles are the massive exchange particles which are involved in the nuclear weak interaction, the weak force between electrons and neutrinos.
The charged W bosons participate in the transformation of quarks in which the flavor of the quark is changed.
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