Charles III of Valois (1270 - 1325) was the third son of Philip III of France and Isabella, daughter of James I. He was the father of Phillip VI, and uncle to three kings ( Louis X, Phillip V, and Charles IV). In 1285 he gained the title of Count of Valois, and Count of Aragon and Maine in 1290. During his life, he unsuccessfully sought the rule of four other kingdoms: Aragon, Sicily, Constantinople and the Holy Roman Empire.
Charles IV (May 14, 1316 – 29 November 1378), of the House of Luxembourg, King of the Romans (as Charles (Karl) IV, 1368 – 1378), Holy Roman Emperor (Charles IV, 1355 – 1378), King of Bohemia (Charles (Karel) I 1346 – 1378), Count of Luxemburg (1346 – 1353), Margrave of Brandenburg (1373 – 1378).
Charles was crowned as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1355.
Charles IV concentrated his energies chiefly on the economic and intellectual development of Bohemia, founding the Charles University of Prague in 1348 and encouraging the early humanists — he is known to have corresponded with Petrarch, whom he invited to visit his residential Prague.
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