Arbuthnot was born in Kincardineshire, on the northeastern coast of Scotland, son of Rev Alexander Arbuthnot, an Episcopalian minister and Margaret, née Lammie.
In 1723, Arbuthnot was made one of the censors of the Royal College of Physicians, and as such he was one of the campaigners to inspect and improve the drugs sold by apothecaries in London.
Arbuthnot is one of the founding members of the Scriblerus Club, and he was regarded by the other wits of the club as the funniest, but Arbuthnot left fewer literary remains than the other members of the club.
CharlesArbuthnot (1767-1850) was a British Tory politician.
CharlesArbuthnot married second at Fulbeck, 31 January 1814, Harriet Fane (born 10 September 1793; died 2 August 1834; buried Fulbeck), one of 14 children, daughter of General the Hon Henry Fane of Fulbeck, Lincolnshire (younger brother of John, 9th Earl of Westmorland).
The Duke of Wellington was much attached to Mr and Mrs Arbuthnot and Charles, during the latter years of his life, lived in the Duke's house as his confidential friend; their story is told in "Wellington and the Arbuthnots", E A Smith 1994.