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Charles Atangana

Charles Atangana (c. 1880 – 1 September 1943), also known by his birth name, Ntsama, and his German name, Karl, was the paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane ethnic groups during much of the colonial period in Cameroon. Although from an unremarkable background, Atangana's loyalty and friendship with colonial priests and administrators secured him successively more prominent posts in the colonial government. He proved himself an intelligent and diplomatic administrator, and he was eventually named paramount chief of two Beti-Pahuin subgroups, the Ewondo and Bane peoples.^[1] His loyalty to the German Empire was unquestioning, and he even accompanied the Germans on their escape from Africa in World War I. Image File history File links Padlock. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOV Wikipedia policy is that all articles should be written from a neutral point of view. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x891, 190 KB) Charles Atangana, paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane of Cameroon. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x891, 190 KB) Charles Atangana, paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane of Cameroon. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A paramount chief is the highest-level traditional (usually tribal) chief or political leader in a region or country typically administered politically with a chief-based system. ... The Beti-Pahuin are a group of related peoples who inhabit the rain forest regions of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. ... // Early history The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were probably the Baka (Pygmies). ... This is a list of Christian missions in Africa. ... German colonial empire The German colonial empire was an overseas area formed in the late 19th century as part of the Hohenzollern dynastys German Empire. ... The Beti-Pahuin are a group of related peoples who inhabit the rain forest regions of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. ... Motto: Gott mit Uns (German: God with us”) Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I Capital Berlin Language(s) Official: German Unofficial minority languages: Polish (Posen, Lower Silesia,Upper Silesia, Masuria) French (Alsace-Lorraine) Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1871... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz...

After a brief stay in Europe, Atangana returned to his homeland in Cameroon, which by then was a League of Nations mandate territory under the administration of the French Third Republic. The French doubted his loyalties at first, but Atangana served satisfactorily and regained his post as paramount chief. During the remainder of his life, he oversaw the Westernisation of his subjects and the improvement of his domains despite the erosion of his powers due to French policies and native unrest. He never advocated resistance to the European powers, preferring to embrace European civilisation and technology in the service of African interests.^[2] After his death in 1943, Atangana was largely forgotten. However, since Cameroon's independence in 1960, Cameroonian scholars have rediscovered his story. Mandates in the Middle east and Africa. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... Westernization (or westernisation) is a process whereby traditional, long-established societies come under the influence of Western culture in such matters as industry and technology, law, politics and economics, lifestyle and diet, language and the alphabet, religion and values. ...

Early life

Ntsama Atangana was born sometime between 1876 and 1885 in Mvolyé, a small village in what is today Yaoundé, Cameroon.^[3] His parents gave him the drum name "He who is known by the nations".^[4] He was the eleventh of twelve children born to Essomba Atangana, a headman of the Mvog Atemenge sublineage of the Ewondo ethnic group. Essomba Atangana was one of thousands of minor Beti leaders living between the Sanaga and Nyong rivers, each charged with providing for his compound and the extended family and slaves who lived there.^[5] His father died when Ntsame Atangana was about six years old.^[6] Mvolyé or Mvolye is a neighbourhood of Yaoundé, Cameroon. ... View of Yaoundé Yaoundé, «yah oon DAY», estimated population 1,430,000 (2004), is the capital city of Cameroon and second largest city in the country after Douala. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ... A village head or headman is a person (nearly always a man) in many village–based tribal societies who functions as a leader but whose coercive authority is severely limited or nonexistent. ... The Beti-Pahuin are a group of related peoples who inhabit the rain forest regions of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. ... The Sanaga River is a river of South Province, Cameroon, Centre Province, Cameroon, and West Province, Cameroon. ... The Nyong is a river in Cameroon. ...

Major Hans Dominik

Little is known about Atangana's childhood. Like other Beti boys, he would have learned to fish, hunt, and trap, and would have memorised his family's genealogy and folk wisdom. Explorers from the German Empire appeared near his village in 1887 in search of a direct route to the ivory trade in the savannas to the north.^[4] They had claimed Beti lands as part of their Kamerun colony in 1884, and by February 1889 they had established a permanent base in the area, which they named Jaunde after the local people. The Ewondo opposed the foreigners at first, although Atangana was probably not yet old enough to participate in the fighting. After the defeat of Omgba Bissogo in 1895 and others like it, Ewondo resistance waned.^[6] The Germans randomly appointed chiefs and mayors to serve under them, and took local youths to perform menial tasks;^[7] Atangana was among them, sent by his uncle to be a houseboy.^[8] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (738x1000, 337 KB)Major Hans Dominik, station commander of Jaunde in German Kamerun. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (738x1000, 337 KB)Major Hans Dominik, station commander of Jaunde in German Kamerun. ... Motto: Gott mit Uns (German: God with us”) Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I Capital Berlin Language(s) Official: German Unofficial minority languages: Polish (Posen, Lower Silesia,Upper Silesia, Masuria) French (Alsace-Lorraine) Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1871... The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa. ... Omgba Bissogo was an Ewondo ruler who, during the colonial period in Cameroon in 1895, led a rebellion against forces of the German Empire. ...

Ewondo who learned German were highly favoured in the early days of the colonial regime.^[7] Station commander Hans Dominik sent four such individuals to attend the mission school of the German Pallottine Fathers in Kribi, a settlement on the coast.^[9] There, Atangana learned German language, history, and geography; mathematics; and Roman Catholicism.^[7] Father Heinrich Vieter especially liked the boy,^[10] and Atangana became the first Ewondo baptised a Roman Catholic;^[6] he took the Christian name Karl.^[4] Atangana's schooling had just ended when members of the Bulu ethnic group, one closely related to the Ewondo, invaded Kribi and sacked the school and church in 1899. Atangana waited out the revolt in Douala with the Fathers until the colonial militia defeated the rebels the following year.^[6] Major Hans Dominik. ... A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ... The Pallottine Mission to Kamerun (also spelled Pallotin or Pallotine) was a Roman Catholic mission to the German colony of Kamerun run by the Pallottines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Kribi is a beach resort and sea port in Cameroon, lying on the Gulf of Guinea coast, at the mouth of the Kienké River. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Heinrich Vieter was a German Pallottine missionary to the German colony of Kamerun. ... A given name is a name which specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Early career

In August 1900, the commander of German forces at Victoria (present-day Limbe) appointed Atangana interpreter for 500 Bulu hostages, who were being pressed into labour. Atangana kept the post for six months and took up extra duties as a nurse. The colonisers next sent Atangana to Buea to work as an office clerk. At some point between the end of his schooling in Kribi and the end of his service in Victoria, Atangana met Marie Biloa, a woman from a village called Mekumba. Although she was a little older and living as a kept woman by a German functionary, Atangana married her.^[11] She would eventually bear him two children: Jean Ndengue and Katerina (or Catherine) Edzimbi. The shore at Limbe Limbe (also spelled Limbé) is a city in western Cameroon. ... It has been suggested that Interpreter (communication) be merged into this article or section. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. ... This article focuses on the education and regulation of nurses. ... Buea as seen from the foot of Mt Cameroon Buea is the capital of the Southwest Province of Cameroon. ... The word clerk, derived from the Latin clericus meaning cleric, i. ...

Atangana was a devout Christian, and he supported the church throughout his life with land and gifts. He opposed popular Beti syncretist practices, and he was an opponent of an Ewondo initiation rite called the Sso.^[12] In 1901 he secured land for the Pallottine Fathers to build a mission in Jaunde, thus opening East and South Kamerun to Catholic proselytisation. Early the next year, the colonial government appointed him their representative to the Ewondo people, and interpreter and clerk for the Germans posted in Jaunde.^[13] He was tasked with organising a census and tax collection system. He chose 300 headmen to be tax collectors, of whom the Germans approved 233. Atangana negotiated a cut of 5% for the collectors, much to their delight.^[7] Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... The Sso was an initiation rite practiced by the Beti of Cameroon in the 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion, usually another religion. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ...

Atangana (foreground, right side) during the German colonial period

Hans Dominik became the Jaunde post commander in 1904. For the next six years, Atangana accompanied him on at least 15 administrative patrols and probative excursions.^[14] Atangana proved an astute diplomat, in one case negotiating with a group of rebellious Manguissa and thus averting a confrontation between the tribesmen and the Germans. Atangana helped open posts in such wide-ranging places as Bafia, Abong-Mbang, Mouloudou, Ngaoundéré, Garoua, and Maroua.^[6] The Germans largely kept themselves segregated from their African subjects, but Dominik and Atangana defied these standards and grew close, even dining together in the same tent on occasion. Back in Jaunde, Atangana gained important responsibilities, such as overseeing a poll tax in October 1908.^[15] Image File history File linksMetadata German_Atangana. ... Image File history File linksMetadata German_Atangana. ... The Beti-Pahuin are a group of related peoples who inhabit the rain forest regions of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. ... Bafia is a town in the Mbam division of Centre Province, Cameroon, about 85 miles north of the countrys capital Yaoundé. It is the see of the eponymous diocese. ... Abong-Mbang (pronounced a-buhng bong) is a town located in the East Province of The Republic of Cameroon in central Africa. ... Mouloudou is a settlement in the East Province of Cameroon. ... Downtown Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré or NGaoundéré is the capital of the Adamawa Province of Cameroon. ... Garoua is the capital of the North Province of Cameroon, lying on the Benue River. ... Maroua is the capital of the Far North Province of Cameroon, on the Ferngo and Kaliao Rivers. ... A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). ...

In 1907, members of the Mvog Ada sublineage revolted against the colonial government over his appointment as their official interpreter. The plot included a conspiracy to poison Atangana, but word leaked to him. He informed his masters, and on 11 April, six plotters were put to death and two others imprisoned.^[16] April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ...

Dominik died on 16 November 1910. That same year, Atangana returned to Jaunde and received an administrative post, perhaps as head of the Ewondo-Bane court, which resided over civil disputes and small claims and was the conduit through which the Germans transmitted communiqués (and gauged the response to them).^[17] However, he resigned the post when the head of his sublineage died; Atangana took over as headman of the sublineage and Mvolyé village.^[18] November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... In the common law, civil law refers to the area of law governing relations between private individuals. ... Small claims courts are courts of limited jurisdiction that hear civil cases between private litigants. ...

In late 1911, Atangana voyaged to Germany to teach Ewondo at the Colonial Institute of the University of Hamburg. He stayed there for about one year and transcribed Ewondo history and folklore for translation into German. His writings eventually became the Jaunde-Texte, an important source document on Ewondo history and culture.^[14] In 1913, he met Kaiser Wilhelm II in Germany and Pope Pius X in Rome. He returned to Kamerun the following year.^[6] Ewondo is the language of the Ewondo people of Cameroon. ... The University of Hamburg was founded on the 1 April 1919 by Wilhelm Stern and others. ... Jaunde-Texte von Karl Atangana und Paul Messi is a book written by Karl Atangana and Paul Messi and edited by linguist Martin Heppe. ... William II or Wilhelm II,also known as Kaiser (born Frederick William Albert Victor; German: Friedrich Wilhelm Albert Victor) (27 January 1859–4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (German: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen), ruling both the German Empire and Prussia... Pope Saint Pius X ( Latin: ) (June 2, 1835 — August 20, 1914), born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was Pope from 1903 to 1914, succeeding Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903). ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban...

Paramount chief

Atangana as paramount chief

The Germans had seen some success in uniting disparate groups under single individuals called paramount chiefs (Oberhäuptlinge). Atangana was chosen for this position among the Ewondo and Bane either before his trip to Germany or soon after.^[19] This was technically only a temporary appointment; his subjects would have to approve it a year later to make it permanent. They had little alternative; Atangana was already the primary conduit of information to and from the Germans.^[20] Image File history File links Charles_Atangana_seated. ... Image File history File links Charles_Atangana_seated. ... A paramount chief is the highest-level traditional (usually tribal) chief or political leader in a region or country typically administered politically with a chief-based system. ...

Atangana endeavoured to become an ideal administrator in the German mould. He wrote, "To dare to approach the Germans it is necessary to abandon the traits which displease them, to become their friend and then be valued by them."^[21] Accordingly, Atangana ate German food; formed a European-style, 20-piece orchestra; and ordered a large, Germanic mansion to be built (this latter project requiring construction of a brickyard and sawmill).^[6]

Atangana was suspicious of anyone who might supplant him as the Germans' favourite. He wrote,

A number of persons who associated themselves with Europeans and proved themselves useful to white people achieved positions in the native society through fraud and extortion. But the Europeans, having noticed it, stopped it. They could discern natives of the noble class by their loyalty and honesty.^[22]

Atangana won over other chiefs and headmen through gifts, tax cuts, flattery, and intervention on their behalf.^[23] He lavished attention on visitors from out of town, letting them stay at his palace and use his horses, and treating them to feasts. In addition to flattering them, this allowed him to monitor their activities and dealings with the colonial authorities.^[20] His clerk appointees in Jaunde informed him of the doings of both the Germans and his subjects.^[23] Atangana gained a substantial amount of wealth.^[24]

The paramount chief used his connections to aid his subjects. He persuaded the Germans to carry out infrastructure improvements such as the building of roads, schools, health clinics, and churches; and he defended his subjects from colonial reprisals. In one instance, an Ewondo interpreter fired a gun during a dispute with a German, an offence punishable with a stiff prison sentence. Atangana interceded, and the man's punishment was reduced to porter duty.^[23] In return, the paramount chief offered the governors complete loyalty. In 1914, for example, representatives of Duala leader Rudolf Duala Manga Bell tried to secure Atangana's backing for a pan-Kamerun revolt. Atangana kept the plot under wraps, but he instructed the envoy to urge Manga Bell to reconsider.^[23] A porter carries objects. ... The Duala (or Douala) are an ethnic group of Cameroon. ... Rudolf Duala Manga Bell Rudolf Duala Manga Bell (1873–8 August 1914) was a Duala king and resistance leader in the German colony of Kamerun. ...

Atangana's appointment irritated members of the Bulu ethnic group. They feared they might one day lose German favour, or worse yet, fall under the dominion of the Ewondo. This culminated in the 1912 Bulu uprising led by Martin-Paul Samba, a German-trained man much like Atangana.^[25] Martin-Paul Samba. ...

World War I

The Allied West African Campaign of World War I reached Kamerun in 1914. Douala fell on 17 September, and the Germans regrouped at Jaunde. Beti informants alerted Atangana as to the Allies' progress, and as the loss of Jaunde seemed inevitable, Atangana prepared to escape with his masters.^[26] He and the chiefs under him gave their posts to weaker relatives so they could more easily take them back should the Germans return. They held out in Jaunde until 1 January 1916, when troops of the British Army captured the town,^[27] and the German soldiers and missionaries fled into the forest. Atangana and 72 Ewondo and Bane chiefs, along with 14 – 20,000 villagers, led them through.^[28] A Beti folk song, "Atangana Ntsama, the War Is Over", tells of the retreat: Combatants Great Britain, France, Belgium Germany The West Africa Campaign of World War I consisted of two small and fairly short military operations to capture the German colonies in West Africa: Togoland and Kamerun. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

Atangana Ntsama, the war is over.

He! Atangana Ntsama, the war is over!

The cannon are broken.

Run quickly! Why do you languish there?

All you Ewondo, come and run quickly!

Come and run quickly, brothers.^[29]

They reached Spanish Guinea in February and surrendered to the unaligned representatives of Spain under the Restoration. The Spanish government of Álvaro Figueroa Torres gave the Beti land to settle and agreed to transport the Germans to the nearby island of Fernando Po. Atangana and members of his family accompanied them. In 1918, the Germans sent Atangana and six other chiefs to Spain, where they would witness if necessary regarding the Germans' treatment of their African subjects.^[30] In September 1919, Atangana had an audience with King Alfonso XIII of Spain and urged him to support the Germans in these proceedings. Atangana remained in Madrid for two years and stayed a month in Barcelona to retrieve money he had deposited through the Basel Mission.^[31] Spanish Guinea was an African colony of Spain that became the independent nation of Equatorial Guinea. ... The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29, 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of Alfonso XII to the throne after a coup detat by Martinez Campos, and ended on April 14, 1931 with the proclamation of the Second... Álvaro Figueroa Torres was the Prime Minister of Spain three times between 1912 and 1918. ... Bioko (spelled also Bioco) is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, formerly called Fernando Pó or Fernando Póo. ... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... Location Coordinates : 40° 23’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Madrid) Website http://www. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (Catalan) Ciudad Condal (Spanish) Postal code 08001-08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... The Basel Mission is a missionary society that operates around the world. ...

Meanwhile, Ewondo lands came under the administration of the French Third Republic under a League of Nations mandate. Atangana, now known by the French version of his name, Charles, wrote the French government to swear his allegiance and demand readmittance to his homeland.^[6] He received his wish in June 1920 and arrived in Douala on 28 November 1920.^[32] The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... Mandates in the Middle east and Africa. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...

Later life

Atangana's unfailing loyalty to Germany prevented the French from ever fully trusting him.^[14] His first task under the new colonial regime was to supervise road-construction gangs in the town of Dschang. In Atangana's absence, the French had appointed a Beti headman named Joseph Atemengue as their local representative in Jaunde (now known by the French spelling, Yaoundé). However, Atemengue never enjoyed the popularity Atangana had among the Beti. Atangana tried to secure an alliance with him by sending his 20-year-old, German-educated daughter, Katerina, to marry him, but she eventually fled from the much older Atemengue and back to her father.^[33] Atangana's work performance convinced the French to let him return to Yaoundé in late 1921 or early 1922.^[34] Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue — plain and hachured) French colonial empires France had colonial possessions, in various forms, from the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. ... Dschang is a city located in the West (Ouest) Province of Cameroon. ... Joseph Atemengue was an Ewondo headman and court leader during the French colonial period in Cameroon. ...

Soon thereafter, Atemengue was made chief of the local court, and Atangana was again appointed paramount chief (chef supérieur).^[35] He received a seat on the Council of Notables, a body the French had introduced to act as liaisons to their subjects and advisors to the administration.^[36] Atangana set up a cabinet based on those he had observed in Spain, but he never allowed it to do much, and its members were not accustomed to European-style administration. It disbanded in 1925.^[37] A Council of Notables was one of many political bodies established by the French in colonial Cameroun between the First and Second World Wars. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...

The French granted the chiefs significantly less power than had their German predecessors.^[2] Atangana's major roles were to collect taxes, help the French introduce cocoa and coffee plantations, and mobilise chiefs to secure the labour to work these estates. Cocoa production in the South and Centre provinces increased even during the Great Depression, thanks in part to his efforts.^[38] He reorganised the chiefs and their duties and tried to modernise his subjects by encouraging them to wear European-style clothing, utilise new building methods and house styles, and work to improve roads.^[6] Binomial name Theobroma cacao L. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is a small (4–8 m tall) evergreen tree in the family Sterculiaceae (alternatively Malvaceae), native to tropical Mexico, but now cultivated throughout the tropics. ... Species Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii Coffea bonnieri Coffea mogeneti Coffea liberica - Liberian coffee Coffea stenophylla - Sierra Leonian coffee Coffea (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family... // This article is about crop plantations. ... The South Province (French Province du Sud) is located in the southwestern and south-central portion of the Republic of Cameroon. ... Geography View of Yaoundé Land The Centres soil is primarily composed of Precambrian deposits of metamorphic rocks, such as gneiss, mica, migmatites, and schists. ... Bold text // Link titleSmall TextSubscript textSubscript textSuperscript textStrike-through textSEX The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. ...

The Beti disliked French forced labour practices and taxes. Some people fled to the bush before the tax collector arrived; others cheated by counting wives as out-of-town visitors or waiting until the last minute to pay and thus reducing the collector's cut of the tax money. If the taxes were not collected to the satisfaction of the colonial administrators, Atangana himself was expected to make up some of the difference.^[37] Nevertheless, his wealth continued to grow. By 1924, he owned as much as five square kilometres of oil palms and a square kilometre of cocoa trees.^[39] By the 1930s, important chiefs such as Atangana could earn more than 400,000 francs per year on tax collecting alone.^[37] The Australian bush The bush is a term used for rural, undeveloped land or country areas in many places, such as Australia, New Zealand, Sub-Saharan Africa, Canada, and Alaska. ...

The 278 Beti chiefs under Atangana's control began to oppose his primacy by the mid-1920s. In 1924, the Bane plotted to raise their own paramount chief and to drum up sentiment against Atangana among the common people. The French arrested the plotters for refusing to pay their taxes and provide labourers. This left Atangana still head of the Bane, but his influence had been severely curtailed. In 1925, the French reduced the number of Beti chiefs to 40 and removed the chiefs of Yaoundé from Atangana's direct control. However, in 1928 the Yaoundé chiefs were deemed quarrelsome and incompetent, and Atangana was once again placed over them. In 1929, he wrote a work on traditional Beti society in which he tried to hide his unremarkable childhood by taking the title of "King" and claiming descent from a fictitious line of Ewondo royalty.^[40] By the end of the decade, he was the head of perhaps 130,000 people, the chief of Mvolyé village, and the supervisor of eight sectional chiefs and 72 village chiefs. In reality, his position was one of prestige but little actual power.^[41]

Collecting taxes and finding labour grew increasingly difficult as the decade progressed, thanks to greater access to paying employment in Yaoundé and on the plantations.^[42] Atangana's 1938 proposal for the reorganisation of Yaoundé's administration shows the frustration he experienced at that time:

the local people do not know what endurance means . . . [and] work with ill-will for the administration or for private concerns, where they seek refuge as a safeguard when the administration gives the chiefs an order in the public interest or for their own good.^[43]

He further complained, "Notables, with their diminished influence, are almost inert in relation to the growing number of their recalcitrant subjects" and suggested that a chief could hardly control more than 5,000 people.^[44] Atangana is not even mentioned in a French report on their African leaders from 1939. However, he retained the right to announce the appointment of new chiefs and to claim that both he and the French had selected them.^[45]

Atangana travelled frequently in the French colonial period. He made a point of attending his subjects' weddings and funerals, for example.^[45] He had more opportunities to visit Europe, including the Paris Colonial Exposition in 1931 and the French Colonial Conference in 1935.^[6] In 1938, his wife died. Atangana was a handsome man by Ewondo standards: strong, well groomed, with a reputation as a good fighter, dancer, and husband.^[46] He remarried on 6 January 1940 to Julienne or Yuliana Ngonoa, a young Beti woman of the Mvog Manga sublineage from the village Nkolafamba. She bore him two children: Marie-Thérèse and René Grégoire.^[47] The Paris Colonial Expostion was a six-month event held in Paris, France, that attempted to display the diverse cultures and immense resources of Frances colonial possessions. ... The French Colonial Conference was an event held in Paris, France, in 1935. ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Marie-Thérèse Catherine Atangana Assiga Ahanda is a Cameroonian novelist and chemist and the paramount chief of the Ewondo people. ...

Atangana lobbied in his later life for public health causes, such as the eradication of sleeping sickness. He never supported the expansion of Cameroun's public school system, since he believed that educated subjects might one day challenge his rule.^[2] Atangana's health began to fail him beginning in August 1943. On 1 September, he died in Mvolyé, Yaoundé.^[6] Sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease in people and in animals. ... The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

No one took over as paramount chief upon Atangana's death. His opulent palace went unoccupied and fell into ruins. However, traditional Cameroonian chieftaincies were re-established on 11 July 1977 by Decree #77/609, and by the 1990s, Cameroonian ethnic groups had rejuvenated these dormant traditions. Atangana's daughter Marie-Thérèse became the new Ewondo paramount chief.^[48] In December 2000, she began the renovation of his palace at Efoulan, Yaoundé, a project that would cost an estimated 150,000,000 francs CFA.^[49] July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... now. ...

Atangana's legacy was largely forgotten between his death and Cameroonian independence. However, the nationalist scholarship that blossomed after Cameroon's independence in 1960 resurrected his story.^[50] Charles Atangana Avenue in downtown Yaoundé is named for him.^[51] A statue in his likeness tops a hill nearby, although the monument is falling into disrepair.^[52] Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ...

Notes

March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

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• "Le château Charles Atangana sera enfin sauvé". 2 February 2001. Cameroon-Info.Net. Accessed 30 October 2006.
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• Quinn, Frederick E. (1990): "Rain Forest Encounters: The Beti Meet the Germans, 1887–1916". Introduction to the History of Cameroon in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Palgrave MacMillan.
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