Sir Charles Bell

Sir Charles Bell (November 1774, in Doun in Monteath, Edinburgh - April 28, 1842, in North Hallow, Worcestershire) was a Scottish anatomist, surgeon, physiologist and natural theologian. He was the younger brother of John Bell (1763-1820), also a noted surgeon and writer. Charles Bell is the name of: Charles Bell (1774-1842), Scottish anatomist, surgeon, physiologist and natural theologian Charles Davidson Bell (1813-1882), Surveyor-General in the Cape, artist and designer of Cape stamps Charles Alfred Bell (1870-1945), British-Indian tibetologist Charles H. Bell (politician) (1823-1893), American lawyer and... Sir Charles Bell, Scottish surgeon and anatomist File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Sir Charles Bell, Scottish surgeon and anatomist File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Worcestershire (pronounced ; abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. ... This article is about the country. ... Greek anatome, from ana-temnein, to cut up), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things; thus there is animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). ... “Surgeon” redirects here. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... The attempt to provide proofs or arguments for the existence of God is known as natural theology. ... John Bell (12 May 1763 – 15 April 1820) was a Scottish anatomist and surgeon. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ...

Life

Bell lived and studied in Edinburgh, where he got his medical degree in 1799. He and his brother had extraordinary drawing talents, and together they taught anatomy and illustrated and published two volumes of A System of Dissection Explaining the Anatomy of the Human Body.

Soon after his graduation he was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons, where he operated and taught anatomy. He and his brother published two additional volumes of their anatomical treatise in 1802 and 1804. His success, however, led to jealous opposition of local physicians, and he was barred from practice at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He then moved to London in 1804, where he held a private surgery and school of anatomy. From 1812 to 1825, he ran, with his brother, the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy, which had been founded by the great anatomist William Hunter (1718-1783). He also served as a military surgeon and famously documented his experiences at Waterloo in words and drawings. In 1828 he helped to found the Middlesex Hospital and Medical School, and became, in 1824, the first professor of anatomy and surgery of the College of Surgeons in London. In 1829, the Windmill Street School of Anatomy was incorporated to the new King's College at the University of London. Bell was invited to be its first professor of physiology. but resigned shortly afterwards. The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, a centre of excellence for surgical education and research traces its origins to 1505 when the Barber Surgeons of Edinburgh was formally incorporated as a Craft Guild of Edinburgh, and granted a royal charter in 1506 by King James IV of Scotland. ... The Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, also known as the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh is the oldest voluntary hospital in Scotland. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... William Hunter (23 May 1718 – 30 March 1783) was a Scottish anatomist and physician. ... University College Hospital is a teaching hospital in London, part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and associated with University College London. ... The Royal College of Surgeons of England is an independent professional body committed to promoting and advancing the highest standards of surgical care for patients. ... For other uses, see Kings College. ... Website http://www. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Bestowed by honors and national and international recognition (he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1826 and was knighted in 1831), Bell wished to return to Scotland. So, in 1836 he accepted the position of professor of surgery at the University of Edinburgh. He died in his homeland six years later, in 1842. wkaldfjsalk;dfj;alkjf;lksajdfl;kjsfdl;ksjdfjsal;kjdflsjdfl;kjsdflks For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ...

Works

The Maniac (1806)

Charles Bell was a prolific researcher and author. He first published detailed studies of the nervous system and brain in 1811, in his book An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. He described his experiments with animals and how he was the first to distinguish between sensory and motor nerves. This book is considered by many the founding stone of clinical neurology. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Human Nervous System. ... The human brain In animals, the brain (enkephalos) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ... The mechanism of the reflex arc Sensory neurons (or neurones) are nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organisms environment into internal electrical impulses. ... Motor nerves allow the brain to stimulate muscle contraction. ... Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ...

He was one of the first physicians to combine the scientific study of neuroanatomy with clinical practice. He described in 1821 the trajectory of the facial nerve and a disease which led to the unilateral palsy (paralysis) of facial muscles, in one of the classics of neurology, a paper to the Royal Society entitled On the Nerves: Giving an Account of some Experiments on Their Structure an Functions, Which Lead to a New Arrangement of the System. The facial nerve is the seventh (VII) of twelve paired cranial nerves. ...

He also combined his many artistic, scientific, literary and teaching talents in a number of wax preparations and detailed anatomical and surgical illustrations, paintings and engravings in his several books on these subjects, such as in his beautiful book Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery: Trepan, Hernia, Amputation, Aneurism, and Lithotomy (1821). He wrote also the first treatise on notions of anatomy and physiology of facial expression for painters and illustrators, titled Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting (1806). Photographs from the 1862 book Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine by Guillaume Duchenne. ...

Natural theology work, the fourth Bridgewater Treatise: The hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as evincing Design. Natural theology is the knowledge of God accessible to all rational human beings without recourse to any special or supposedly supernatural revelation. ... Natural theology is the attempt to find evidence of a God or intelligent designer without recourse to any special or supposedly supernatural revelation. ...

A number of discoveries received his name:

• Bell's nerve: The posterior thoracic nerve.
• Bell's palsy: a unilateral idiopathic paralysis of facial muscles due to a lesion of the facial nerve.
• Bell's phenomenon: An upward movement of the eye and the eyelid which occurs when a person affected with Bell's paralysis tries to close the eye.
• Bell's spasm: Involuntary twitching of the facial muscles.
• Bell-Magendie law: States that the anterior branch of spinal nerve roots contain only motor fibers and the posterior roots contain only sensory fibers.

The term spinal nerve generally refers to the mixed spinal nerve, which is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord. ... Bells palsy (or facial palsy) is characterised by facial drooping on the affected half, due to malfunction of the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve), which controls the muscles of the face. ... Idiopathic means arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause. ... Paralysed redirects here. ... The facial nerve is the seventh (VII) of twelve paired cranial nerves. ... Sir Charles Bell When a patient with peripheral facial paralysis attempts to close the eye, there is an upward movement of the eye and the eyelid on the paralysed side of the face remains open. ... For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ... An eyelid is a thin fold of skin and muscle that covers and protects an eye. ... ... The term spinal nerve generally refers to the mixed spinal nerve, which is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord. ...

See also

Earl of Bridgewater for other Bridgewater Treatise Francis Henry Egerton, 8th Earl of Bridgewater (1756 - February 12, 1829) was a noted British eccentric. ...

External links

• Charles Bell. WhoNamedIt.
• Charles Bell Significant Scots
• Sir Charles Bell: The artist who went to the roots!
• Bell's "Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery" - Images from the John Martin Rare Book Room, University of Iowa