 Charles Drew Dr. Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American physician and medical researcher. He researched in the field of blood transfusions, developing improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge in developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II. He protested against the practice of racial segregation in the donation of blood from donors of different races since it lacked scientific foundation. In 1943, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became the first African American surgeon to serve as an examiner on the American Board of Surgery. Image File history File links Charlesdrew4. ...
June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ...
1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ...
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The Doctor by Samuel Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ...
Donating blood Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. ...
A blood bank is a cache or bank of blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusions. ...
The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterized by separation of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or...
Early life
Charles Drew was born in Washington, D.C., to Richard and Nora Drew, and was the oldest of five children. In high school and at Amherst College, Drew excelled in athletics. Drew was a member of the Omega Psi Phi Fraternity. Two years after college, Drew worked as an athletic director, football coach, and science teacher at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1928, he entered medical school at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Drew continued to excel in sports while at McGill, and joined British professor Dr. John Beattie in blood research. He continued his research at Montreal General Hospital, while there, he was an intern and resident. He played football at the University of Arkansas for two years when he transfered to McGill University to qualify for his medical degree. The Omega Psi Phi Fraternity Incorporated (ΩΨΦ) Fraternity was founded on Friday, November 17, 1911, at Howard University in Washington, D.C. by three students. ...
Morgan State University, formerly Centenary Biblical Institute (1867-1890), Morgan College (1890 -1975), is located in residential Baltimore, Maryland. ...
Nickname: Monument City, Charm City, Mob Town[1][2], B-more Motto: The Greatest City in America,[3] Get in on it. ...
McGill University is a publicly funded, non-denominational, co-educational research university located in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ...
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The Montreal General Hospital is a hospital in Montreal, Canada, first established on May 1, 1819 and an early teaching hospital. ...
Advanced study Drew received a fellowship from Howard University's Medical School, enabling him to study at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. While at Columbia University, Dr. Drew worked with the renowned Dr. Allen Whipple and with Dr. John Scudder on the problem of blood storage. Seal of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons The Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, abbreviated P&S, is a graduate school of Columbia University located on the health sciences campus in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. ...
Allen Oldfather Whipple, M.D. (September 2, 1881–April 6, 1963) is an American surgeon who is known for the pancreatic cancer operation which bears his name (the Whipple procedure) as well as Whipples triad. ...
Dr. John Scudder (1889 - 1971) was a medical doctor and blood transfusion specialist who worked with Dr. Charles Drew to get the Plasma for Britain wartime plasma transfusion project operational. ...
The science and practice of blood transfusion had developed from early work including preserving whole blood in refrigerated storage in World War I (see Oswald Hope Robertson) and the practice of having hospital “blood banks” (see Bernard Fantus) in the mid-1930s. Drew focused his own work[1] on the challenge of separating and storing blood components, particularly blood plasma, as this might extend storage periods. Dr. Drew earned his Doctor of Medical Science degree from Columbia University in 1940, with a doctoral thesis under the title Banked Blood: A Study in Blood Preservation. Oswald Hope Robertson (2 June 1886 – 23 March 1966) was an English-born medical scientist who pioneered the idea of blood banks. ...
Bernard Fantus (September 1, 1874 -April 14, 1940) was a Hungarian American professor of therapeutics. ...
1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ...
Participation in Plasma For Britain In late 1940, just after earning his doctoral thesis, Dr. Drew was called upon by John Scudder to help set up and administer an early prototype program for collecting, testing, and distributing blood plasma in Britain.[2] Called Plasma for Britain, the group was organized around eight hospitals in New York City, who would collect and test blood plasma, package it and ship it to Britain, which by this time had a serious shortage of blood due to the effects of the Battle of Britain. Dr. John Scudder (1889 - 1971) was a medical doctor and blood transfusion specialist who worked with Dr. Charles Drew to get the Plasma for Britain wartime plasma transfusion project operational. ...
Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ...
Combatants United Kingdom Including combatants from:[1] Poland New Zealand Canada Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Jamaica Palestine Rhodesia Germany Including combatants from Italy Commanders Hugh Dowding Hermann Göring Albert Kesselring Strength 754 single-seat fighters 149 two-seat fighters 560 bombers 500 coastal 1...
Dr. Drew created protocols and procedures for the collection, testing, and shipping of blood to England. Total collections came to almost 15,000 people donating blood, and over 5,600 gallons of blood plasma.[2] However, due to racial tensions during the 1940's in America, there was a great deal of controversy involving whether or not to use black peoples' blood plasma or to limit it to white donors. Furthermore, when the project was turned over to the government in early 1941, the military announced its policy of segregation, and would not mix blood from blacks and whites, leading to segregated donation centers. Despite all his work on the project, and despite the fact that he was the driving force behind its procedures and policies, they refused to offer him leadership of the new project, over objection from Dr. Scudder and others, instead suggesting he be 'assistant director' [3] While no clear record exists of what Dr. Drew's thoughts were, it is known he left his position there to accept the Chair of Surgery at Howard University that same year.
Teaching career In 1941, Drew accepted the Chair of Surgery at Howard University in Washington, D.C. In 1943, Drew became the first African American surgeon to serve as an examiner on the American Board of Surgery. He received the Spingarn Medal in 1944 for his contributions to medicine. A cardiothoracic surgeon performs a mitral valve replacement at the Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. ...
Howard University is a Carnegie Doctoral/Research extensive historically black university in Washington, D.C. Affectionately known as Black Harvard, Howard was established in 1867 by congressional order and named after Oliver O. Howard. ...
Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D) - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D...
The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by a Black American. ...
1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...
Death Charles R. Drew died at the age of 46 from injuries suffered in a car accident in North Carolina. Newspaper accounts said that the nearest hospital refused to admit Dr. Drew because of his race, and that vital time was lost in taking him further away to a black hospital. Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (901 km) - % water 9. ...
However, this conflicts with the account of Dr. John Ford, another black physician who was traveling with Dr. Drew at the time of the accident: "We all received the very best of care. The doctors started treating us immediately. ... I can truthfully say that no efforts were spared in the treatment of Dr. Drew, and, contrary to popular myth, the fact that he was a Negro did not in any way limit the care that was given to him." The nature of Dr. Drew's injuries excluded a blood transfusion; it would have killed a man in his condition faster. A similar urban legend circulates regarding jazz legend Bessie Smith. An urban legend or urban myth is a kind of modern folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them. ...
This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Nevertheless, in M*A*S*H episode S2E09, "Dear Dad...Three," Hawkeye Pierce and Trapper John McIntyre explain to a soldier who doesn't want "colored blood" the history of blood plasma, and use the life and death of Charles Drew as an example to sway his views on race. While there are statistically-significant correlations between ethnicity/nationalities and blood type frequencies, all blood types are found in all ethnic/national groups and blood can be safely transfused one person to another regardless of ethnicity if the blood types are compatible. [4]. The most subtle 21st-century tests could not discern whether an individual blood sample comes from an African American, a European American, or a "pure-blooded" African.[citation needed] M*A*S*H was an American television series developed by Larry Gelbart and inspired by the 1961 novel Catch-22, the 1968 Richard Hooker novel M*A*S*H: A Novel About Three Army Doctors and its sequels; and—primarily—the 1970 film MASH. It is the most well...
Captain Benjamin Franklin “Hawkeye†Pierce is the lead fictional character in the M*A*S*H novels, film, and television series. ...
For other uses, see John Macintyre. ...
Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ...
Although racism played little direct part in Drew's death, sleep deprivation certainly did. Charles Drew was characterized by colleagues as "tireless," which was high praise for any doctor and reflects the standard training regimen of the profession: doctors were expected to live on less sleep than lesser mortals, for days, weeks, or years at a time. His companions on the fatal trip (all black doctors) reveal that they had all been working hard, with little time for sleep, and they had been up most of the night before the crash; shortly before, they had stopped for donuts and coffee. This problem was worsened by the lack of hotel accommodations for black doctors in the segregated South: black doctors and other travelers stayed with families, who tended to keep more practical hours than doctors did.
The fatal accident occurred when Drew had been driving another doctor's 1949 Buick Roadmaster — the archetypal doctor's car in 1950 — for many sleepless hours. He apparently fell asleep at the wheel briefly, then abruptly reawakened when the right wheels drifted off the edge of the paved road and someone called out to him. He tried to get back on the road by gradually steering left, but that caused the wheel rim to catch on the pavement's edge, flipping the car. An expert stunt driver might know how to recover by moving further right and then turning the wheel sharply left, but few drivers are taught this technique, and it is not easy to remember when exhausted. The car rolled, the doors popped open, and Drew was hanging halfway out the door as the car rolled over him. His injuries were extensive. Dr. John Ford was thrown out, breaking his arm and injuring his knee. The Roadmaster was an automobile built by the Buick division of General Motors. ...
Several motorists stopped to offer help. One white man who stopped said "It looks like you boys are in some trouble," according to Dr. Bullock, the car's owner. Several ambulances arrived. The first one on the scene (which was owned by a funeral parlor, as most ambulances were in 1950), picked up Drew and Ford and took them five miles to Alamance County General Hospital. The driver didn't try for Duke University Hospital, a much better hospital, because it was thirty miles away. Drew was not officially admitted, because he died in the emergency room before he could be stabilized. This page is a candidate for speedy deletion because: it contains no encyclopedic content If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ...
The car had no seat belts — only airplanes did at the time — so injuries were predictably severe, although two passengers were uninjured. When Drew and the other injured doctor were brought into the emergency room, the doctors did not discriminate on the basis of their skin color, but soon figured out that they were doctors and that one of them was famous. Despite the best care available in a small rural hospital, Drew's injuries proved quickly fatal.
Commemoration - In 1966, the Charles R. Drew Postgraduate Medical School was incorporated in California and was named in his honor. This later became the Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science.
- In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a postage stamp in his honor which was included in the Great Americans series.
- Charles Drew Health Center, Omaha, Nebraska[5]
- Charles Drew Science Enrichment Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan[6]
- Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Silver Spring, Maryland[7]
- Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male freshman dorm at Howard University, Washington D.C.[8]s
1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ...
Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science was originally founded in 1966 in response to inadequate medical facilities within the Watts region of Los Angeles, California. ...
1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an independent establishment of the executive branch of the United States Government (see 39 U.S.C. § 201) responsible for providing postal service in the United States. ...
A postage stamp is evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services. ...
Nickname: Gateway to the West Location in Nebraska Coordinates: Country United States State Nebraska County Douglas Founded 1854 Incorporated 1857 Government - Mayor Michael Fahey (D) Area - City 118. ...
Michigan State University (MSU) is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan. ...
Location in Michigan Coordinates: Country United States State Michigan County Ingham & Clinton Counties Mayor Samir Singh Area - City 12. ...
Not to be confused with Silver Springs. ...
Howard University is a Carnegie Doctoral/Research extensive historically black university in Washington, D.C. Affectionately known as Black Harvard, Howard was established in 1867 by congressional order and named after Oliver O. Howard. ...
Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...
Notes - ^ Innovators and Pioneers, Red Gold: The Epic Story of Blood, Public Broadcasting Service 2002 accessed at [1] June 8, 2006
- ^ a b Blood : An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. ISBN 0-688-17649-6.
- ^ Blood : An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. ISBN 0-688-17649-6.
- ^ Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types
- ^ Charles Drew Health Center
- ^ About Dr. Charles R. Drew, Charles Drew Charles Drew Science Enrichment Laboratory, Michigan State University
- ^ Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Montgomery County Public Schools
- ^ Charles R. Drew Hall, Howard University
June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
Further reading - Schraff, Anne E. (2003) Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Bank Innovator Enslow, ISBN 0-7660-2117-3
- Love, Spencie (1996) One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1997 reprint) ISBN 0-8078-4682-1
- Wynes, Charles E. (1988) Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-01551-7
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