NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Charles Stewart Parnell

Charles Stewart Parnell^[1] (27 June 1846 – 6 October 1891) was an Irish political leader and one of the most important figures in 19th century Ireland and the United Kingdom; William Ewart Gladstone described him as the most remarkable person he had ever met.^[2] A future Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, described him as one of the three or four greatest men of the nineteenth century, while Lord Haldane described him as the strongest man the British House of Commons had seen in 150 years. Image File history File links Parnellsitting. ... Image File history File links Parnellsitting. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 â€“ 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal Party statesman and Prime Minister (1868â€“1874, 1880â€“1885, 1886 and 1892â€“1894). ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... A prime minister is the very most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The Right Honourable Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, KG, PC (12 September 1852â€“15 February 1928) served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. ... Lord Haldane Richard Burdon Sanderson Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane, (July 30, 1856 - August 19, 1928), was an important British Liberal politician, lawyer, and philosopher. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ...

Family background

Charles Stewart Parnell was born in Avondale, County Wicklow, of gentry stock. He was the third son and seventh child of John Henry Parnell (1811-1859), a wealthy Anglo-Irish landowner, and his American wife Delia Stewart (1816-1896; of Bordentown, New Jersey), daughter of the American naval hero, Commodore Charles Stewart (the stepson of one of George Washington's bodyguards). There were eleven children in all: five boys and six girls. Commodore Stewart's mother, Parnell's great-grandmother, belonged to the Tudor family and so could claim a distant relationship with the British Royal Family. John Henry Parnell himself was a cousin of one of Ireland's leading aristocrats, Lord Powerscourt, and also the grandson of a Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Irish House of Commons, Sir John Parnell. The Parnells of Avondale were descended from an English merchant family, which came to prominence in Congleton, Cheshire, early in the seventeenth century. Thus, from birth, Charles Stewart Parnell possessed an extraordinary number of links to many elements of society; he belonged to the established Church of Ireland (most of whose members were unionists), he was connected with the aristocracy through the Powerscourts, he was linked to the old Irish Parliamentary tradition via his great-grandfather, to the American War of Independence via his grandfather, to the War of 1812 (where his grandfather had been awarded a gold medal by the United States Congress for gallantry), and distantly connected to the Royal Family. Yet it was as a leader of Irish nationalism that Parnell established his fame. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 462 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (3232 Ã— 4192 pixel, file size: 1. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... With Irish immigration to the United States of America in the 18th_century there arose Irish ethnic organizations. ... Look up Boycott in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kilmainham Jail, also known as Kilmainham Gaol, is a prison located in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. ... The Kilmainham Treaty was an agreement between the British government under William Ewart Gladstone and the Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell. ... Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish (November 30, 1836 - May 6, 1882), son of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, was a English Liberal politician and protÃ©gÃ© of the Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, who was appointed to the post of Chief Secretary for Ireland in May 1882. ... Thomas Henry Burke (1829-May 6, 1882) was Permanent Under Secretary at the Irish Office for many years before being assassinated during the Phoenix Park Murders on Saturday May 6, 1882. ... The Australian cricket team on board the R.M.S. Strathaird en-route to England in 1948. ... Áras an Uachtaráin is the official residence of the President of Ireland, located in the Phoenix Park on the Northside of Dublin1. ... The Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) (commonly called the Irish Party) was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the... Official standard of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (plural: Lords Lieutenant), also known as the Judiciar in the early mediaeval period and as the Lord Deputy as late as the 17th century, was the Kings representative and head of the Irish executive during the... The Hawarden Kite was a famous British scoop of 1885, an apparent instance of flying a kite, when Herbert Gladstone, son of the then Leader of the Opposition William E. Gladstone revealed to Edmund Rogers of the National Press Agency in London that his father now supported home rule for... The Rt. ... Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 â€“ 19 March 1930) was a British Conservative statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ... Justin MCarthy (22 November 1830 - 1912) was an Irish politician, historian and novelist. ... Fenian is a term used since the 1850s for Irish nationalists (who oppose British rule in Ireland). ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli (microscopic air-filled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere) become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Wicklow Code: WW Area: 2,024 kmÂ² Population (2002) 114,676 Website: www. ... Anglo-Irish was a term used historically to describe a ruling class inhabitants of Ireland who were the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy[1], mostly belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. ... See also: Bordentown Township, New Jersey The City of Bordentown highlighted in Burlington County. ... Charles Stewart (28 July 1778 - 6 November 1869) was an officer in the United States Navy. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 â€“ December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and was later elected the first president of the United States under the U.S. Constitution. ... The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor (Welsh: ) was a series of five monarchs of Welsh origin who ruled England and Ireland from 1485 until 1603. ... Members of the Royal Family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the Trooping the Colour ceremony The British Royal Family is a shared royal family. ... The Irish House of Commons by Francis Wheatley (1780) The Irish House of Commons was the lower house of the Parliament of Ireland, that existed from mediÃ¦val times until 1800. ... Congleton Town Hall Congleton is a town and civil parish in Cheshire, England, on the banks of the River Dane, and to the west of the Macclesfield Canal. ... The Cheshire Plain - photo taken adjacent to Beeston Castle The Cheshire Plain - photo taken towards Merseyside The Cheshire Plain panorama - photo taken from Mid-Cheshire Ridge Cattle farming in the county Black-and-white timbered buildings on Nantwich High Street Cheshire (or, archaically, the County of Chester)[1] is a... Church of Ireland The Church of Ireland (Irish: Eaglais na hÃ‰ireann) is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ... In the context of Irish politics, Unionists are people in Northern Ireland, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union 1800, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which Northern Ireland, created in that latter Act, remains part of the United Kingdom of Great... The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war fought primarily between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen of her North American colonies. ... Combatants United States Britain Canadian militia Eastern Woodland Indians Commanders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson George Prevost Isaac Brockâ€ Tecumsehâ€ Strength â€¢U.S. Regular Army: 35,800 â€¢Rangers: 3,049 â€¢Militia: 458,463* â€¢US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war): â€¢Frigates:6 â€¢Other vessels... Type Bicameralism Houses Senate House of Representatives United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D, since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D, since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of November 7, 2006 elections) Democratic Party Republican... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ...

Parnell's parents separated when he was six and the boy was sent to school in England, where he spent an unhappy youth. The young Parnell studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge (1865-9). In 1871 he joined his elder brother John Howard on an extended tour of the United States. Their travels took them mostly through the South and apparently the brothers neither spent much time in centres of Irish immigration nor sought out Irish-Americans. In 1874 he became high sheriff of his home county of Wicklow. The following year he entered parliament as member for County Meath, supporting the Home Rule party. He sat for the constituency of Cork City from 1880 until 1891. Full name The College of Saint Mary Magdalene Motto Garde ta Foy Keep your Faith Named after Mary Magdalene Previous names Buckingham College Established 1428 Sister College(s) Magdalen College Master Duncan Robinson Location Magdalene Street Undergraduates 335 Postgraduates 169 Homepage Boatclub Magdalene College (pronounced ) was founded in 1428 as... Historic Southern United States. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Navan Code: MH Area: 2,342 kmÂ² Population (2006) 162,621 Website: www. ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ...

Member of Parliament

Charles Stewart Parnell was first elected to the House of Commons (The lower level of British legislature), as a Home Rule League MP for Meath, on April 21, 1875. He replaced the deceased League MP, veteran Young Irelander John Martin. Parnell soon associated with the more radical wing of the party, which included Joseph Biggar (MP for Cavan from 1874), Edmund Dwyer Gray (MP for Tipperary from 1877), F. H. O'Donnell (MP for Dungarvan from 1877) and John O'Connor Power (MP for County Mayo from 1874) and engaged in a policy of obstructionism (i.e., the use of technical procedures to disrupt the House of Commons's ability to function) to force the House to pay more attention to Irish issues, which had heretofore been ignored. This behaviour was opposed by the less aggressive chairman (leader) of the Home Rule League, Isaac Butt. Biggar and O'Connor Power also had links with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a physical force Irish organisation that had mounted a disastrously inept attempt at rebellion in 1867. The question of Parnell's closeness to the IRB, and whether indeed he ever joined the organisation, has been a matter of academic debate for a century. The evidence suggests that later, following the signing of the Kilmainham Treaty, Parnell did take the IRB oath, possibly for tactical reasons.^[3] Image File history File links CBI_-_SERIES_C_-_HUNDRED_POUND_NOTE.PNG This image depicts a unit of currency of a government. ... Image File history File links CBI_-_SERIES_C_-_HUNDRED_POUND_NOTE.PNG This image depicts a unit of currency of a government. ... The Series C Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland where the final series of notes created for the state before the advent of the Euro, it replaced Series B Banknotes. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The Home Rule League, sometimes called the Home Rule Party, was a nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish political party which campaigned for home rule for the island of Ireland. ... A former UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning two Members of Parliament. ... Young Ireland was an Irish nationalist revolutionary movement, active in the mid-nineteenth century. ... John Martin (September 8, 1812â€“March 29, 1875) was an Irish nationalist activist who progressed from early militant support for Young Ireland and Repeal, to non-violent alternatives such as support for tenants rights and eventually as the first Home Rule MP, for Meath 1871-1875. ... Joseph Gillis Biggar (1828â€“February 19, 1890) commonly known as Joe Biggar[1] or J. G. Biggar, was an Irish Nationalist politician from Belfast. ... Cavan (An CabhÃ¡n in Irish, meaning the hollow) is the main town and administrative centre of County Cavan in the Republic of Ireland. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... John OConnor Power (c. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Castlebar Code: MO Area: 5,397 kmÂ² Population (2006) 123,648 Website: www. ... Obstructionism or policy of obstruction denotes the deliberate interference with the progress of a legislation by various means such as filibustering or slow walking which may depend on the respective parliamentary procedures. ... Isaac Butt (September 6, 1813 - May 5, 1879) was the founder and first leader of a number of parties and organisations, including the Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society in 1836, the Home Government Association in 1870 and in 1874 the Home Rule League, subsequently known as the Irish Parliamentary Party. ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... Physical force Irish republicanism is a term used by historians in Ireland to describe the recurring appearance of non-parliamentary violent insurrection in Ireland between 1798 and the present. ... The Kilmainham Treaty was an agreement between the British government under William Ewart Gladstone and the Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell. ...

What is known is that IRB involvement in the League's sister organisation, the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain, led to the moderate Butt's overthrow from its presidency (even though he had founded the organisation) in 1877 and the election of Parnell in his place.^[4]

Leader

Parnell was never a great speaker in the House but his organisational, analytical and tactical skills earned wide praise, helping to take on the British organisation's presidency. But died in 1879 and was replaced as chairman of the League by the Whig-orientated William Shaw. Shaw's victory was temporary, however. In the April 1880 general election twenty-seven supporters of Parnell's were returned as MPs, outnumbering the support base of Shaw. In May 1880 Parnell was elected chairman of the party. Though the elections were for each session of Parliament, he remained leader for over a decade. The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to the mid 19th centuries. ...

New style, new party, new rules

Parnell fundamentally changed the Home Rule League. He restructured it from top to bottom, creating a well-organised grass roots structure and membership to replace the League's previous informal grouping, in which MPs regularly voted differently on issues or did not come to the House of Commons at all. In 1882 he changed its name to the Irish Parliamentary Party and in 1884 imposed a strict party oath obliging its MPs to vote en bloc. The creation of a strict party whip and formal party structure was unique in politics. The Irish Parliamentary Party is generally seen as the first modern British political party, its efficient structure and control contrasting with the loose rules and informality found in the main British parties, who came to model their party structures on the Parnellite model. The Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) (commonly called the Irish Party) was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the... In politics, a whip is a member of a political party in a legislature whose task is to ensure that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. ...

Candidate selection

A central aspect of Parnell's reforms was to ensure that professional selection of candidates took place. Previously candidates had often emerged in ad hoc arrangements, had little commitment to the party and either didn't bother to go to the House of Commons at all (some citing expense, given that MPs were unpaid and the journey to Westminster was both costly and arduous) or if they did, regularly voted against their own party.^[5] Parnell's new selection procedure, and the party oath, ensured that the party ran candidates who were committed to taking the seats and voting with their party on all occasions.

The changes impacted on the nature of candidates chosen. Under Butt, the party's MPs were a mixture of Catholic and Protestant, landlord and others, Whig, Liberal and Tory, often leading to disagreements in policy that meant that MPs split in votes. Under Parnell, the number of Protestant and landlord MPs dwindled, as did the number of Tories seeking election. The parliamentary party became much more Catholic and middle class, with a large number of journalists such as Timothy Michael Healy being elected. The disappearance of Protestant landowners and Tories from the IPP made it easier for Parnell to ensure the party voted as a block in the House of Commons. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... A landlord, is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called the tenant. ... The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to the mid 19th centuries. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... For other uses, see Tory (disambiguation). ... Timothy Michael Healy Timothy Michael Healy, KC (May 17, 1855â€“March 26, 1931) was one of the most brilliant and most controversial of Irish politicians, with a career that spanned the period from Charles Stewart Parnells leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the 1880s to the foundation of...

Balance of power

Parnell's unified Irish block came to dominate British politics, making and unmaking Liberal and Conservative governments in the mid-1880s as it fought for home rule (internal self government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) for Ireland. In the mid 1880s, Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone committed his party to support for the cause of Irish Home Rule, introducing the First Home Rule Bill in 1886. However the measure failed to pass the British House of Commons, following a split between pro- and anti-home rulers within the Liberal Party. This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and is the second oldest extant political party in the world. ... // Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital London Language(s) English Gaelic Welsh (Wales) Scottish Gaelic (parts of Scotland) Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch - 1801â€“1820 George III - 1920â€“1922... William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 â€“ 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal Party statesman and Prime Minister (1868â€“1874, 1880â€“1885, 1886 and 1892â€“1894). ... There were three Home Rule bills introduced in the British Parliament, intended to give Ireland more autonomy; all three were sponsored by William Gladstone of the Liberal Party. ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ...

Though home rule was a central demand of the Irish Parliamentary Party, it also campaigned for Irish land reform. In its campaign, some of its members worked closely with an organisation known as the Irish National Land League. Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) is an often-controversial type of government-initiated or government-backed real estate property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. ... The Irish painter Henry Jones Thaddeus enlisted the conscience of the propertied classes with the sentimental realism of La retour du bracconier (The Wounded Poacher), exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1881, at the height of the Irish Land War The Irish Land League was an Irish political organization of...

Parnell was elected president of the Land League on 21 October 1879. In January 1880, together with John Dillon, he visited the United States to raise funds and awareness for the Land League. On 2 February 1880 he addressed the House of Representatives on the state of Ireland. October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... John Dillon (September 4, 1851 - August 4, 1927) was an Irish nationalist politician. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ...

The association with the Land League led various members, including John Dillon, Tim Healy, William O'Brien, Willie Redmond and Parnell himself to serve periods in prison. The agitation led to the passing of a series of Land Acts that over three decades changed the face of Irish land ownership, replacing large Anglo-Irish estates with tenant ownership. Timothy Michael Healy Timothy Michael Healy, KC (May 17, 1855â€“March 26, 1931) was one of the most brilliant and most controversial of Irish politicians, with a career that spanned the period from Charles Stewart Parnells leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the 1880s to the foundation of... William OBrien (2 October 1852â€“25 February 1928) was an Irish journalist, writer and politician, particularly associated with campaigns for land reform in Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Major William Hoey Kearney Redmond (1861â€“9 June 1917) (commonly known as Willie Redmond) was an Irish Parliamentary Party and First World War fatality. ... Anglo-Irish was a term used historically to describe a ruling class inhabitants of Ireland who were the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy[1], mostly belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. ...

In 1882, Parnell dissolved the Land League, and founded the National League to campaign on broader issues. The National League was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ...

The Piggott forgeries

In March 1887, Parnell found himself accused by the British newspaper The Times of support for the murders of the Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish, and the Permanent Under-Secretary for Ireland, T.H. Burke and of the general involvement of his movement with crime (i.e., with illegal organisations such as the IRB). Burke and Cavendish had been brutally stabbed to death on 6 May 1882 in the Phoenix Park in Dublin. Letters were published which suggested Parnell was complicit in the murders. Below is the most important one. However, a Commission of Enquiry revealed in February 1889 that the letters were in fact a fabrication created by Richard Piggott, an anti-Parnellite journalist, who later committed suicide after the letter was showed to be a forgery by him with his characteristic mistakes. Parnell then took The Times to court and the newspaper paid him £5,000 damages in an out-of-court settlement. When Parnell entered parliament, after he was vindicated, he received a standing ovation from his fellow MPs led by Gladstone. The 35-volume report did not clear Parnell's movement of criminal involvement however. The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ... The Chief Secretary was the most important position for determining British policy in Ireland after the Lord Lieutenant, and was frequently a cabinet level position in the 19th and early twentieth centuries. ... Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish (November 30, 1836 - May 6, 1882), son of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, was a English Liberal politician and protÃ©gÃ© of the Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, who was appointed to the post of Chief Secretary for Ireland in May 1882. ... Thomas Henry Burke, (1829 – 1882) He was Permanent Under Secretary at the Irish Office for many years before being assassinated during the Phoenix Park Murders on Saturday May 6, 1882. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Wellington Monument in Phoenix Park Automatic lighting gas street lamps line the main avenue of Phoenix Park Phoenix Park (in Irish, PÃ¡irc an Fhionn-Uisce) is a large park located 3 km to the north west of Dublin city centre in Ireland. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Richard Piggott was a journalist for The Times and he was well known for the piggott forgeries. ...

Dear Sir, - I am not surprised at your friend's anger, but he and you should know that to denounce the murders was the only course open to us. To do that promptly was plainly our best policy. But you can tell him, and all others concerned, that, though I regret the accident of Lord Frederick Cavendish's death, I cannot refuse to admit that Burke got no more than his deserts. You are at liberty to show him this, and others whom you can trust also, but let not my address be known. He can write to House of Commons. Yours very truly, Charles S. Parnell.^[6]

Mrs Katharine O'Shea

Parnell was viewed as an Irish national hero, referred to as the "Uncrowned King of Ireland", a term originally coined to describe Daniel O'Connell. However, Parnell's triumph was shortlived. It was soon 'revealed' (though it had been widely known among politicians at Westminster) that Parnell had been the long term partner, and father of three of the children, of Katharine O'Shea, also known subsequently as Kitty.^[7] She was the wife of a fellow Galway MP, Captain Willie O'Shea, who had started divorce proceedings after failing to secure a large inheritance due to his wife. Captain O'Shea had stayed married to Katharine because her old and wealthy aunt liked him and was going to leave a large sum of money. The aunt lived for another 11 years; when she died Captain O'Shea gained less money than he expected and he initiated divorce proceedings.^{[citation needed]} After the divorce Katharine became Parnell's wife. Under pressure from the religious wing of the Liberal Party, Gladstone reluctantly indicated that he could not support the Irish Parliamentary party as long as Charles Stewart Parnell remained its leader. Parnells gravestone. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Glasnevin Cemetery, also known as Prospect Cemetery, is the main Catholic cemetery in Dublin, the capital of Ireland. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Eamon de Valera (born Edward George de Valera, sometimes Gaelicised Ã‰amon de BhailÃ©ara; October 14, 1882 â€“ August 29, 1975), was an Irish politician, best known as a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and... General Michael John (Mick) Collins (Irish: ; 16 October 1890 â€“ 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and... Daniel OConnell Daniel OConnell (6 August 1775 â€“ 15 May 1847) (Irish: DÃ³nal Ã“ Conaill), known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was Irelands predominant political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century who championed the cause of the down-trodden Catholic population. ... Daniel OConnell Daniel OConnell (6 August 1775 â€“ 15 May 1847) (Irish: DÃ³nal Ã“ Conaill), known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was Irelands predominant political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century who championed the cause of the down-trodden Catholic population. ... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... Katharine OShea, also known as Katie OShea, Kitty OShea or following her second marriage Katharine Parnell (1845â€“5 February 1921) was an English woman whose relationship over many years with Charles Stewart Parnell eventually caused his political downfall. ... We dont have an article called Willie OShea Start this article Search for Willie OShea in. ...

Party divides

Divorce was forbidden under Catholic doctrine and most of Parnell's supporters were Roman Catholics. As co-respondent, Parnell was legally the cause of the divorce. He was also criticised by Nonconformists. Parnell's reputation was high but the scandal crippled this support. As a direct consequence of the O'Shea divorce, the Unionist movement in Ulster gained strength, as they espoused puritan values and they began to see the Home Rule movement as "morally wrong". Non conformism is the term of KKK ...

Parnell refused to resign, leading to a party split between Parnellites and Anti-Parnellites. A faithful minority who supported Parnell continued in the Irish National League under John Redmond, the vast majority of Anti-Parnellites forming the Irish National Federation, later led by John Dillon and supported by the Catholic Church. At a party meeting, Parnell challenged Gladstone's intervention with the question, "Who is the master of the party?"; Tim Healy, a notoriously waspish MP, responded with the legendary "Who is the mistress of the party?" putdown. The fact that it was Tim Healy who so vehemently opposed Parnell was seen as the ultimate humiliation: Healy had been one of Parnell's strongest supporters and had referred to Parnell as 'the Uncrowned King of Ireland'.^[8] The National League was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ... John Redmond, MP John Edward Redmond (September 1, 1856 â€“ March 6, 1918) was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 to 1918. ... The Irish National Federation was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ... John Dillon (September 4, 1851 - August 4, 1927) was an Irish nationalist politician. ... Timothy Michael Healy Timothy Michael Healy, KC (May 17, 1855â€“March 26, 1931) was one of the most brilliant and most controversial of Irish politicians, with a career that spanned the period from Charles Stewart Parnells leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the 1880s to the foundation of...

See also: Diocese of Meath The (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Meath since 1778 until the late 19th century had its seat in Navan, County Meath, Ireland. ...

Personal politics

Parnell's personal political views remained an enigma. He defended the radical republican and atheist Charles Bradlaugh yet associated with the Roman Catholic Church. He was linked both with aristocracy and with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, with speculation in the 1990s that he may have even joined the latter organisation. The historian Andrew Roberts argues that he was sworn into the IRB in the old library at Trinity College Dublin in May 1882 and that this was concealed for 40 years.^[9] Socially he was a conservative, leading some historians to speculate that personally he would have been closer to the Conservative Party than the Liberals but for political needs. Andrew Kettle, Parnell's right hand man, who shared a lot of his opinions, wrote of his own views: The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) has been used since the late 18th century as a label in political science for those favoring or trying to produce thoroughgoing or extreme political reforms which can include changes to the social order to a greater or lesser extent. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ... Charles Bradlaugh (26 September 1833 _ 30 January 1891) was a political activist and one of the most famous English atheists of the 19th century. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin or more commonly Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, is the only constituent college of the University of Dublin, Irelands oldest university. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and is the second oldest extant political party in the world. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ...

Death

Parnell was deposed as leader and fought a long and bitter campaign for re-instatement. He conducted a political tour of Ireland to regain popular support, attracting Fenian "hillside men" to his side. He married Katharine on 25 June 1891 in Steyning, West Sussex, on which day the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy issued a near-unanimous condemnation of his conduct (only Edward O'Dwyer of Limerick withheld his signature).^[12] He lost the support of the Freeman's Journal. On the difficult campaign trail he had quicklime thrown at his eyes by a hostile crowd in Castlecomer, County Kilkenny. Fr. PJ Ryan, a Land League protagonist, immediately called in medical aid, which was given him by his brother, Dr Valentine Ryan of Carlow Town, a Home Rule sympathiser. On 27 September Parnell addressed a crowd in pouring rain at Creggs on the Galway–Roscommon border and contracted pneumonia. Fenian is a term used since the 1850s for Irish nationalists (who oppose British rule in Ireland). ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Map sources for Steyning at grid reference TQ1711 The Clock Tower in Steyning High Street Steyning is a small town and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. ... West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering onto East Sussex (with Brighton and Hove), Hampshire and Surrey. ... In the Catholic Church, the threefold order, or hierarchy, of bishop, priest, and deacon, conferred through the sacrament of Holy Orders, is a structural feature considered to be of divine institution. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime or quicklime, is a widely used chemical compound. ... Castlecomer is the main town in north County Kilkenny, Ireland, with a population of about 2000. ... County Kilkenny (Contae Chill Chainnigh in Irish) is located in the south east of Ireland in the province of Leinster. ... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Galway Code: G (GY proposed) Area: 6,148 kmÂ² Population (2006) 231,035 (including Galway City); 159,052 (without Galway City) Website: www. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Roscommon Code: RN Area: 2,547 kmÂ² (983 miÂ²) Population (2006) 58,700 Website: www. ...

He returned to Dublin, thence to Brighton, departing by the mail boat, 30 September. ("I shall be all right. I shall be back next Saturday week.") In his wife's arms, he died of heart attack brought on by rheumatic fever, near midnight, 6 October in his and Katharine's home in Brighton. Though an Anglican, he was buried in Dublin's largest Roman Catholic cemetery, Glasnevin. Such was his reputation that his gravestone of unhewn Wicklow granite, erected in 1940, ^[13] carries just one word in large lettering: PARNELL. Brighton is located on the south coast of England, and together with its immediate neighbour Hove forms the city of Brighton and Hove. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Glasnevin Cemetery, also known as Prospect Cemetery, is the main Catholic cemetery in Dublin, the capital of Ireland. ... Headstones in the Japanese Cemetry in Broome, Western Australia A cemetery in rural Spain A typical late 20th century headstone in the United States A headstone, tombstone or gravestone is a marker, normally carved from stone, placed over or next to the site of a burial. ...

Overall assessment

Charles Stewart Parnell is regarded as one of the most extraordinary figures in Irish and British politics. He single-handedly invented the modern political party with its whip, while having the power to make and unmake governments in the United Kingdom.

Over a century after his death he is still surrounded by public interest. His sudden death, and the sex scandal which preceded it, gave him a public appeal and interest that other contemporaries, such as Tim Healy or John Dillon, could not match. Historians speculate as to whether, had Parnell lived, home rule would have been achieved a decade earlier, and whether the granting of home rule earlier would have meant that there would have been no Easter Rising, no Irish War of Independence and no independent Ireland. Or perhaps the achievement of independence would have flowed from a home rule settlement rather than by revolution. Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... Combatants Irish Republic United Kingdom Commanders Michael Collins Richard Mulcahy Cathal Brugha Important local IRA leaders Henry Hugh Tudor Strength Irish Republican Army c. ...

The scale of Parnell's impact can be seen in the fact that parties from Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael have tried to claim him as "one of their own", as more recently have some in Sinn Féin. The uniqueness of his appeal was shown when, in the early 1890s two visiting members of the British Royal Family, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), paid a private visit to Glasnevin Cemetery to see the grave of the "uncrowned king of Ireland". Fianna FÃ¡il - The Republican Party (IPA ; (traditionally translated by the party into English as Soldiers of Destiny, though a literal translation is Soldiers [Fianna] of Ireland),[1] is currently the largest political party in Ireland with 55,000 members. ... Fine Gael (IPA: , though often anglicized to (approximate English translation: Family of the Irish) and officially, Fine Gael - The United Ireland Party, is the second largest political party in Ireland, presently forming the largest opposition party in the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament), and claims a membership of over 34,000. ... Sinn FÃ©in (pronounced in English, in Irish) is a name used by a series of Irish political movements of the 20th century, each of which claimed sole descent from the original party established by Arthur Griffith in 1905. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was the first British monarch belonging to the House of Windsor, as a result of his creating it from the British branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ...

Ultimately what is clear is that the O'Shea divorce scandal and Parnell's death changed the shape of late nineteenth century politics. Just how much was changed by his death can be but speculated. For generations of Irish people Parnell, like Michael Collins later, came to be seen as the "lost leader", against whose mythical reputation no later leader who lived a normal lifespan and who faced the practicalities of governance that Parnell never faced, could hope to win.

Trivia

Image File history File links CBI_-_SERIES_C_-_HUNDRED_POUND_NOTE.PNG This image depicts a unit of currency of a government. ... Image File history File links CBI_-_SERIES_C_-_HUNDRED_POUND_NOTE.PNG This image depicts a unit of currency of a government. ... William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 â€“ November 16, 1960) was an Academy Award-winning American film actor. ... MGM logo Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer or MGM, is a large media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of cinema and television programs. ... Daniel OConnell Daniel OConnell (6 August 1775 â€“ 15 May 1847) (Irish: DÃ³nal Ã“ Conaill), known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was Irelands predominant political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century who championed the cause of the down-trodden Catholic population. ... A phobia (from the Greek Ï†ÏŒÎ²Î¿Ï‚ fear), an irrational, persistent fear of certain situations, objects, activities, or persons. ... BÃªte Noire is an album by British singer Bryan Ferry, released on Virgin Records in November 1987. ... Timothy Michael Healy Timothy Michael Healy, KC (May 17, 1855â€“March 26, 1931) was one of the most brilliant and most controversial of Irish politicians, with a career that spanned the period from Charles Stewart Parnells leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the 1880s to the foundation of... Ã‰amon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera,IPA: [1][2]) (14 October 1882 â€“ 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. ... General Michael John (Mick) Collins (Irish: ; 16 October 1890 â€“ 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and... W.B. Yeats in Dublin on 24 January 1908. ...

Footnotes

^ Most contemporaries pronounced his name as par-nell with the emphasis on the latter part of the name. He himself disapproved of this pronunciation, pronouncing his name par-nell, with the emphasis on the start of the name.
^ Gladstone's exact words were, 'I do not say the ablest man; I say the most remarkable and the most interesting. He was an intellectual phenomenon.'
^ Alvin Jackson, Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000 p.45.
^ ibid.p.42.
^ A land bill introduced by party leader Isaac Butt in 1876 was voted down in the House of Commons, with 45 of his own MPs voting against him.
^ http://www.eiretek.org/chapters/books/General/parnellforgeries.htm
^ Kitty is a Hiberno-English Irish colloquial version of Catherine. She herself was not called Kitty by those who knew her. It was suggested that the use of the word Kitty carried a double-meaning: firstly as the name was more usually used by the lower classes it was seen as implying that she was "beneath Parnell" in terms of class (Kitty was a name more likely to be used by a chambermaid or servant than the wife of an aristocrat. Secondly "kitty" was a slang term for a prostitute.
^ James Joyce spoke of Parnell in his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man where Parnell was used as a symbol of lost hope in Ireland and in Irish unity. References to Parnell also abound in his second and third novels Ulysses and Finnegans Wake.
^ A. Roberts, Salisbury (Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1999) pp. 456-457.
^ Laurence J. Kettle, Material for Victory: The Memoirs of Andrew J. Kettle, Right Hand Man to Charles Stewart Parnell (Dublin, 1958) p.69.
^ Alvin Jackson, Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000
^ http://steyningmuseum.org.uk/parnell.htm
^ J. J. Horgan, Parnell to Pearse (1949), p.50

Ibid (Latin, short for ibidem, the same place) is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A chambermaid is a maid who cleans and cares for bedrooms. ... Servant has a number of meaning: A servant is another word for domestic worker, a person who is hired to provide regular household or other duties, and receives compensation. ... James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (Irish SÃ©amus Seoighe; 2 February 1882 â€“ 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. ... A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a semi-autobiographical novel by James Joyce, first serialized in The Egoist from 1914 to 1915 and published in book form in 1916. ... The name Ulysses can mean: The Roman equivalent of Odysseus A 1922 novel by James Joyce: Ulysses (novel) A 1967 movie based on the novel, Ulysses (movie) A solar probe: Ulysses (spacecraft) A poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson A anime television program produced by DiC Entertainment: Ulysses 31 An indie... Finnegans Wake, published in 1939, is James Joyces final novel. ...

Additional reading and sources

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