Charles Adolphe Wurtz (November 26, 1817 - May 10, 1884) was a French chemist. November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Chemist Julie Perkins of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory pours from a Florence flask. ...

Wurtz was born at Wolfisheim, near Strasbourg, where his father was Lutheran pastor. When he left the Protestant gymnasium at Strasbourg in 1834, his father allowed him to study medicine as next best to theology. He devoted himself specially to the chemical side of his profession with such success that in 1839 he was appointed Chef des travaux chimiques at the Strasbourg faculty of medicine. After graduating there as M.D. in 1843, with a thesis on albumin and fibrin, he studied for a year under Justus von Liebig at Giessen, and then went to Paris, where he worked in Jean Baptiste Dumas's private laboratory. In 1845 he became assistant to Dumas at the Ecole de Médecine, and four years later began to give lectures on organic chemistry in his place. His laboratory at the Ecole de Médecine was very poor, and to supplement it he opened a private one in 1850 in the Rue Garencire; but soon afterwards the house was sold, and the laboratory had to be abandoned. In 1850 he received the professorship of chemistry at the new Institut Agronomique at Versailles, but the Institut was abolished in 1852. In the following year the chair of organic chemistry at the faculty of medicine became vacant by the resignation of Dumas and the chair of mineral chemistry and toxicology by the death of Mathieu Orfila. The two were united, and Wurtz appointed to the new post. In 1866 he undertook the duties of dean of the faculty of medicine. In this position. he exerted himself to secure the rearrangement and reconstruction of the buildings devoted to scientific instruction, urging that in the provision of properly equipped teaching laboratories France was much behind Germany (see his report Les Hautes Etudes pratiques dans les universités allemandes, 1870). City motto: – City proper (commune) Région Alsace Département Bas-Rhin (67) Mayor Fabienne Keller (UMP) (since 2001) Area 78. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Main article: Minister of religion A pastor is the head minister or priest of a Christian church. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... A gymnasium is a type of school of secondary education in parts of Europe. ... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... You may be looking for albumen, or egg white. ... Fibrin is a protein involved in the clotting of blood. ... Freiherr Justus von Liebig (May 12, 1803 in Darmstadt, Germany - April 18, 1873 in Munich, Germany) was a German chemist. ... Gießen (Giessen pronunciation) is a city in the federal state (Bundesland) of Hesse in Germany, capital of the Gießen district. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world Paris is the capital and largest city of France, as well as the capital of the ÃŽle-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. ... Jean Baptiste André Dumas Jean Baptiste André Dumas (July 14, 1800 - April 10, 1884), French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) by measuring vapor densities. ... Biochemistry laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Organic chemistry is that part of chemistry concerned with the composition, structure, properties, reactions and synthesis of organic compounds. ... Versailles in 1789. ... Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila. ...

In 1875, resigning the office of dean but retaining the title of honorary dean, he became the first occupant of the chair of organic chemistry, which he induced the government to establish at the Sorbonne; but he had great difficulty in obtaining an adequate laboratory, and the building ultimately provided was not opened until after his death, which happened at Paris. The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ...

Wurtz was an honorary member of almost every scientific society in Europe. He was one of the founders of the Paris Chemical Society (1858), was its first secretary and thrice served as its president. In 1880 he was vice-president and in 1881 president of the Academy, which he entered in 1867 in succession to Théophile-Jules Pelouze. He was made a senator in 1881. World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Théophile-Jules Pelouze (also known as Jules Pelouze, Théophile Pelouze, Theo Pelouze, or TJ Pelouze) was a French chemist. ...

Wurtz's first published paper was on hypophosphorous acid (1841), and the continuation of his work on the acids of phosphorus (1845) resulted in the discovery of suiphophosphoric acid and phosphorus oxychloride, as well as of copper hydride. But his original work was mainly in the domain of organic chemistry. Investigation of the cyanic ethers (1848) yielded a class of substances which opened out a new field in organic chemistry, for, by treating those ethers with caustic potash, he obtained methylamine, the simplest organic derivative of ammonia (1849), and later (1851) the compound ureas. In 1855, reviewing the various substances that had been obtained from glycerin, he reached the conclusion that glycerin is a body of alcoholic nature formed on the type of three molecules of water, as common alcohol is on that of one, and was thus led (1856) to the discovery of the glycols or diatornic alcohols, bodies similarly related to the double water type. This discovery he worked out very thoroughly in investigations of ethylene oxide and the polyethylene alcohols. The oxidation of the glycols led him to homologues of lactic acid, and a controversy about the constitution of the latter with Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe resulted in the discovery of many new facts and in a better understanding of the relations between the oxyand the amido-acids. In 1855 he published work on what is now known as the Wurtz reaction. Flash point  ? °C R/S statement R: 34 S: S26 RTECS number  ? Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Phosphorus trichloride Phosphorus pentachloride (gas phase structure) Phosphorus oxychloride[1] Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) are reactive chemicals used as chlorinating reagents in a chemical laboratory. ... Potash Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) mixed with other potassium salts. ... Flash point  ? °C R/S statement R: ? S: ? RTECS number PF6300000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. ... Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ... Glycerin, also well known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet-tasting viscous liquid. ... In chemistry, alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, which in turn is bound to other hydrogen and/or carbon atoms. ... A girl in a swimming pool full of water Water (from the Old English waeter; c. ... Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name:ethane-1,2-diol) is a chemical compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze (coolant). ... The chemical compound ethylene oxide is an important industrial chemical used as an intermediate in the production of ethylene glycol and other chemicals, and as a sterilant for foodstuffs and medical supplies. ... Polyethylene or polyethene is a thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (over 60M tons are produced worldwide every year). ... Lactic acid, also known as milk acid or 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (September 27, 1818 – November 25, 1884) was a chemist. ... The Wurzt reaction after Charles Adolphe Wurtz is a coupling reaction in organic chemistry and organometallic chemistry where by two alkyl halides are reacted with sodium: 2 R-X + Na → R-R + 2NaX This reaction involves the radical species R.. References A. Wurtz, Ann. ...

In 1867 Wurtz prepared neurine synthetically by the action of trimethylamine on glycol-chlorhydrin, and in 1872 he discovered aldol, pointing out its double character as at once an alcohol and an aldehyde. Trimethylamine, also known as NMe3, N(CH3)3, and TMA, is a colorless, hygroscopic, and flammable simple amine with a typical fishy odor in low concentrations and an ammonia-like odor in higher concentrations. ... An aldol is both an aldehyde and an alcohol. ... An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. ...

In addition to this list of some of the new substances he prepared, reference may be made to his work on abnormal vapour densities. While working on the olefines he noticed that a change takes place in the density of the vapour of amylene hydrochloride, hydrobromide, &c, as the temperature is increased, and in the gradual passage from a gas of approximately normal density to one of half-normal density he saw a powerful argument in favor of the view that abnormal vapour densities, such as are exhibited by sal-ammoniac or phosphorus pentachloride. are to be explained by dissociation. From 1865 onwards he treated this question in several papers, and in particular maintained the dissociation of vapour of chloral hydrate, in opposition to Etienne Henri Sainte-Claire Deville and Marcellin Berthelot. Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (March 9, 1818-July 1, 1881) was a French chemist. ... Marcellin Berthelot Marcellin Pierre Eugène Berthelot (October 29, 1827 - March 18, 1907) was a French chemist and politician. ...

For twenty-one years (1852-1872) Wurtz published in the Annales de chimie et de physique abstracts of chemical work done out of France. The publication of his great Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée, in which he was assisted by many other French chemists, was begun in 1869 and finished in 1878; two supplementary volumes were issued 1880-1886, and in 1892 the publication of a second supplement was begun. Among his books are Chimie médicale (1864), Leçons élémentaires de chimie moderne (1867), Théorie des atomes dans la conception générale du monde (1874), La Théorie atomique (1878), Progrés de l'industrie des matières colorantes artificielles (1876) and Traité de chimie biologique (1880-1885). His Histoire des doctrines chimiques, the introductory discourse to his Dictionnaire, but published separately in 1868, opens with the well-known dictum, La chimie est une science française.

For his life and work, with a list of his publications, see Charles Friedel's memoir in the Bulletin de la Societe Chimique (1885); also August Wilhelm von Hofmann in the Ber. deut. c/fern. Gesellsch. (1887), reprinted in vol. iii. of his Zur Erinnerung an vorangegangene Freunde (1888). Charles Friedel (March 12, 1832 – April 20, 1899) was a French chemist and mineralogist. ... August Wilhelm von Hofmann (April 8, 1818 _ May 5, 1892) was a German chemist. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication in the public domain.