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The Charter of the French Language (also known as Bill 101 and Loi 101) is a law in the province of Quebec, Canada defining French as the only official language of Quebec. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Proposed by Camille Laurin, the Minister of Cultural Development under the first Parti Québécois government of Premier René Lévesque, it was passed into law by the National Assembly on August 26, 1977. The Charter's provisions expanded on the 1974 Official Language Act (Bill 22), which was enacted under Premier Robert Bourassa's Liberal government to make French the sole official language of Quebec. Prior to 1974, Quebec was the only province of Canada to be functionally bilingual (English and French). Dr. Camille Laurin (May 6, 1922 - March 11, 1999) was a psychiatrist and Parti Québécois (PQ) politician in the Province of Quebec, Canada. ...
The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. ...
René Lévesque (pronounced ) (August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a reporter, a minister of the government of Quebec, Canada, (1960 – 1966), the founder of the Parti Québécois political party, and 23rd Premier of Quebec (November 25, 1976 – October 3, 1985). ...
The Quebec Parliament Building at night The National Assembly of Quebec (French: Assemblée nationale du Québec) is the name for the legislative body of the province of Quebec, Canada which was defined in the Canadian constitution as the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (lassemblée législative de...
August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ...
For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...
The Official Language Act of 1974, also known as Bill 22 is an act of the National Assembly of Quebec which made French the sole official language of Quebec, a province of Canada. ...
A portrait of Robert Bourassa, taken during his second term as premier of Quebec (1985–1994). ...
The Parti libéral du Québec (Liberal Party of Quebec, although it refers to itself in English as the Québec Liberal Party), or PLQ, is a liberal political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. ...
Bilingual (English/French) sign for Preston Street (rue Preston) in Ottawas Little Italy Bilingualism in Canada refers to laws and policies of the federal government – and some other levels of government – mandating that certain services and communications be available to the public in both English and French. ...
Objective
The preamble of the Charter states that French is the official language of Quebec and its government and law, as well as "the normal and everyday language of work, instruction, communication, commerce and business". It also states that the National Assembly is to pursue this objective "in a spirit of fairness and open-mindedness, respectful of the institutions of the English-speaking community of Québec, and respectful of the ethnic minorities, whose valuable contribution to the development of Québec it readily acknowledges". In addition, it states that the National Assembly of Quebec recognizes the right of the First Nations of Quebec, "to preserve and develop their original language and culture". First Nations is a term of ethnicity used in Canada. ...
Titles Title I defines the status of the French language in the legislature, the courts, the civil administration, the semipublic agencies, labour relations, commerce and business, and language of instruction. It also defines French as a fundamental language right of every person in Quebec. - The right of persons to have all government branches, professional corporations, employee associations and enterprises doing business in Quebec communicate with them in French.
- The right of persons to speak French in deliberative assemblies.
- The right of workers to carry on their activities in French.
- The right of consumers to be informed and served in French.
- The right of persons eligible for instruction in Quebec to receive that instruction in French.
Title II pertains to the linguistic officialization, toponymy, and the francization of the civil service and Crown corporations. Toponymy is the taxonomic study of toponyms (place-names), their origins and their meanings. ...
Title III establishes the Office québécois de la langue française, defines its mission, powers, and organization. The Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) (Quebec Office of the French language) was established on March 24, 1961 along with the Quebec ministry of Cultural affairs. ...
Title IV establishes the Conseil supérieur de la langue française.
Title V and VI define penal provisions and sanctions and transitional and miscellaneous provisions.
Dispositions In order to achieve the goal of making French the normal and everyday language of Quebec, the Charter contains a number of key dispositions and various regulations. The Office québécois de la langue française (Quebec Office of the French language) is the government branch responsible to oversee the application of the Charter.
Language of civil service The Charter makes French the sole official language of communication of the state. This means that the government of Quebec and all its branches communicate primarily in French with its residents. To this day, French is the de facto language of government and civil service; however, the same cannot be said of the private sector. The francization programs for businesses were largely successful in the 1980s; however, the 1990s saw the return of bilingualism and the exclusive usage of English in a number of new economic sectors that did not exist in Quebec before, for example the high-tech industry.[citation needed]
Language of instruction One of the Charter's objectives is to increase the knowledge of French among the immigrant population so that it integrates to the mainstream society of Quebec. To do so, a disposition stipulates that children attending public schools must do so in French until the post-secondary level. It is however possible to attend non-subsidized private school in any language if the parents choose to. An exception allows for children to attend the English-language public schools if either one of the parents received his/her education in English in Canada. With this exception to the rule, the constitutional rights of the English-speaking minority of Quebec are protected. The original 1977 Charter made it legal only for children of a parent who had received his/her education in English in Quebec. This had to be amended following the adoption of the Constitution Act 1982, which defined the educational right of French and English minorities in all provinces under section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. // Overview The Constitution Act, 1982 is Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982. ...
Section Twenty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the Charter that constitutionally guarantees minority language educational rights to French-speaking communities outside Quebec, and, to a lesser extent, English-speaking minorities in Quebec. ...
The Charter, signed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1981. ...
Another disposition provides for state-funded French courses for immigrants. This measure is quite popular with newcomers; however, it has been thus far inadequately funded by all Quebec governments. Quebec has become a popular destination for emigrants from French-speaking areas, especially Indochina and Haiti, because the province combines a Francophone culture with North American economic opportunities. Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. ...
World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...
Language of labour relations The Charter makes French the official language in the workplace. In particular, current and prospective employees cannot be subject to discrimination if they are unable to or do not wish to use a language other than French. A regulation states that internal written communications for all corporations in Quebec must be in French, but a translation in any other language may be included if the employer deems it necessary.
After more than 25 years of application of the Charter, English is still often made a requirement by employers in Montreal and to a lesser extent Gatineau and Quebec City. Most non-tourist areas outside these three urban centres are completely francophone.
Anglophone and Aboriginal minorities When the Charter was drafted, the National Assembly had to consider the historical and constitutional rights of the English-speaking minority and that of the aboriginal peoples. The Charter includes several guarantees for the uses of languages other than French in Quebec. It provides, for example, that: The Quebec Parliament Building at night The National Assembly of Quebec (French: Assemblée nationale du Québec) is the name for the legislative body of the province of Quebec, Canada which was defined in the Canadian constitution as the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (lassemblée législative de...
- Quebec laws are published in English as well as in French;
- Persons may address courts of law in either French or English;
- Judgments by courts are made available in either the official language or in English upon request by one of the parties;
- The Charter does not apply on Indian reserves (Instruction in Cree and Inuit school boards are respectively in the Cree and Inuktitut languages);
Some of these guarantees are constitutionally mandatory under section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which requires federal and Quebec laws to be enacted in both English and French. The first version of the Charter of the French language stated that the laws of Quebec would only be published in French, so the provision was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in Blaikie v. Quebec (Attorney General) [1979] 2 S.C.R. 1016. The Cree are an indigenous people of North America whose people range from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean in both Canada and the United States. ...
For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ...
Cree is the name for a group of closely-related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 50,000 speakers across Canada, from Alberta to Labrador. ...
Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...
The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act), constitutes a major part of Canadas Constitution. ...
A number of exceptions are also made to the general rules for commercial production, signage, and advertising:
- Products destined exclusively for export;
- Educational products for the teaching of a language other than French;
- Cultural and ideological companies, groups, signs, and literature (including non-French broadcasters, newspapers, etc.);
- Companies (usually multinational corporations) that sign an agreement with the OQLF permitting an exemption from the francization requirement. (However, the rules regarding the right of a worker to work in French still apply.)
Legal dispute -
Language in Canada is defined federally by the Official Languages Act and is part of the Canadian Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada has made rulings with respect to the Quebec Charter. Because of this, some of the Charter's articles have been changed since its introduction in 1977. The most well-known and controversial change affected the regulation of exterior commercial signs. In its first enactment the Charter made it illegal for businesses to hold commercial exterior signs in a language other than French. For the time the regulation lasted, it had a huge impact on Quebec's "linguistic visage". English-only and bilingual English and French exterior signs were taken down and replaced by French-only signs. (Note that the regulation did not affect trademarks.) The legal dispute over Quebecs language policy began soon after the enactment of the Charter of the French Language by the National Assembly of Quebec in 1977. ...
The Official Languages Act of 1969 is an Act of Parliament which recognizes English and French as the official languages of Canada. ...
The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. ...
The Supreme Court of Canada (French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. ...
Following a court challenge, this section of the law was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms in 1988, (see: Ford v. Quebec (A.G.)). The Supreme Court ruled that the Quebec government could legitimately require that French have "greater visibility" or "marked predominance" on exterior commercial signs; however, it could not enforce the exclusive use of French. The Liberal government of Robert Bourassa invoked the notwithstanding clause of the Constitution to temporarily overrule the Supreme court ruling; the Charter was subsequently amended by the Liberals in 1993 with Bill 86 in accordance with the ruling. The Supreme Court of Canada (French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. ...
The Charter, signed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1981. ...
The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (French: Charte des droits et libertés de la personne) is a statutory bill of rights adopted by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975. ...
Ford v. ...
The Parti libéral du Québec (Liberal Party of Quebec, although it refers to itself in English as the Québec Liberal Party), or PLQ, is a liberal political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. ...
A portrait of Robert Bourassa, taken during his second term as premier of Quebec (1985–1994). ...
Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. ...
Bill 86 allowed the the use of English of outdoor, public signs in the Canadian province of Quebec, as long as the French is more prominent. ...
As suggested by the Supreme Court ruling, the current law specifies that commercial outdoor signs can be multilingual so long as French is markedly predominant. The current provisions regarding exterior commercial signs were confirmed as constitutional by the Quebec Court of Appeal in R. c. Entreprises W.F.H. [2001] R.J.Q. 2557 (C.A.) (also known as "The Lyon & the Walrus Case"). Today, many businesses choose to put up French-only signs, and at times, even change their registered trademarks to adapt to the Quebec market. Nevertheless, English–French bilingualism quickly returned on exterior signs after 1993, especially on Montreal Island (which has a 53/29/18 Francophone/Allophone/Anglophone split). In Quebec, an allophone is someone whose first language or language of use is neither English nor French. ...
The Court of Quebec rendered a number of decisions regarding the applicability of Charter to advertising over the Internet. The court found that commercial websites of businesses that operate from Quebec and sell to Quebec need to conform to the provisions of the Charter regarding the rights of Quebecers to receive services in French. In A.G. of Quebec (Procureur Général) c. Stanley John Reid et Frances Muriel Reid (JE 2002-1266), the defendant raised the argument that the content of Internet is of exclusive federal jurisdiction pursuant to the Constitution Act, 1867, and thus its regulation is ultra vires of the Quebec Government. The court confirmed the applicability of the Charter on advertising over the Internet. The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act), constitutes a major part of Canadas Constitution. ...
Ultra vires is a Latin phrase that literally means beyond the power. ...
Opposition -
| | The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page. | The Charter of the French Language, though popular among a majority of Francophones, has been poorly received by groups with mother tongues other than French. The enforcers of the Charter, widely referred to in English media as the "language police" or "tongue troopers", are able to levy fines of up to seven thousand dollars per offense to punish those who are not in compliance with the Charter ("Titre V", 2004). By some estimates the Charter has caused up to 300,000 people to emigrate from Quebec since the 1970s, many to the neighbouring province of Ontario [1]. Several large corporations, notably Royal Bank and Bank of Montreal (which even considered removing "Montreal" from its name), moved their major operations to Toronto. Many blame the Charter because it hindered Montreal's economic development, allowing Toronto to overtake Montreal and become the undisputed business capital of Canada. The legal dispute over Quebecs language policy began soon after the enactment of the Charter of the French Language by the National Assembly of Quebec in 1977. ...
Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
Language police refers to any person or group crusading for a particular usage or omission within a language; also called language cops, tongue troopers. ...
The Royal Bank of Canada (TSX: RY, NYSE: RY) is Canadas largest chartered bank. ...
Bank of Montreal (TSX: BMO, NYSE: BMO) is Canadas fourth largest bank[1], and is classified as a Domestic Chartered Bank (Schedule I). ...
Although the Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) (which is commonly referred to as l'Office) will often provide warnings before resorting to legal sanctions, the alleged abuse of its power has led to charges of racism and harassment being levelled against them by members of minority groups (Martin 2004). The OQLF urged stores to remove imported kosher goods that did not meet labelling requirements, an action perceived in the Jewish community as an unfair targeting that coincided with a high-profile case against the well-known delicatessen, Schwartz's (B'nai B'rith, 1996). In 2002, alternative media highlighted cases of alleged harassment of allophone merchants whose French was perceived by the OQLF as being less than perfect (Gravenor, 2002). The Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) (Quebec Office of the French language) was established on March 24, 1961 along with the Quebec ministry of Cultural affairs. ...
Schwartzs ensigna Schwartzs Hebrew Delicatessen, established in 1928 by Reuben Schwartz, a Jewish immigrant to Montreal from Romania, is a landmark on Boulevard Saint-Laurent, and is one of the most famous smoked meat restaurants in Montreal. ...
In Quebec, an allophone is someone whose first language or language of use is neither English nor French. ...
The 2004 annual report of the OQLF was criticized by some in the English media who see it as an example of a totalitarian mindset in the bureaucracy (Macpherson, 2004). The report contained sections describing the continued prevalence of languages other than French in one-third of Montreal's households as "alarming" ("Rapport annuel" 2004).
Political opposition to the Charter and earlier language laws was ineffective since both the Parti Quebecois and Quebec Liberal parties introduced or upheld such legislation. After Bourassa passed the Official Language Act, Anglophones turned their support to the Union Nationale in the 1976 election, but despite that short resurgence of support, the party collapsed in the subsequent election. Rather, court challenges have been more successful. The Official Language Act of 1974, also known as Bill 22 is an act of the National Assembly of Quebec which made French the sole official language of Quebec, a province of Canada. ...
The Union Nationale was a political party in Quebec, Canada, that identified with conservative French-Canadian nationalism. ...
The provisions of the Charter that limit access to English-speaking schools to the children of those educated in English Canada have also faced criticism and legal challenges, from both francophones and anglophones. Francophone Quebecers have also initiated legal challenges in Quebec's courts, seeking the freedom to educate their children in the language they choose (Hanes 2002). These challenges are particularly controversial, as some see them as threatening to shift the ratio between French students and English students back to pre-Charter levels; many English-language schools in Montreal had been forced to close their doors after the introduction of the Charter in the 1970s.
The use of the notwithstanding clause in the 1990s to circumvent the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms also drew a very negative reaction in other Canadian provinces; the syndrome de Sault Ste. Marie was a series of symbolic but divisive resolutions by some municipalities outside Quebec declaring their towns unilingually English in protest of this infringement on the rights embodied in the Canadian charter. The Charter, signed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1981. ...
Nickname: The Soo Motto: Naturally Gifted Coordinates: Country Canada Province Ontario District Algoma District Incorporated 1887 (town), 1912 (city) City Mayor John Rowswell Governing body The Corporation of the City of Sault Sainte Marie MPs Tony Martin MPPs David Orazietti Area - City 715 km² (276 sq mi) Elevation 192 m...
Aside from the issue of civil rights, the Charter has faced legal challenges because the restricted education opportunities have hindered commerce and employment. Although the Charter made French the de facto language of government and civil administration, the same cannot be said of the private sector. The francization programs for businesses were largely successful in the 1980s; however, the 1990s saw the return of bilingualism and the exclusive usage of English in a number of new economic sectors that did not exist in Quebec before, for example the hi-tech industry. Despite more than 25 years of application of the Charter, English is still often made a requirement by employers in Montreal and to a lesser extent Quebec City.
On November 14, 1988 the political and human rights watchdog organization Freedom House published “The Doctrine of ‘Preponderance of Blood’ in South Africa, the Soviet Union and Quebec”in its journal Exchange. Introduced by Zbigniew Brzezinski, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter’s National Security advisor, the essay compared the language of instruction provisions of the Charter with South African apartheid statutes and jurisprudence. The statutes of both Quebec and the now-defunct South Africa apartheid system employ the “doctrine of preponderance of blood“ which is the assigning of classifications to individuals based upon who one’s parents are, what the parents’ classification is, and the handing down of this classification from one generation to the next, in perpetuity. The conclusion: the Quebec Charter's language of instruction provisions produce de facto segregation of civil rights. The basic premise of free and democratic societies of equality under the law is violated by the creation of two separate civil rights categories: those individuals that can freely choose to send their children to either French or English publicly funded schools and those that are forced to send their children only to French publicly funded schools. It should be noted, however, that the Supreme Court of Canada refused the discrimination-based-on-ancestry argument under the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms in Gosselin (Tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General) on the grounds that it conflicted with s. 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This map reflects the findings of Freedom Houses 2006 survey Freedom in the World, concerning the state of world freedom in 2005. ...
Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (born March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman. ...
The Supreme Court of Canada (French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. ...
Gosselin (Tutor of) v. ...
The Charter, signed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1981. ...
Trivia One of the specifics of the Charter is insistence of French instructions for all products. During the 1990s Pokémon craze, the then PQ-led government pushed for the publication of French-translated Pokémon cards, lest Wizards of the Coast and the various stores selling the cards be fined. A line of French cards was produced, but did not gain as much value among collectors as the original English and Japanese versions. [2] The official Pokémon logo. ...
Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is a publisher of games, primarily based on fantasy and science fiction themes. ...
As of 2003, all video games sold in Quebec must include French instructions. Stores holding unused games with English-only instructions will be fined for each individual offending copy and see their merchandise seized. Though, humorously enough, the translation of the instruction booklets, as well as even the back of video game boxes with French translations on them, are sometimes lousy (“carnivore plante“ behind Super Mario Sunshine's box) and the French booklets usually lack colors. This article is about computer and video games. ...
Super Mario Sunshine ) is a 3-D platforming video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube. ...
On conclusion, all these problem are the result of one century of plan to assimilate french-canadian and the genocide of acadian people.
In the 70, all world change, many colonial contry find they independance, in Quebec the wind flow, and many ting was make to correct the assimilation plan.
1900 was a terrible time for french-canadian who with no land and no job was running to the United-States, make money and feed they child. Canadian goberment at this time don't want on other french province refuse land to quebecer. 1930 quebec people take Abitibi, with Quebec goverment.
See also This article presents the current demolingistics of the Canadian province of Quebec. ...
Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages. ...
A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country. ...
French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...
Anglo-Quebecers (also Anglo-Quebeckers) are English-speaking (anglophone) residents of the primarily French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec. ...
The children of Bill 101 (les enfants de la loi 101) is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (aka Bill 101). ...
Bilingual (English/French) sign for Preston Street (rue Preston) in Ottawas Little Italy Bilingualism in Canada refers to laws and policies of the federal government – and some other levels of government – mandating that certain services and communications be available to the public in both English and French. ...
The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language), is a law of the French government mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, advertisements, and some other contexts. ...
Notes
References - Charter of the French Language, Éditeur officiel du Québec (online through the Canadian Legal Information Institute, updated on December 1 2006)
- Regulations adopted under the Charter of the French language, Éditeur officiel du Québec, (online through the Canadian Legal Information Institute, updated on November 17, 2006)
- Supreme Court written judgment: Ford v. Quebec (A.G.) 1988 2 S.C.R. 712 (online through the Canadian Legal Information Institute)
- B'nai B'rith. 1996 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents. Retrieved November 26, 2004.
- Hanes, Allison. (March 11, 2002) "More and more francophone parents buck school restrictions", The Gazette. (Montreal), page A1
- Macpherson, Don. (November 25, 2004). "OQLF report borders on bigotry", The Gazette (Montreal), page A27
- Martin, Susan Taylor. (August 9, 1999). "In Quebec, some take law as sign of discrimination", St. Petersburg Times, (Florida), page 1A. Retrieved December 5, 2004.
- L'Office québécois de la langue française. (2004) Rapport annuel de gestion 2003–2004 (PDF), page 13. Retrieved November 26, 2004.
- L'Office québécois de la langue française. (2004) Titre V : Dispositions pénales et autres sanctions. Retrieved December 4, 2004.
- Kondaks, Tony. (November 14, 1988) “The Doctrine of ‘Preponderance of Blood’ in South Africa, the Soviet Union and Quebec”, Freedom House, Exchange
1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
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March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (71st in leap years). ...
For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...
November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
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August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ...
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
Nickname: Floridas Sunshine City Location of the city proper in the state of Florida Coordinates: Country United States State Florida County Pinellas County Founded 1876 Incorporated February 29, 1892 - Mayor Rick Baker Area - City 133. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ...
December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...
November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
December 4th redirects here. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This map reflects the findings of Freedom Houses 2006 survey Freedom in the World, concerning the state of world freedom in 2005. ...
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