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A chatterbot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods. Though many appear to be intelligently interpreting the human input prior to providing a response, most chatterbots simply scan for keywords within the input and pull a reply with the most matching keywords or the most similar wording pattern from a local database. Chatterbots may also be referred to as talk bots, chat bots, or chatterboxes. A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ...
Lenin and Stalin in conversation Conversation is the verbalization of concepts involving abstractions and concrete objects which make up the reality in which we reside. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Method of operation
A good understanding of a conversation is required to carry on a meaningful dialog but most chatterbots do not attempt this. Instead they "converse" by recognizing cue words or phrases from the human user, which allows them to use pre-prepared or pre-calculated responses which can move the conversation on in an apparently meaningful way without requiring them to know what they are talking about.
For example, if a human types, "I am feeling very worried lately," the chatterbot may be programmed to recognize the phrase "I am" and respond by replacing it with "Why are you" plus a question mark at the end, giving the answer, "Why are you feeling very worried lately?" A similar approach using keywords would be for the program to answer any comment including (Name of celebrity) with "I think they're great, don't you?" Humans, especially those unfamiliar with chatterbots, sometimes find the resulting conversations engaging. Critics of chatterbots call this engagement the ELIZA effect. The ELIZA effect, in computer science, is the tendency to unconsciously assume computer behaviors are analogous to human behaviors, despite conscious knowledge to the contrary. ...
Some programs classified as chatterbots use other principles. One example is Jabberwacky, which attempts to model the way humans learn new facts and language. ELLA attempts to use natural language processing to make more useful responses from a human's input. Some programs that use natural language conversation, such as SHRDLU, are not generally classified as chatterbots because they link their speech ability to knowledge of a simulated world. This type of link requires a more complex artificial intelligence (eg., a "vision" system) than standard chatterbots have. Jabberwacky is a chatterbot created by British programmer Rollo Carpenter. ...
EllaZ Systems is an artificial intelligence software company whose natural language chatbot Ella took first prize in the 2002 Loebner Prize Contest. ...
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. ...
// SHRDLU was an early natural language understanding computer program, developed by Terry Winograd at MIT from 1968-1970. ...
Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ...
Early chatterbots The classic early chatterbots are ELIZA and PARRY. More recent programs are Racter, Verbots, A.L.I.C.E., and ELLA. ELIZA is a computer program by Joseph Weizenbaum, designed in 1966, which parodied a Rogerian therapist, largely by rephrasing many of the patients statements as questions and posing them to the patient. ...
Parry may refer to: A parry, a manoeuvre in fencing. ...
-- Allegedly written by Racter, from The Policemans Beard is Half Constructed Racter was an artificial intelligence computer program that generated English language prose at random. ...
// Verbots Verbots combine natural language, artificial intelligence, and real-time animation with voice synthesis to create engaging virtual personalities on your computer or on the internet. ...
A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity) is an award-winning natural language processing chatterbot — a program that engages in a conversation with a human by applying some heuristical pattern matching rules to the humans input. ...
EllaZ Systems is an artificial intelligence software company whose natural language chatbot Ella took first prize in the 2002 Loebner Prize Contest. ...
The growth of chatterbots as a research field has created an expansion in their purposes. While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, Racter was used to "write" a story called The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed. ELLA includes a collection of games and functional features to further extend the potential of chatterbots. -- Allegedly written by Racter, from The Policemans Beard is Half Constructed Racter was an artificial intelligence computer program that generated English language prose at random. ...
The term "ChatterBot" was coined by Michael Mauldin (Creator of the first Verbot, Julia) in 1994 to describe these conversational programs in a conference paper written for the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Michael Fuzzy L. Mauldin was the founder of the Lycos Web Search Engine company. ...
// Verbots Verbots combine natural language, artificial intelligence, and real-time animation with voice synthesis to create engaging virtual personalities on your computer or on the internet. ...
Malicious chatterbots Malicious chatterbots are frequently used to fill chat rooms with spam and advertising, or to entice people into revealing personal information, such as bank account numbers. They are commonly found on Yahoo! Messenger, .NET Messenger Service, AOL Instant Messenger and other instant messaging protocols. Yahoo! Messenger is a popular advertisement-supported instant messaging client and protocol provided by Yahoo!. Yahoo! Messenger is provided free of charge and can be downloaded and used with a generic Yahoo! ID which also allows access to other Yahoo! services, such as Yahoo! Mail, where users can be automatically...
The . ...
AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) is an advertisement-supported proprietary freeware instant messaging and presence computer program which uses the OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol. ...
Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. ...
Chatterbots in modern AI Most modern AI research focuses on practical engineering tasks. This is known as weak AI and is distinguished from strong AI, which would require sapience and reasoning abilities. Weak AI is a term coined by John Searle and explained in his paper Minds, Brains, And Programs. ...
In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. ...
Not to be confused with sentience. ...
One pertinent field of AI research is natural language. Usually weak AI fields employ specialised software or programming languages created for them. For example, one of the 'most-human' natural language chatterbots, A.L.I.C.E., uses a programming language called AIML that is specific to its program, and its various clones, named Alicebots. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still based on pattern matching without any reasoning. This is the same technique ELIZA, the first chatterbot, was using back in 1966. The term natural language is used to distinguish languages spoken and signed (by hand signals and facial expressions) by humans for general-purpose communication from constructs such as writing, computer-programming languages or the languages used in the study of formal logic, especially mathematical logic. ...
A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity) is an award-winning natural language processing chatterbot — a program that engages in a conversation with a human by applying some heuristical pattern matching rules to the humans input. ...
AIML, or Artificial Intelligence Markup Language, is an XML dialect for creating natural language software agents. ...
An Alicebot is an artificially intelligent software agent that processes natural language (a chatbot). ...
ELIZA is a computer program by Joseph Weizenbaum, designed in 1966, which parodied a Rogerian therapist, largely by rephrasing many of the patients statements as questions and posing them to the patient. ...
Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ...
Other programs such as Jabberwacky may be a little closer to strong AI, as they are said to learn from user interactions and are capable of producing new and unique responses, rather than being driven from a static database. Although such programs show initial promise, many of the existing results in trying to tackle the problem of natural language still appear fairly poor, and it seems reasonable to state that there is currently no general purpose conversational artificial intelligence. This has led some software developers to focus more on the practical aspect of chatterbot technology - information retrieval. Jabberwacky is a chatterbot created by British programmer Rollo Carpenter. ...
Information retrieval (IR) is the science of searching for information in documents, searching for documents themselves, searching for metadata which describe documents, or searching within databases, whether relational stand-alone databases or hypertext networked databases such as the Internet or World Wide Web or intranets, for text, sound, images or...
A common question within the AI community asks, "How do we know that humans don't just follow similarly cleverly devised rules like Chatterbots?" Two famous examples of this line of argument against the Turing test are John Searle's Chinese room argument and Ned Block's Blockhead argument. John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932 in Denver, Colorado) is the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, and is noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and consciousness, on the characteristics of socially constructed versus physical realities, and on practical reason. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Ned Block (born 1942) is a philosopher of mind who has made important contributions to matters of consciousness and cognitive science. ...
Blockhead is the name of a theoretical computer system invented as part of a thought experiment by philosopher Ned Block, which appeared in a paper entitled Psychologism and Behaviourism. ...
See also Doctor Who novel named after the test, see The Turing Test. ...
The Loebner Prize is an annual competition that awards prizes to the Chatterbot considered by the judges to be the most humanlike of those entered. ...
There are a small number of competitions for chatterbots, at least two of which are run each year. ...
In mathematics, a Markov chain, named after Andrey Markov, is a discrete-time stochastic process with the Markov property. ...
// This list of Chatterbots is incomplete. ...
External links - Chatterbots at the Open Directory Project
- Chatterbot Central at The Simon Laven Page
- The Chatterbot Collection
- Chatbot Hub - A directory of news, programs, and links all related to chatterbots and Artificial Intelligence.
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