The three primary ingredients of fertilizers are listed on the fertilizer bags as nitrogen, phosphate and potash as three numbers, indicating the ratios in that order. Thus a 5-10-5 fertilizer would have 10 per cent phosphate in its ingredients.
Manure was once the dominant fertilizer, and is still used, but its role is greatly diminished. Fertilizer can be created either from natural organic material such as manure or compost (see also organic gardening), or artificially as through the Haber-Bosch process which produces ammonia. This ammonia is used to produce nitric acid. A reaction product of ammonia and nitric acid already gives Ammonium nitrate which is a fertilizer product. The nitric acid and ammonia also can be used in the Odda Process to produce compound fertilizers such as 15-15-15.
The Haber-Bosch process uses about one percent of the Earth's total energy supply in order to provide half of the nitrogen needed in agriculture. Organic material has the advantage of adding carbon compounds to the soil. A major source of soil fertility is the decomposing crop residue from prior years, though this is not considered "fertilizer."
Over-use of fertilizer can lead to algal blooms in lakes and streams that receive run-off from crop lands, and lead to long-term degradation of the soil; see in this regard eutrophication and nutrients. For these reasons, it is recommended that knowledge of the nutrient requirements of the soil vis-a-vis the crop precede applications of commercial fertilizer. In short, excess nutrient elements can cause local soil and off-site damage, as well as waste money.
Fertilizers may be spread over the soil surface or plowed under, drilled into deep or shallow layers of the soil, applied in bands under the rows where the seeds are to be sown, drilled into the bands at the time of planting, or side-dressed between planted rows.
Over-application of chemicalfertilizers, or application of chemicalfertilizers at a time when the ground is waterlogged or the crop is not able to use the chemicals, can lead to surface runoff (particularly phosphorus) or leaching into groundwater (particularly nitrates).
If sufficient light and proper temperature are present, the nutrients in chemicalfertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) are readily assimilated by phytoplankton and their abundance increases.
Chemicalfertilizers are concentrated nutrients for green plants.
Two disadvantages of chemicalfertilizers, especially for isolated farms operated on a limited budget, are that they are usually expensive and available only from commercial suppliers.
Feeds |
Contact