Chemical pathology (also known as clinical biochemistry or clinical chemistry) is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. Pathology (in ancient Greek pathos = pain/pation and logos = word) is the study of diseases. ... This is a list of Bodily fluids. ...

The discipline originated in the late 19th century with the use of simple chemical tests for various components of blood and urine. Subsequently other techniques were applied including the use and measurement of enzyme activities, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis and immunoassay. Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = leaven) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... In physics, spectrophotometry is the quantitative study of spectra. ... SDS-PAGE autoradiography Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point. ... An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the level of bodily reaction to a foreign object. ...

Most current laboratories are now highly automated and use assays that are closely monitored and quality controlled.

Tests that require examination and measurement of the cells of blood, as well as blood clotting studies, are not included as these are usually grouped under haematology. Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ...

All biochemical tests come under chemical pathology. These are usually performed on serum, (the yellow watery part of blood that is left after the blood has been allowed to clot and all blood cells have been removed. This is most easily done by centrifugation which packs the more dense blood cells and platelets to the bottom of the centrifuge tube, leaving the liquid serum fraction resting above the packed cells). Blood plasma is a component of blood. ...

A large laboratory will accept up to about 700 tests. Even the largest of laboratories rarely does all these tests themselves and some need to be referred to other labs. A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on biological specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient. ...

This large array of tests can be further sub-categorised into sub- specialities of:

• General or routine chemistry
• Endocrinology to do with hormones
• Immunology to do with the study of the immune system and antibodies
• Pharmacology or Toxicology to do with the study of drugs

Common Chemical Pathology tests are listed below Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicon and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. ...

General Name, Symbol, Number sodium, Na, 11 Series alkali metal Group, Period, Block 1 (IA), 3 , s Density, Hardness 968 kg/m3, 0. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1(IA), 4, s Density, Hardness 856 kg/m3, 0. ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. ... Bicarbonate is a polyatomic ion whose formula is HCO3-. It is the intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid: removing the first proton from carbonic acid forms bicarbonate; removing the second proton leads to the carbonate ion. ... Urea Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO and the structure shown right: Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietry Names (rINN)in use in Europe e. ... Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass). ... General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Series alkaline earth metal Group, Period, Block 2 (IIA), 4, s Density, Hardness 1550 kg/m3, 1. ... In chemistry, a phosphate is a polyatomic ion or radical consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen. ... You may be looking for albumen, or egg white. ... Bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of haem (heme in American English). ... Aspartate transaminase (AST) also called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) (EC 2. ... Alanine transaminase or ALT is (mostly) a liver enzyme (EC 2. ... Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (EC 2. ... Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups in the 5- and 3- positions from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2 (IIA), 3, s Density, Hardness 1738 kg/m³, 2. ... Osmolality, in biology and chemistry, is a measure of moles of solute per kg of water. ... Uric Acid Uric acid is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula C5H4N4O3 It is a minor end-product of nitrogen metabolism in the human body (the main product being urea), and is found in small amounts in urine. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metal Group, Period, Block 8 (VIIIB), 4 , d Density, Hardness 7874 kg/m3, 4. ... Transferrin is a protein for iron ion delivery. ... A globular protein is a protein that is globe-like, or rounded in shape, often soluble in aqueous solution. ... A space-filling model of glucose Glucose, a simple monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used as a source of energy in animals and plants. ... C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein, an acute phase protein produced by the liver. ... HbA1c is shorthand for glycated hemoglobin A1c, a surrogate marker for blood glucose levels. ...

See also

• Reference ranges for common blood tests