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A chemoluminescent reaction carried out in an erlenmeyer flask producing a large amount of light.

Chemiluminescence (sometimes "chemoluminescence") is the emission of light (luminescence) without emission of heat as the result of a chemical reaction. Given reactants A and B, with an excited intermediate ◊, we have: Image File history File links Size of this preview: 479 × 433 pixelsFull resolution (479 × 433 pixel, file size: 39 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Cropped and horizontally flipped image of a chemoluminescent reaction. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 479 × 433 pixelsFull resolution (479 × 433 pixel, file size: 39 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Cropped and horizontally flipped image of a chemoluminescent reaction. ... Conical flask An Erlenmeyer flask (also known as a conical flask) is a widely used type of laboratory glassware which features a conical base with a cylindrical neck. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Electromagnetic radiation. ... In chemistry, the reactants are the substances that exist at the start of a chemical reaction. ... In chemistry a reactive intermediate is a short-lived high energy highly reactive molecule. ...

[A] + [B] → [◊] → [Products] + light

For example, if [A] is luminol and [B] is hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a suitable catalyst we have: It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Electromagnetic radiation. ... Synthesis of Luminol. ...

luminol + H₂O₂ → 3-APA[◊] → 3-APA + light

where:

• where 3-APA is 3-aminophthalate
• 3-APA[◊] is the excited state fluorescing as it decays to a lower energy level.

The decay of the excited state[◊] to a lower energy level is responsible for the emission of light. In theory, one photon of light should be given off for each molecule of reactant, or Avogadro's number of photons per mole. In actual practice, non-enzymatic reactions seldom exceed 1% Q_C, quantum efficiency. Avogadros number, also called Avogadros constant (NA), named after Amedeo Avogadro, is formally defined to be the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams (0. ... A graph showing variation of quantum efficiency with wavelength of the CCD chips in the Hubble Space Telescopes Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. ...

A standard example of chemiluminescence in the laboratory setting is found in the luminol test, where evidence of blood is taken when the sample glows upon contact with iron. When chemiluminescence takes place in living organisms, the phenomenon is called bioluminescence. A lightstick emits light by chemiluminescence. Synthesis of Luminol. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... Luminescence is light not generated by high temperatures alone. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Image of hundreds of agar plates cultured with a species of bioluminescent marine bacteria displayed in a pattern as an art exhibit called Bioglyphs at Montana State University–Bozeman. ... Three types of lightsticks in several colours A lightstick, also called a glowstick, is a transparent plastic tube which contains chemical fluids held apart in two compartments. ...

Liquid-phase reactions

Luminol in an alkaline solution with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron or copper^[1], or an auxiliary oxidant^[2], produces chemiluminescence. The luminol reaction is Synthesis of Luminol. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ...

luminol + H₂O₂ → 3-APA[[◊]] → 3-APA + light

The quantum efficiency, Q_C is 1%. For the laboratory experiment see references ^[1],[2].

Cyalume, as used in a lightstick, emits light by chemiluminescence of a fluorescent dye activated by cyalume reacting with hydrogen peroxide in the most efficient non-enzymatic reaction known.^[3] Three types of lightsticks in five colours A lightstick, also called a glowstick, is a transparent plastic tube which contains chemical fluids held apart in two compartments. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ...

cyalume + H₂O₂ + dye → phenol + 2CO₂ + dye[[◊]]

When the activated fluorescent dye decays to a lower energy level, light is given off. The color depends upon the dye. For a list of dyes see reference ^[4].

There are a number of other chemiluminescence reactions. Some of them are briefly described here.

Ru(bipy)₃²⁺ is a ruthenium(II) complex which undergoes oxidation to ruthenium(III) if certain oxidizing agents are introduced. If ruthenium(III) complex is then reduced in alkaline medium, emission of light occurs. General Name, Symbol, Number Ruthenium, Ru, 44 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass 101. ...

First, there is a reaction:

2Ru(bipy)₃²⁺ + PbO₂ + 4H⁺ → 2Ru(bipy)₃³⁺ + Pb²⁺ + 2H₂O

Here, Ru(III) is obtained. Further reaction includes use of solution of sodium tetrahydroborate(III), NaBH₄ in alkaline medium. When the solution is added, Ru(III) is reduced to Ru(II) and we get orange light.

TMAE (tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene) can be oxidized by air. When that happens, emission of clear blue green light occurs.

Oxalyl chloride (C₂O₂Cl₂) produces light when oxidized - but only in the presence of a sensitiser. That can be any compound with rigid system of aromatic rings or a compound, which includes enough double or triple bonds in its structure to store electrochemical energy through means of vibration. The excited molecule (in this case, oxalyl chloride) transfers its electrochemical energy in certain phase of chemical reaction to sensitiser, thus making the sensitiser excited and capable of light emission. Good examples are rodamine 6 G, fluorescein, violanthrone and similar compounds. Anyway, if oxalyl chloride is treated with H₂O₂ in non-aqueous media (e.g. CH₂Cl₂) in the presence of sensitiser, emission of light is obtained. The colour, intensity and duration of light emission depend on the sensitiser used. Rodamin 6 G gives bright orange light with moderate duration of emission. Safety (MSDS) data for oxalyl chloride General Synonyms: ethanedioyl chloride, oxalic acid chloride, oxalic acid dichloride, oxalyl dichloride, oxalic dichloride, oxaloyl chloride Molecular formula: C2Cl2O2 CAS No: 79-37-8 EINECS No: 201-200-2 Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: - 9 C Boiling point: 63 - 64 C Vapour... Sensitiser in chemoluminescence is a compound, capable of light emission after it has received energy from a molecule, which became excited previously in the chemical reaction. ... This page is a list of sources of light. ... Rhodamine B Rhodamine 6G Rhodamine is a family of related chemical compounds, fluorone dyes. ... Fluorescein in dropper used for eye examination. ...

Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxibenzene) is also capable of light emission under right circumstances. If an aqueous solution of pyrogallol, NaOH and K₂CO₃ is mixed with formaldehyde, short-lived red emission occurs. Pyrogallol or benzene-1,2,3-triol is a white crystalline powder and a powerful reducing agent. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal) is a gas with a pungent smell. ...

Pure oxygen (O₂) can also emit light. If solutions of 30% hydrogen peroxide and 5% alkaline sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) are mixed, red light is emitted. It is barely visible, though - for this reason, in such experiment sensitiser is often included to boost light emission in terms of brightness and intensity. Again, both colour and intensity of light depend on sensitiser used. General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaClO. A solution of sodium hypochlorite is frequently used as a disinfectant and as a bleaching agent; indeed, often it is simply called bleach, though other chemicals are sometimes given that name as well. ...

Lucigenin oxidation is also very well known among chemiluminescence reactions. If an aqueous lucigenin solution is mixed with highly alkaline aqueous solution containing ethanol or acetone and hydrogen peroxide, very bright green emission is produced that decays to greenish blue and finally blue emission. The duration of the emission can be up to a couple of minutes under the right circumstances. Lucigenin Lucigenine is a aromatic compound, mainly used in areas which include chemoluminescence. ... Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound with a distinctive perfume-like odor, and is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. ... In chemistry, acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ...

For more information about how to perform experiments mentioned, see the reference ^[5].

Lightsticks

Three types of lightsticks in five colours File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Three types of lightsticks in five colours File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Three types of lightsticks in several colours A lightstick, also called a glowstick, is a transparent plastic tube which contains chemical fluids held apart in two compartments. ...

Gas-phase reactions

One of the oldest known chemoluminescent reactions is that of elemental white phosphorus oxidizing in moist air, producing a green glow. This is actually a gas-phase reaction of phosphorus vapor, above the solid, with oxygen producing excited states (PO)₂ and HPO.^[3] General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ...

Another gas phase reaction is the basis of nitric oxide detection in commercial analytic instruments applied to environmental air quality testing. Ozone is combined with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide in an activated state. R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ...

NO+O₃ → NO₂[◊]+ O₂

The activated NO₂[◊] luminesces broadband visible to infrared light as it reverts to a lower energy state. A photomultiplier and associated electronics counts the photons which are proportional to the amount of NO present. Photomultipliers, or photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared. ...

To determine the amount of nitrogen dioxide, NO₂, in a sample (containing no NO) it must first be converted to nitric oxide, NO, by passing the sample through a converter before the above ozone activation reaction is applied. The ozone reaction produces a photon count proportional to NO which is proportional to NO₂ before it was converted to NO. [1] R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

In the case of a mixed sample containing both NO and NO₂, the above reaction yields the amount of NO and NO₂ combined in the air sample, assuming that the sample is passed through the converter.

If the mixed sample is not passed through the converter, the ozone reaction produces activated NO₂[◊] only in proportion to the NO in the sample. The NO₂ in the sample is not activated by the ozone reaction. Though unactivated NO₂ is present with the activated NO₂[◊], photons are only emitted by the activated species which is proportional to original NO.

Final step, subtract NO from (NO + NO₂) to yield NO₂

Bioluminescence

Main article: bioluminescence

Chemiluminescence takes place in numerous living organisms, the American firefly being a widely studied case of bioluminescence. Image of hundreds of agar plates cultured with a species of bioluminescent marine bacteria displayed in a pattern as an art exhibit called Bioglyphs at Montana State University–Bozeman. ...

The firefly reaction has the highest known quantum efficiency, Q_C of 88%, for chemiluminescence reactions. ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate), the ubiquitous biological energy source, reacts with luciferin with the aid of the enzyme luciferase to yield an intermediate complex. This complex combines with oxygen to produce a highly fluorescent compound. A graph showing variation of quantum efficiency with wavelength of the CCD chips in the Hubble Space Telescopes Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Luciferin is a generic name for light-emitting pigments found in organisms capable of bioluminescence, like fireflies, deep-sea fish and microbes. ... Luciferase is a generic name for enzymes commonly used in nature for bioluminescence. ...

ECL

Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) is a common technique for a variety of detection assays in biology. A horseradish peroxidase molecule (HRP) is tethered to the molecule of interest (usually by immunoglobulin staining). This then locally catalyzes the conversion of the ECL reagent into a sensitized reagent, which on further oxidation by hydrogen peroxide, produces a triplet (excited) carbonyl which emits light when it decays to the singlet carbonyl. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase, found in horseradish, is used extensively in molecular biology in antibody amplification and detection, among other things[1]. For example, In recent years the technique of marking neurons with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has become a major tool. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ... Carbonyl group In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. ...

The mechanism of action for a typical ECL reagent:

Mechanism for ECL File links The following pages link to this file: Chemoluminescence ...

Applications

• gas analysis: for determining small amounts of impurities or poisons in air. Other compounds can also be determined by this method (ozone, N-oxides, S-compounds). Typical example is NO determination with detection limits down to 1 ppb
• analysis of inorganic species in liquid phase
• analysis of organic species: useful with enzymes, where the substrate isn't directly involved in chemiluminescence reaction, but the product is

For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...

External links and references

1. ^ ^{a b} Luminol chemistry laboratory demonstration. Retrieved on 2006-03-29.
2. ^ ^{a b} Investigating luminol (PDF). Salters Advanced Chemistry. Retrieved on 2006-03-29.
3. ^ ^{a b} Rauhut, Michael M. (1985), Chemiluminescence. In Grayson, Martin (Ed) (1985). Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (3rd ed), pp 247 John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-51700-3
4. ^ Helmenstine, Anne Marie (Aug 10, 2004). Light stick chemistry, retrieved Sept. 22, 2004.
5. ^ Bassam Z. Shakhashiri: Chemical Demonstrations, Volume 1, University of Wisconsin 1983.

Lighting and Lamps v • d • e
Incandescent:	Conventional - Halogen - Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR)
Fluorescent:	Compact fluorescent (CFL) - Linear fluorescent - Induction lamp
Gas discharge:	High-intensity discharge (HID) - Mercury-vapor - Metal-halide - Neon - Sodium vapor
Electric arc:	Arc lamp - HMI - Xenon arc - Yablochkov candle
Combustion:	Acetylene/Carbide - Candle - Gas lighting - Kerosene lamp - Limelight - Oil lamp - Safety lamp - Petromax
Other types:	Sulfur lamp - Light-emitting diode (LED) - LED lamp (SSL) - Optical fiber - Plasma - Electroluminescent wire

' For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (89th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (89th in leap years). ... Lighting refers to either artificial light sources such as lamps or to natural illumination of interiors from daylight. ... A lamp, in technical usage, is a replaceable component such as an incandescent light bulb, which is designed to produce light from electricity. ... An incandescent light bulb and its glowing filament. ... An incandescent light bulb and its glowing filament. ... A Parabolic Aluminized Reflector light, or PAR light, is a type of light commonly used in motion picture production when a substantial amount of light is required for a scene. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (311x649, 278 KB) Summary I made this from an existing Public Domain JPEG. Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A spiral type compact fluorescent light bulb. ... Fluorescent lamps in Shinbashi, Tokyo, Japan Assorted types of fluorescent lamps. ... In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of (electro)magnetic fields. ... 15 kW Xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps include these types of electrical lamps: mercury vapor, metal halide (also HQI), high-pressure sodium, low-pressure sodium and less common, xenon short-arc lamps. ... A Mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. ... Metal halide lamps, a member of the high-intensity discharge (HID) family of lamps, produce high light output for their size, making them a compact, powerful, and efficient light source. ... Lighting neon lamp, two 220/230 volt and 110 V neon lamps and a screwdriver with neon lamp inside A neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing primarily neon gas at low pressure. ... A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. ... The 300,000-watt Plasma Arc Lamp in the Infrared Processing Center (IPC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory An arc lamp is a device that produces light by the sparking (or arcing, from voltaic arc or electric arc) of a high current between two carbon rod electrodes. ... An HMI on a stand. ... 15 kW Xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors Xenon arc lamps are an artificial light source. ... A Yablochkov candle (sometimes electric candle) is a type of electric carbon arc lamp, invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov. ... Lit carbide lamp Carbide lamp on a bicycle Carbide lamps (acetylene lamps) are simple lamps that produce and burn acetylene (C2H2) gas produced by reacting calcium carbide (CaC2) with water. ... A close-up image of a candle showing the wick and the various regions of the flame. ... Gas lighting is the process of burning piped natural gas or coal gas for illumination. ... Russian wick kerosene lamp. ... Limelight is a type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls. ... Antique bronze oil lamp with Christian symbol (replica) An oil lamp is a device used for lighting or for preserving a flame that is fueled by animal, vegetable or mineral oil. ... Safety lamp is the name of a variety of lamps for safety in coal-mines against coal dust, methane, or firedamp, a highly explosive mixture of natural gas apt to accumulate in them. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Kerosene lamp. ... LBNL researcher examines prototype sulfur lamp. ... Led is also the past tense of the verb to lead Blue, green and red LEDs. ... LED Lamp with bayonet mount LED Lamp with E27 Edison screw. ... Solid State Lighting (SSL) refers to a type of lighting that utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), or polymer light-emitting diodes as sources of illumination rather than electrical filaments or gas. ... Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length by confining as much light as possible in a propagating form. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... EL wire clear raincoat EL wire, short for electroluminescent wire, is a thin copper wire coated in a phosphor which glows when an AC voltage is applied to it. ...