A Chemnitzer concertina is a musical instrument of the hand-held bellows-driven free-reed category, sometimes called squeezeboxes (Ed. note: some performers consider the term "squeezebox" to be derogatory). The Chemnitzer concertina is most closely related to the German spelling: Bandonion), more distantly to the other concertinas, and accordions.

Chemnitzer concertina made by Star Mfg., Cicero, Illinois, USA in 2000

Physical description

It is roughly square in cross-section, with the keyboards consisting of cylindrical buttons on each end arranged in curving rows. Like other concertinas, the buttons travel in a direction approximately parallel to the motion of the bellows, whereas the keys and buttons of an accordion move roughly perpendicular to the motion of the bellows. A strap, usually of leather, is fitted at each end to hold the player's palm against the instrument for playing. Compare to the English concertina where the thumb holds a strap, the little finger is held on a rest, and the remaining three fingers press the keys. The instrument is bisonoric, meaning that each button corresponds to two notes: one when the bellows is compressed, and another when it is expanded. On most instruments, two or more (and as many as five) reeds sound for each note. The tones produced are either in octaves, Russian accordion, the Bayan.

History

Sources differ whether German inventor Carl Friedrich Uhlig created his first concertina after seeing Charles Wheatstone's instrument of the same name, or whether the two men invented their instruments concurrently and independently. Uhlig's patent dates to 1834, and while Wheatstone patented a related instrument, the symphonium in 1829, he did not patent an instrument under the name "Concertina" until 1844.

Types

Uhlig's first instrument had five buttons on each side, but the keyboard was quickly expanded and as it did so, it diverged into different lineages. Heinrich Band's was sold under the name Bandonion. Several other German instruments were sold under the name "Concertina" (or Konzertina), and their keyboard systems were given names based on their creators, as with Band and Scheffler, or their city of origin, as with the Karlsfelder and Chemnitzer systms.

Strictly speaking, the Chemnitzer layout is one of 38, 39, 51 or 52 buttons, or one of the American expanded versions of the 52-button system. Especially in English-speaking countries, the term Chemnitzer is frequently applied to any of the square German concertinas that are not Bandonions.

In the United States, especially in the Midwest, where other concertina types are not as well_known as the Chemnitzer concertina, it may be called simply a "Concertina."

Innovations

The most notable innovation to the internal construction of the Chemnitzer concertina was made by German_American instrument builder Otto Schlicht who in 1932 patented (US Pat. No. 1,890,830) an improved action mechanism, which was quicker and quieter than earlier wooden actions.

Many American and Italian builders of the 20th century began using reed and reedblock types similar to those used in accordions as a cost_saving measure and to facilitate repair, however many players consider these instruments to be inferior, as they often lack the traditional sound.

Repertoire

The Chemnitzer concertina has been predominantly used in folk music, especially Polka music played in Central and Eastern Europeans and by nineteen_ and twentieth century immigrants to the United States from those regions. However the instrument, especially in it's 52-button and larger versions is capable of performing in other musical contexts.

External links

• Squeezebox 101: A Beginner's Field Guide to Hand-Held Bellows-Driven Free-Reed Musical Instruments" (http://www.geocities.com/heytud/sb101/)
• Die Konzertina in Franken (http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ppp/ethnomusikologie/Konzertina/K-Men%fc.htm)
• ConcertinaMusic.com: The Concertina Music Site. Your source for sheet music with notation for the chemnitzer concertina. (http://www.ConcertinaMusic.com/)

References

• Dunkel, Maria (1996). Bandonion und Konzertina: Ein Beitrag zur Darstellung des Instrumententyps (2nd ed.). München-Salzburg: Musikverlag Emil Katzbichler. ISBN 3-87397-070-8