Part of the History of baseball series. Wikipedia has a number of articles about the history of baseball: Origins of baseball History of baseball in the United States History of baseball outside the United States Negro League baseball Minor league baseball Japanese baseball Baseball championships World Series Japan Series Caribbean World Series Little League World Series This...

Bud Fowler, the first professional black baseball player with his team from Keokuk, Iowa, the Westerns of Kiokuk

The Negro leagues were a collection of professional baseball leagues made up of predominantly black teams. The first attempt at a black league, the National Colored Base Ball League failed after just two weeks due to a lack of attendance. Several leagues would come and go, some successful, some not. The leagues reached their heyday in the late 1930s and early 1940s. During World War II, millions of black Americans were working in defense plants and, making good money, they packed league games in every city. The leagues' ultimate demise started in 1947 when Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier. After that, first a trickle and then a flood of players from the Negro leagues were signed by Major League Baseball teams. By 1949, the Negro American League was the only "major" Negro League circuit still in operation, and by 1955 the last of the Negro League teams folded. Keokuk is a city located in Lee County, Iowa. ... State nickname: The Hawkeye State Other U.S. States Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Governor Thomas Vilsack Official languages English Area 145,743 km² (26th)  - Land 144,701 km²  - Water 1,042 km² (0. ... Baseball is a team sport, in which a fist-sized ball is thrown by a defensive player called a pitcher and hit by an offensive player called a batter with a round, smooth stick called a bat. ... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945 after the Allied atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ... -1... Brooklyn Dodger infielder Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball in 1947. ... MLB logo Major League Baseball (MLB) is the highest level of play in professional baseball in the world. ... See also: 1948 in sports, 1950 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto racing The first 24 hours of Le Mans is held since the beginning of World War II. Luigi Chinetti and Lord Seldson win the race in a Ferrari 166M. Baseball January 28: The New... The Negro American League was one of the several Negro Leagues which were created during the time organized baseball was segregated. ... See also: 1954 in sports, other events of 1955, 1956 in sports and the list of years in sports. // Auto Racing NASCAR Championship - Tim Flock AAA Racing: Bob Sweikert won the Indianapolis 500 Bob Sweikert won the season championship Formula One Championship - Juan Manuel Fangio of Argentina 24 hours of...

Pre-professional baseball

Octavius Catto, black baseball pioneer

Negro league baseball was a direct result of baseball's color line. The first black-versus-black baseball game was held on September 28, 1860 at Elysian Fields in Brooklyn, New York. The Weeksville of New York beat the Colored Union Club 11-0. At this point in time, baseball was hardly a sport, let alone organized. It was mostly deemed a recreation around which social gatherings were held. The rules were also greatly different then the game that is played currently. The Baseball color line was the unwritten policy which excluded African American United States before 1947. ... September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... This is Illyria, lady. ... For other meanings, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ...

By 1865, shortly after the end of the American Civil War and during the Reconstruction period that followed, a black baseball scene formed in the East and Mid-Atlantic states. Comprised of mostly ex-soldiers and promoted by some well know black officers, teams such as the Jamaica Monitor Club, Albany Bachelors, Philadelphia Excelsiors and the Chicago Uniques started playing each other and any other team that would play against them. 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the United States – forces coming mostly from the 23 northern states of the Union – and the newly-formed Confederate States of America, which consisted of 11 southern states that had declared their secession. ... In the history of the United States, Reconstruction was the period after the American Civil War when the southern states of the breakaway Confederacy were reintegrated into the United States of America. ...

By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was Philadelphia. Two former cricket players, James H. Francis and Francis Wood, formed the Pythians who, because permits were difficult to get for black baseball games, played in Camden, Pennsylvania at the landing of the Federal Street Ferry. Octavius Catto, the promoter of the Pythians, decided to apply for official recognition of the Pythians by the National Association of Base Ball Players during its annual convention in December 1867. The association passed a resolution that excluded "any club which may be composed of one or more colored players."^[1] Events and trends Italian unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870). ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... State nickname: The Keystone State Other U.S. States Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Governor Ed Rendell Official languages None Area 119,283 km² (33rd)  - Land 116,074 km²  - Water 3,208 km² (2. ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Blackball continued to thrive despite the segregation, with the few black teams of the day playing not only each other, but white teams as well. On October 10, 1871, Catto was leaving the Institute for Colored Youth when he was murdered by a white man. With his death came the death of the best Negro team of the time, the Pythians. Segregation means separation. ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in Leap years). ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Professional baseball

Moses Fleetwood Walker, possibly the first African-American professional baseball player

With the formation of the National Association of Professional Baseball Players in 1871, amateur baseball became a thing of the past. Research shows that the first professional black baseball player may have been William Edward White, who played one game in 1879 for the Providence Grays of the National League. Also accepted as the first black professional player is Bud Fowler who played for Stillwater, Minnesota club of the minor league Northwestern League in 1884. Several African-American players did manage to attain big league status. Among the very first was Moses Fleetwood Walker who played for the Toledo Blue Stockings during their first year in the American Association. Walker lasted until mid-season when an injury gave the team an excuse to release him. Then, in 1886, Frank Grant joined the Buffalo Bisons of the International League, hitting .340, third highest in the league. Download high resolution version (500x644, 47 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (500x644, 47 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The National Association of Professional Baseball Players, or simply the National Association, was founded in 1871 and lasted through the 1875 season, after which its stronger teams created the National League. ... See also: 1878 in sports, 1880 in sports and the list of years in sports. Boat race Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race - Cambridge Cricket 2 January-4 January, Sydney - Only Test between Australia and England. ... The Providence Grays were a 19th century baseball team. ... The following is a list of United States baseball teams that played in the National League in the 19th century. ... A Stillwater city limit sign Stillwater is a city located in Washington County, Minnesota. ... State nickname: North Star State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty Official languages None Area 225,365 km² (12th)  - Land 206,375 km²  - Water 18,990 km² (8. ... Minor leagues in the sense intended in this article are professional sports leagues which are not regarded as the premier leagues in those sports. ... See also: 1883 in sports, 1885 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball First World Series contested - Providence NL defeats New York AA, 3 games to none. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans, Black Americans, or simply blacks, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to West and sub-Saharan Africa. ... Moses Fleetwood Walker Moses Fleetwood Fleet Walker (October 7, 1857 in Mount Pleasant, Ohio - May 11, 1924 in Cleveland, Ohio) was a baseball player and author who is credited with being the first African-American to play professional baseball at the major league level. ... The Toledo Blue Stockings were a minor league baseball team which formed in Toledo, Ohio in 1883. ... The American Association was a professional baseball league from 1882 to 1891. ... See also: 1885 in sports, 1887 in sports and the list of years in sports. Boat race Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race - Cambridge Football (Soccer) FA Cup - Blackburn Rovers beat West Bromwich Albion 0-0 (aet); 2-0. ... The Buffalo Bisons were a team in the American Hockey League. ... The International League is a minor league baseball league which operates in the eastern United States and Canada. ...

The first black professional baseball team was formed in 1885 when former waiters and porters from the Argyle Hotel in Babylon, New York were spotted by a white businessman from Trenton, New Jersey, Walter Cook. Cook named the team the Cuban Giants so that he could attract more white fans. Shortly after the Giants formation, the Jacksonville, Florida newspaper, the Leader, assembled the first Negro league, the Southern League of Base Ballists. The Southern League was comprised of ten teams: the Memphis Eclipse, the Georgia Champions of Atlanta, the Savannah Broads, the Memphis Eurekas, the Savannah Lafayettes, the Charleston Fultons, the Jacksonville Athletics, the New Orleans Unions, the Florida Clippers of Jacksonville and the Jacksonville Macedonias. The league played its first game on June 7, a game between the Eclipse and the Unions in New Orleans, Louisiana. The league, deep in debt, lasted only one year. 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Babylon, New York can refer to: Babylon (village), New York Babylon (town), New York This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... Location in New Jersey Founded  -Incorporated c. ... State nickname: The Garden State Other U.S. States Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Governor Richard Codey (acting) Official languages None defined Area 22,608 km² (47th)  - Land 19,231 km²  - Water 3,378 km² (14. ... Walter Cook was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... The Jacksonville skyline and the Acosta Bridge. ... State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ... This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... City nickname: The Crescent City, The Big Easy, The City that Care Forgot Location of New Orleans Country   State     Parish United States   Louisiana     Orleans Parish Mayor C. Ray Nagin Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 350. ... State nickname: Pelican State Other U.S. States Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans Governor Kathleen Blanco Official languages None; English and French de facto Area 134,382 km² (31st)  - Land 112,927 km²  - Water 21,455 km² (16%) Population (2000)  - Population 4,468,976 (22nd)  - Density 39. ...

The success of the Cubans led to the creation of the second Negro league in 1887 called the National Colored Base Ball League. The league was founded with nine teams: Boston Resolutes; New York Gorham; Philadelphia Pythians; Washington Capital Cities; Pittsburgh Keystones; Norfolk Red Stockings; Cincinnati Crowns; Lord Baltimores and the Louisville Fall Cities. The Giants and the Keystones took first and second place in the first two years, with the Giants crowned as inaugural champions in 1888. Walter S. Brown, a black Baltimore businessman and league president, applied for and was granted official minor league status by the National League. This move "prevented" any other team from signing any of the players from the League, but also locked the players in the league to their teams because of the reserve clause. One month into the season, the Resolutes folded. A week later, there were only three teams left. See also: 1886 in sports, 1888 in sports and the list of years in sports. Boat race Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race - Cambridge Football (Soccer) FA Cup - Aston Villa beat West Bromwich Albion 2-0 Births Deaths Categories: 1887 ... See also: 1887 in sports, 1889 in sports and the list of years in sports. Boat race Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race - Cambridge Football (soccer) The Football League founded - Preston North End champions FA Cup - West Bromwich Albion beat Preston North End 2-0 Births Deaths Categories: 1888 ... Nickname: Charm City Location in Maryland Founded  -Incorporated 30 July 1729  1797 County Independent city Mayor Martin OMalley (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 349. ...

It should be noted that, due in no small part to the popularity and success of the original Cuban Giants, many similarly named teams came into existence — including the Genuine Cuban Giants (the renamed Cuban Giants), Royal Giants, the Baltimore Giants and the Cuban X-Giants, the latter a powerhouse in the early 1900s. The "Cuban" teams, with the exception of the New York Cuban Stars and the Havana Giants, were all composed of African-Americans rather than Cubans; but the name was thought to increase their acceptance with white patrons, as Cuba was on very friendly terms with the US during those years. Events and Trends Technology Lawrence Hargrave makes the first stable wing design for a heavier-than-air aircraft Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first documented flight in a powered heavier-than-air aircraft Mass production of automobile Wide popularity of home phonograph Panama Canal is built by the United...

The few players left on the white minor league teams were constantly dodging verbal and physical abuse from both competitors and fans. Then Rutherford B. Hayes signed the Compromise of 1877, and all the legal obstacles were removed from the South enacting the Jim Crow laws. To make matters worse, on July 14, 1887, Cap Anson's Chicago White Stockings were scheduled to play the Newark Giants of the International League who had Walker and George Stovey on its roster. After Anson marched his team onto the field, military style as was his custom, he demanded that the blacks not play. Newark capitulated, and later that same day league owners voted to refuse future contracts to blacks, citing the "hazards" imposed by such athletes. The American Association and National League quickly followed suit. In 1888, the Middle States League was formed and it admitted two all-black teams to its otherwise all-white league, the Cuban Giants and their arch-rivals, the New York Gorhams. Despite the animosity between the two clubs, they managed to for a traveling team, the Colored All Americans. This enabled them to make money barnstorming while fulfilling their league obligations. In 1890, the Giants returned to their independent, barnstorming identity, and by 1892, they were the only black team in the East still in operation on a full-time basis. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877 – 1881). ... In United States politics, the Compromise of 1877 was a compromise made necessary by the disputed Election of 1876. ... A depiction of T.D. Rices Jim Crow In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African Americans from doing things that a white person could do. ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1887 is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... Adrian Constantine Cap Anson (April 17, 1852, Marshalltown, Iowa - April 14, 1922, Chicago, Illinois) was a professional baseball player in the National Association and Major League Baseball for the Rockford Forest Citys, Philadelphia Athletics (19th century), and Chicago White Stockings. ... The Chicago Cubs are a Major League Baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. ... 1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... See also: 1889 in sports, 1891 in sports and the list of years in sports. Boat race Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race - Oxford Cricket County Cricket Championship - Surrey Figure skating Canadian figure skater Louis Rubinstein of Montreal, Quebec won the first World Figure Skating Championships for men held at St. ... See also: 1891 in sports, 1893 in sports and the list of years in sports. Athletics C. B. Fry equals the world record for the long jump of 23 ft. ...

Frank Leland

Chicago Union Giants in 1905

Also in 1888, Frank Leland got some of Chicago's black businessmen to sponsor the black amateur Union Base Ball Club. Using his connections in the Chicago's city government, Leland obtained a permit and lease to play at the South Side Park, a 5,000 seat facility. Eventually his team went pro and became the Chicago Unions. South Side Park was a baseball stadium that formerly stood in Chicago, Illinois, located at 37th Street and South Princeton Avenue. ...

After his stint with the Gorhams, Bud Fowler caught on with a team out of Findlay, Ohio. While his team was playing in Adrian, Michigan, Fowler was persuaded by two white local businessmen, L. W. Hoch and Rolla Taylor to help them start a team financed by the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, the Page Fence Giants. The Page Fence Giants went on to become a powerhouse team that had no home field. Barnstorming through the Midwest, they would play all-comers. Their success became the prototype for black baseball for years to come. Findlay is a city located in Hancock County, Ohio. ... State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft Official languages None Area 116,096 km² (34th)  - Land 106,154 km²  - Water 10,044 km² (8. ... Adrian is a city located in Lenawee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... State nickname: Wolverine State or Great Lakes State Other U.S. States Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Governor Jennifer Granholm Official languages English Area 250,941 km² (11th)  - Land 147,255 km²  - Water 103,687 km² (41. ...

After the 1898 season, the Page Fence Giant were forced to fold because of finances. Alvin H. Garrett, a black businessman in Chicago, and John W. Patterson, the left fielder for the Page Fence Giants, reformed the team under the name of the Columbia Giants. In 1901 the Giants folded because of a lack of a place to play. Leland bought the Giants and merged it with his Unions (despite not a single Giant play ended up on the roster) and named them the Chicago Union Giants. See also: 1897 in sports, 1899 in sports and the list of years in sports. Boat race Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race - Oxford Cricket County Cricket Championship - Yorkshire Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League Fitzroy wins the 2nd VFL Premiership (Fitzroy 5. ... The position of the left fielder A left fielder, abbreviated LF, is an outfielder in the sport of baseball who plays defense in left field. ... See also: 1900 in sports, 1902 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball The American and National Leagues agree to peacefully coexist and organise a World Series between their champions, which would be first held in 1903. ...

Rube Foster

Rube Foster

The Philadelphia Giants, owned by Walter Schlichter, a white businessman, rose to prominence in 1903 when they lost to the Cuban X-Giants in their version of the "Colored Championship". Leading the way for the Cubans was a young pitcher by the name of Andrew "Rube" Foster. The following season, Schlichter, in the finest blackball tradition, hired Foster away from the Cubans, and beat them in their 1904 rematch. Philadelphia remained on top of the blackball world until Foster left the team in 1907 to play and manage the Leland Giants (Frank Leland renamed his Chicago Union Giants the Leland Giants in 1905). See also: 1902 in sports, 1904 in sports and the list of years in sports. Cycling First Tour de France won by Maurice Garin Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League Collingwood wins the 7th VFL Premiership (Collingwood 4. ... Andrew Rube Foster Andrew Rube Foster (September 17, 1878 or 1879 - December 9, 1930) (he adopted the nickname as his official middle name later in life) was the founder of the Negro National League, the first stable professional baseball league for African-American ballplayers, which operated from 1921 to 1931. ... See also: 1903 in sports, 1905 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball May 5: Boston Americans ace Cy Young pitched the second of his three no-hitters, a 3-0 perfect game against the Philadelphia Athletics and pitcher Rube Waddell (the final batter he faced). ... See also: 1906 in sports, 1908 in sports and the list of years in sports. ... See also: 1904 in sports, 1906 in sports and the Sports timeline. ...

Around the same time, Nat Strong, a white businessmen, started using his ownership of baseball fields in the New York City area to become the leading promoter of blackball on the East coast. Just about any game played in New York, Strong would get a cut. Strong eventually used his leverage to put the Brooklyn Royal Giants almost out of business, and then he bought the club and turned it into a barnstorming team. Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York and abbreviated NYC) is the most populous city in the United States, and is at the center of international finance, politics, communications, music, fashion, and culture. ... Brooklyn Royal Giants Leagues Independent (1910-1922, 1928-1942) Eastern Colored League (1923-1927) Significant Players Smokey Joe Williams Cannonball Dick Redding Frank Wickware Charles Chino Smith John Henry Pop Lloyd The Brooklyn Royal Giants were a professional baseball team based in Brooklyn, New York which played in the Negro...

When Foster joined the Leland Giants, he demanded that he be put in charge in not only the on field activities, but the bookings as well. Foster immediately turned the Giants into the team to beat. He indoctrinated them to take the extra base, to play hit and run on nearly every pitch and to rattle the opposing pitcher by taking them deep into the count. He studied the mechanics of his pictures and could spot the smallest flaw, turning his average pitchers into learned craftsmen. Foster also was able to turn around the business end of the team as well, by demanding and getting 40 percent of the gate instead of the 10 percent that Frank Leland was getting.

By the end of the 1909, Foster demanded that Leland step back from all baseball operations or Foster would leave. When Leland wouldn't give up complete control, Foster quit, and in a heated court battle, got to keep the rights to the Leland Giants' name. Leland took the players and started a new team named the Chicago Giants, while Foster took the Leland Giants and started to encroach on Nat Strong's territory. See also: 1908 in sports, 1910 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball The Pittsburgh Pirates defeat the Detroit Tigers, four games to three, in the World Series. ...

As early as 1910, Foster started talking about reviving the concept of an all-black league. The one thing he was insistent on that black teams should be owned by black men. This put him in direct competition with Strong. After the 1912, Foster renamed his team the Chicago American Giants to appeal to a larger fan base. During the same year, J.L. Wilkerson started the All Nations traveling team. The All Nations team would eventually become one of the most well know and popular teams of the Negro leagues, the Kansas City Monarchs. See also: 1909 in sports, 1911 in sports and the list of years in sports. Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League - Collingwood wins the 14th VFL Premiership (Collingwood 9. ... See also: 1911 in sports, 1913 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball April 20: The Boston Red Sox open in the new Fenway Park with a 7-6, 11-inning win over the New York Highlanders before 27,000. ... Chicago American Giants were a Chicago based Negro League baseball team, formed in 1910 by player-manager Andrew Rube Foster. ... The Kansas City Monarchs were the longest-running franchise in the history of baseballs Negro Leagues. ...

On April 6, 1917, the United States entered World War I. Manpower needed by the defense plants and industrial accelerated the migration of blacks from the South to the North. This meant a larger fan base that had more money to draw from. By the end of the war in 1919, Foster was again ready to start a Negro baseball league. On February 13 and 14, talks where held in Kansas City that established the Negro National League and its governing body the National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs. The league was initially comprised of eight teams: Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Cuban Stars, Dayton Macros, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs and St. Louis Giants. Foster was named league president and control every aspect of the league, including who played where and when and what equipment was used (all of which had to be purchased from Foster). Foster, as booking agent of the league, took a 10 percent cut of all gate receipts. April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... WWI redirects here. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Kansas City generally refers to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, including: Kansas City, Missouri Kansas City, Kansas Other Kansas City areas include: Kansas City, Oregon Kansas City, Tennessee In computing, the term Kansas City standard refers to a standard for storage of data on audio cassettes. ... The Negro National League was one of the several Negro Leagues which were established during the period in the United States in which organized baseball was segregated. ... The Detroit Stars were an American baseball team in the Negro Leagues. ...

On May 20, 1921, The Indianapolis ABCs beat the Chicago American Giants in the first game played in the inaugural season of the Negro National League. But, because of the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, the National Guard occupied the Giants' home field, Schorling Park (formerly South Side Park). This force Foster to cancel all the Giants' home games for almost a month and threatened to become a huge embarrassment for the league. In 1921, the Negro Southern League, a regional black semipro league, joined Foster's National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs. As a dues paying member of the association, it received the same protection from raiding parties as any team in the Negro National League. May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... See also: 1920 in sports, 1922 in sports and the list of years in sports. Football (American) Chicago Staleys later the Chicago Bears win the 1921 American Professional Football Association title. ... From July 27 to August 2, 1919, a race riot broke out in Chicago after Eugene Williams, a black youth, drowned at the 29th Street beach. ...

Foster then admitted John Connors' Atlantic City Bacharach Giants as an associate member to move further into Nat Strong's territory. Connors, wanting to return the favor of helping him against Strong, raided Ed Bolden's Hillsdale Daises. Bolden saw little choice but to team up with Foster's nemesis, Nat Strong. Within days of calling a truce with Strong, Bolden made an about face and signed up as an associate member of Foster's Negro National League. John Connors was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... Atlantic City Bacharach Giants Leagues Independent (1916-1922, 1930-1933) Eastern Colored League (1923-1928) American Negro League (1929) Negro National League (1934) Significant Players Oliver Ghost Marcelle Smokey Joe Williams John Henry Lloyd Dick Lundy Arthur Rats Henderson The Atlantic City Bacharach Giants were a professional baseball team that...

The Baltimore Black Sox, charter members of the Eastern Colored League, in 1925

On December 16, 1923, Bolden once again shifted sides and, with Nat String, formed the Eastern Colored League as an alternative to Foster's Negro National League. The league started with six teams: Atlantic City Bacharach Giants, Baltimore Black Sox, Brooklyn Royal Giants, New York Cuban Stars, Hillsdale Daisies, and New York Lincoln Giants. The National League started coming apart at its seams. Three teams folded after the 1921 season, two more after the 1922 season and four more after the 1923 season. Foster kept scrambling to replace the defunct, calling teams up from the Negro Southern League. Finally Foster and Bolden met and agreed to an annual Negro League World Series beginning in 1924. December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... See also: 1922 in sports, 1924 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto racing First 24 hours of Le Mans won by André Lagache and René Leonard Football (American) Canton Bulldogs win National Football League title Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League - Essendon wins the 27th VFL... Baltimore Black Sox 1923 unknown Leagues Independent (1916 - 1922, 1930 - 1931) Eastern Colored league (1923 - 1928 American Negro League (1929) East-West League (1932) Negro National League (1933 - 1934) Significant Players Satchel Paige Jud “Boojum” Wilson Frank Warfield Oliver Ghost Marcelle Sir Richard Lundy Leon Day The Baltimore Black Sox... The Negro League World Series is a baseball tournament that took place at various times from the 1920s to the 1940s, matching the champions of various Negro Leagues. ... See also: 1923 in sports, 1925 in sports and the list of years in sports. Football (American) Cleveland Bulldogs win National Football League title Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League Essendon wins the 28th VFL Premiership (under the finals system used, no grand final was played) Brownlow Medal awarded for...

1925 saw the St. Louis Stars enter the Negro National League. They finished in second place during the second half of the year due in large part to their 22 year old center fielder, Cool Papa Bell, and their shortstop, Willie Wells. After a gas leak nearly asphyxiated Foster, he was ruled insane because of his erratic behavior and committed to Kankakee Asylum. The last Negro League World Series between Foster's Negro National League and the Eastern Colored League occurred in 1927. While Foster was out of the picture, the owners of the National League elected William C. Hueston as new league president. In 1927, Bolden suffered a similar fate as Foster, by committing himself to a hospital because the pressure was too great. See also: 1924 in sports, 1926 in sports and the list of years in sports. Football (American) Chicago Cardinals win National Football League title Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne join the league Geelong wins the 29th VFL Premiership (Geelong 10. ... The St. ... James Thomas Cool Papa Bell (May 17, 1903 - March 7, 1991) was one of the biggest stars in Negro League baseball, and is considered by many baseball observers to have been the fastest man ever to play the game. ... Willie Wells (August 10, 1905 - January 22, 1989) was a professional baseball player who played from 1924-48 for various teams in the Negro Leagues. ... See also: 1926 in sports, 1928 in sports and the list of years in sports. Football ([cvvvvvvv[American Football|American]]) New York Giants win National Football League title You are a Gay bo! Golf First Ryder Cup held in United States beats Britain 9 1/2 to 2 1/2...

In 1927, the Eastern League folded, but was quickly reformed into the American Negro League. The teams in the new American Negro League were the same ones from the Eastern League, with the exception of the Brooklyn Royal Giants which had folded and the addition of the Homestead Grays. The American Negro League lasted just one season. The Negro National League folded after the 1931 season. Some of its teams joined the only Negro league left, the Negro Southern League. See also: 1928 in sports, 1930 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball January 22: The New York Yankees announce they will put numbers on the backs of their uniforms, becoming the first baseball team to engage in continuous use of numbers. ... In 1929 some of the Eastern Colored League teams competed in the American Negro League which just played that one season with Baltimore Black Sox taking the pennant. ... The Homestead Grays were a professional baseball team that played in the Negro Leagues in the United States. ... See also: 1930 in sports, 1932 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto Racing 24 hours of Le Mans: Earl Howe and Tim Birkin, driving an Alfa Romeo 8C. Louis Schneider wins the Indy 500. ...

Paige, Gibson and Greenlee

Gus Greenlee, owner of the Pittsburgh Crawfords

Just as Negro league baseball seemed was at its lowest point and was about to fade into history, along came Cumberland Posey and his Homestead Grays. Posey used the popularity of the Grays as a foundation of a new Negro league in 1932, the East-West League. Joining his Homestead Grays, were the Cleveland Stars, Newark Browns, Washington Pilots, Detroit Wolves, Hillsdale Daises, Baltimore Black Sox, and the Midwest edition of the Cuban Stars. By May 1932, the Detroit Wolves were about to collapse and instead of letting the team go, Posey kept pumping money into it. By June the Wolves had disintegrated and all the rest of the teams, except for the Grays, were beyond help, so Posey had to terminate the league. See also: 1931 in sports, 1933 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball Brooklyns major league baseball team, known informally until now as the Superbas, the Robins, or the Trolley Dodgers, officially selects the name Brooklyn Dodgers. ...

Across town from Posey, Gus Greenlee, a reputed gangster and numbers runner, had just purchased the Pittsburgh Crawfords. Greenlee's man interest in baseball was to use it as a way to launder money from his numbers games. But, after learning about Posey's money making machine in Homestead, he became obsessed with the sport and his Crawfords. On August 6, 1931, Satchel Paige made his first appearance as a Crawford. With Paige on his team, Greenlee took a huge risk by investing $100,000 in a new ballpark to be called Greenlee Field. On opening day, April 30, 1932, the pitcher-catcher battery was made up of the two most marketable icons in all of blackball: Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson. The Numbers Game is a lottery game where the bettor attempts to pick three or four numbers from zero to nine that are randomly drawn. ... The Pittsburgh Crawfords were a professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania which played in the Negro Leagues. ... Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source and destination of the money in question. ... Homestead is a borough located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... Leroy Robert Satchel Paige (July 7, 1906 - June 8, 1982) was an American right-handed pitcher in the Negro Leagues and Major League Baseball who is considered to be among the greatest pitchers of all time. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... Josh Gibson Joshua Gibson (December 21, 1911 in Buena Vista, Georgia - January 20, 1947 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) 6-foot-1, 215-pounder was an catcher for the Homestead Grays and later the Pittsburgh Crawfords in baseballs Negro Leagues. ...

1935 Pittsburgh Crawfords

In 1933, Greenlee, riding the popularity of his Crawfords, decided to be the next man to start a Negro league. In February 1933, Greenlee and delegates from six other teams met at Greenlee's Crawford Grill to ratify the constitution of the National Organization of Professional Baseball Clubs. The name of the new league was the same as the old league, Negro National League. The members of the new league were the Pittsburgh Crawfords, Columbus Blue Birds, Indianapolis ABCs, Baltimore Black Sox, Brooklyn Royal Giants, Cole's American Giants (formerly the Chicago American Giants]] and Nashville Elite Giants. Greenlee also came up with the idea to duplicate the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, except, unlike the big league method, in which the sportswriters chose the players, the fans voted on the participants. See also: 1932 in sports, 1934 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball New York Giants defeat Washington Senators in the World Series, 4-1. ... The second Negro National League was established in 1933, two years after the first Negro National League had disbanded. ... The Major League Baseball All-Star Game is an annual exhibition baseball game between the best players from the National League and the American League. ...

The new version of the Negro National League did well enough that it admitted two more teams for the 1934 season, the Philadelphia Stars and Newark Dodgers. The league continued to thrive despite the departure of its number one star, Paige, who chose to play for more money in Bismarck, North Dakota. Paige returned to the Crawfords for the 1936 season, much to the delight of Greenlee. See also: 1933 in sports, 1935 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball July 10 - In the second Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at the Polo Grounds in New York City, left-handed pitcher Carl Hubbell sets a record by striking out Babe Ruth, Lou... Philadelphia Stars can refer to different things: The Philadelphia Stars were a baseball team in the Negro National League from 1934 to 1948. ... The Newark Eagles were a professional Negro League baseball team that played in the second Negro National League from 1936 to 1948. ... Capitol building Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota, a state of the United States of America. ... State nickname: Peace Garden State, Roughrider State, Flickertail State Other U.S. States Capital Bismarck Largest city Fargo Governor John Hoeven Official languages English Area 183 272 km² (19th)  - Land 178 839 km²  - Water 4 432 km² (2. ... See also: 1935 in sports, 1937 in sports and the list of years in sports. Events May 12: Jockey Ralph Neves was involved in a racing accident at Bay Meadows Racetrack in San Mateo, California and mistakenly pronounced dead. ...

In 1937, Greenlee gave his blessing for J.L. Wilkerson to create a new Negro league in the Midwest, the Negro American League. The teams that made up the league were the Chicago American Giants (shifting to its appropriate geographical conference), Birmingham Black Barons, Cincinnati Tigers, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis Athletics, Kansas City Monarchs, Memphis Red Sox and St. Louis Stars. But before the beginning of the season, Paige signed to play in the Dominican Republic and took six other men with him, including Gibson and Bell. As a result, the league banned its number one player, Paige. Midway through the 1937 season, Greenlee was ousted as president in a coup led by Posey. After the season, the league rescinded the bans on the players that left and Greenlee ended up selling Paige's contract to Effa Manley's Newark Eagles. Instead of playing for the Eagles, Paige jumped to the Mexican League. In a meeting with other team owners, the Manley's threatened to pull out of the league, and take several teams with them, if the Paige issue wasn't resolved. The Manley's signed to players from the Toledo Crawfords in exchange for letting go of the rights to Paige narrowly averting disaster for the Negro National League. In late September 1940, Paige made his debut with the Kansas City Monarchs. See also: 1936 in sports, 1938 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto racing Wally Parks founds the Road Runners Club, considered to be the start of organized drag racing. ... The Negro American League was one of the several Negro Leagues which were created during the time organized baseball was segregated. ... Birmingham Black Barons 1923 1924-1960 Leagues Negro Southern League Negro National League Negro American League Significant Players Harry Salmon Sam Streeter Mules Suttles Satchel Paige Joe Bankhead Lyman Bostock Willie Mays The Birmingham Black Barons was a professional baseball team based out of Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama which... See also: 1939 in sports, 1941 in sports and the list of years in sports. Many sporting events did not take place because of World War II. Baseball The Cincinnati Reds defeated the Detroit Tigers in the World Series, 4 games to 3. ...

World War II

With the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II, and unlike World War I, black society in general vowed it would not be shut out of American war effort and its unifying effects at home. Just like the major leagues, the Negro leagues saw its share of stars miss one or more seasons fighting overseas, but, whereas the white major leagues was barely recognizable due to the absence of its stars, the Negro leagues reached its plateau. Things were going so well for the Negro leagues that Abe Saperstien, of the Harlem Globetrotters fame, started a new Negro circuit, the Negro Midwest League, a minor league similar to the Negro Southern League. The Imperial Japanese Navy made its attack on Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7, 1941. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945 after the Allied atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ... WWI redirects here. ... Eugene Killer Edgerson of the Harlem Globetrotters goes up for a lay-up The Harlem Globetrotters are a comic basketball team that combines athleticism and comedy to create one of the best-known sports franchises in the world. ...

In 1942, the Negro League World Series was revived, this time pitting the winners of the Negro National League against the winners of the Negro American League. Matching the two most famous teams in black game’s history, the Kansas City Monarchs and the Homestead Grays, blackball would reach its pinnacle on September 8. Paige came in during the seventh inning with a 2-0 lead. He gave up a base hit to Jerry Benjamin. With one man on and two out, Paige intentionally walked the next two batters so he could face the most feared hitter in all of baseball, Gibson, with the bases loaded. Paige threw two fastballs that Gibson fouled off, and then a third that Gibson complete missed. See also: 1941 in sports, 1943 in sports and the list of years in sports. Many sporting events did not take place because of World War II. Baseball January 4: Hall of Fame election: Rogers Hornsby is elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, getting 78 percent of the vote. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ...

The end of the Negro Leagues

In 1944, Bill Veeck tried to buy the Philadelphia Phillies with the intention of signing black ballplayers immediately. When Judge Landis, Baseball Commissioner, commissioner of Major League Baseball, was informed of Veeck's plan, he had the National League buy the team and award it to William Cox. In March 1945 in sports, the white majors created the Major League Committee on Baseball Integration. Its members included Joseph P. Rainey, Larry MacPhail and Branch Rickey. Because MacPhail, who was a outspoken critic of integration, kept stalling, the committee never met. Under the guise of starting an all-black league, Rickey sent scouts all around the United States, Mexico and Puerto Rico, looking for the perfect candidate to break the color line. His list eventually was narrowed down to three, Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe and Jackie Robinson. On August 28, 1945, Jackie Robinson met with Rickey in Brooklyn where Rickey gave Robinson a "test" by berating him and shouting racial epithets that Robinson would hear from day one in the white game. Having passed the test, Robinson signed the contract which stipulated that from then on, Robinson had no "written or moral obligations" ^[2] to any other club. By the inclusion of this clause, precedent was set that would raze the Negro leagues as a functional commercial enterprise. See also: 1943 in sports, other events of 1944, 1945 in sports and the list of years in sports. Many sporting events did not take place because of World War II. Baseball May 7 - Chucho Ramos made his major league debut as first baseman and outfielder with the Cincinnati Reds. ... William Louis Veeck Jr. ... The Philadelphia Phillies are a Major League Baseball team based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... Kenesaw Mountain Landis (20 November 1866 – 25 November 1944) was an American jurist who served as a federal judge from 1905 to 1922, and subsequently as the first commissioner of Major League Baseball. ... In 1920 the owners of Major League Baseball, in order to reestablish confidence of fans in the sport following the Black Sox Scandal, established the office of Commissioner of Baseball. ... This article refers to the American baseball league. ... William (Bill) Cox (born April 1, 1936 in Hobart, Tasmania) is a prominent member of Tasmanias judiciary. ... Leland Stanford Larry MacPhail, Sr. ... Wesley Branch Rickey (December 20, 1881 _ December 9, 1965) was an innovative Major League Baseball executive who is best known for helping break baseballs color barrier and creating the framework to the modern minor league system. ... Roy Campanella (November 19, 1921 - June 26, 1993) was an American catcher in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball. ... Donald Newcombe (born June 14, 1926 in Madison, New Jersey), nicknamed Newk, is an American former Major League Baseball right-handed starting pitcher and left-handed batter who played for the Dodgers teams (Brooklyn, 1949-51, and Los Angeles, 1954-58), Cincinnati Reds (1958-60) and Cleveland Indians (1960). ... Brooklyn Dodger infielder Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball in 1947. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... See also: 1944 in sports, 1946 in sports and the list of years in sports. Many sporting events did not take place because of World War II. Baseball January 28: Hall of Fame election: Baseball writers fail to elect a new inductee. ...

To throw off the press and keep his intentions hidden, Rickey got heavily involved in Gus Greenlee's newest foray into black baseball, the United States League. Greenlee stated the league in 1945 as a way to get back at the owners of the Negro National League teams for throwing him out. Rickey saw the opportunity as a way to convince people that he was interested in cleaning up blackball, not integrating it. In midsummer of 1945, Rickey, almost ready with his Robinson plan, pulled out of the league. The league folded after the end of the 1946 season. 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... See also: 1945 in sports, other events of 1946, 1947 in sports and the list of years in sports. // Baseball January 23: Hall of Fame election: The writers vote again fails to select an inductee, despite a newly revamped voting process. ...

Pressured by civil rights groups, the Fair Employment Practices Act was passed by the New York State Legislature in 1945. This followed the passing of the Quinn-Ives Act banning discrimination in hiring. At the same time, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia formed the Mayor's Commission on Baseball to study integration of the major leagues. This all led to Rickey announcing the signing of Robinson much earlier than he would have liked. On October 23, 1945, Montreal Royals president Hector Racine announced that, "We are signing this boy." ^[3] The New York Legislature is the U.S. state of New Yorks legislative branch, seated at the states capital, Albany. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... A mayor (from the Latin maÄ«or, meaning larger,greater) is the politician who serves as chief executive official of some types of municipalities. ... Fiorello Henry LaGuardia (December 11, 1882–September 20, 1947) was the Mayor of New York from 1934 to 1945. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... See also: 1944 in sports, 1946 in sports and the list of years in sports. Many sporting events did not take place because of World War II. Baseball January 28: Hall of Fame election: Baseball writers fail to elect a new inductee. ... The Montreal Royals were a AAA farm club for the Brooklyn Dodgers during the years 1939-1960. ...

Early in 1946, Rickey signed four more black players, Campanella, Newcombe, John Wright and Roy Partlow, this time to much less fanfare. After the integration of the major leagues in 1947, as marked by the appearance of Jackie Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers that April, interest in Negro League baseball waned. Young players with enough talent were signed by major league teams, often without regard for any contracts that might have been signed with Negro League clubs. Negro League owners who complained about this practice were in a no-win situation: they could not protect their own interests without seeming to interfere with the advancement of players to the majors. By 1948, only the Dodgers and Veeck's Cleveland Indians had integrated. While Robinson was quickly becoming a star, it was the performance of Larry Doby in 1948 that convinced most owners that black players had the ability to compete in the major leagues. See also: 1945 in sports, other events of 1946, 1947 in sports and the list of years in sports. // Baseball January 23: Hall of Fame election: The writers vote again fails to select an inductee, despite a newly revamped voting process. ... There have been several people named John Wright. ... 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Brooklyn Dodger infielder Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball in 1947. ... Brooklyn Dodgers redirects here. ... See also: 1947 in sports, 1949 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball January 29: Commissioner Happy Chandler fines the Yankees, Cubs, and Phillies $500 each for signing high school players. ... Cleveland Indians American League AAA Buffalo Bisons AA Akron Aeros A Kinston Indians Lake County Captains Mahoning Valley Scrappers R Burlington Indians The Cleveland Indians are a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. ... Lawrence Eugene Larry Doby (December 13, 1923 - June 18, 2003), was an American professional baseball player. ...

Some proposals were floated to bring the Negro Leagues into "organized baseball" as developmental leagues for black players, but this was seen as contrary to the goal of full integration of the sport. So the Negro Leagues, at one time one of the largest and most prosperous black-owned business ventures, were allowed to fade into oblivion. After the 1948 season the Negro National league folded when the Grays withdrew to go back to barnstorming, Eagles moved to Houston, Texas and the New York Black Yankees folded. The Grays ended up folding after the 1949 season having lost $30,000 trying to barnstorm. Many black players were signed to minor league contracts only to move from one bush league team to another rarely getting the chance to play in the majors despite their success in the minors. The Negro American League played its last game in 1958. Downtown Houston City nickname: Space City Location in the state of Texas Incorporated 1837 Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Mayor Bill White Area   â€” Land   â€” Water 601. ... State nickname: Lone Star State Other U.S. States Capital Austin Largest city Houston Governor Rick Perry Official languages None. ... See also: 1948 in sports, 1950 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto racing The first 24 hours of Le Mans is held since the beginning of World War II. Luigi Chinetti and Lord Seldson win the race in a Ferrari 166M. Baseball January 28: The New... See also: 1957 in sports, 1959 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto Racing NASCAR Championship - Lee Petty Indianapolis 500 - Jimmy Bryan USAC Racing - Tony Bettenhausen won the season championship Formula One Championship - Great Britain February 23 - Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time F1 champion Juan Manuel Fangio. ...

The last of the Negro league teams the Indianapolis Clowns continued to play exhibition games into the 1980s as a curiosity and sideshow rather than a serious baseball team. The Indianapolis Clowns were a professional baseball team in the Negro American League. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ...

Significant Negro Leagues

• Negro National League (first), 1920–1931
• Eastern Colored League, 1923–1928; the NNL and ECL champions met in a World Series from 1924 to 1927.
• American Negro League lasted just one season 1929 created from some of the ECL teams.
• East-West League played part of one season in 1932.
• Negro Southern League was a minor league that played from 1920 into the 1940s; in 1932 it incorporated some teams from the first Negro National League and functioned for one year as a major league.
• Negro National League (second), 1933–1948.
• Negro American League, 1937–1960 or so. (After 1950, the league and its teams operated after a fashion, mostly as barnstorming units, but historians have a hard time deciding when the league actually came to an end.) The National and American Leagues met in a Negro League World Series from 1942 through 1948.

The Negro National League was one of the several Negro Leagues which were established during the period in the United States in which organized baseball was segregated. ... See also: 1919 in sports, 1921 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball January 3 - Boston Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sells Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees for $125,000 and a $350,000 loan, beginning The curse of the Bambino. This was the prelude... See also: 1930 in sports, 1932 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto Racing 24 hours of Le Mans: Earl Howe and Tim Birkin, driving an Alfa Romeo 8C. Louis Schneider wins the Indy 500. ... The Eastern Colored League was one of the several Negro Leagues which were created during the time organized baseball was segregated. ... See also: 1922 in sports, 1924 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto racing First 24 hours of Le Mans won by André Lagache and René Leonard Football (American) Canton Bulldogs win National Football League title Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League - Essendon wins the 27th VFL... See also: 1927 in sports, other events of 1928, 1929 in sports and the list of years in sports. Cricket 23 June-26 June, London - West Indies play their first Test match, against England. ... See also: 1923 in sports, 1925 in sports and the list of years in sports. Football (American) Cleveland Bulldogs win National Football League title Football (Australian Rules) Victorian Football League Essendon wins the 28th VFL Premiership (under the finals system used, no grand final was played) Brownlow Medal awarded for... See also: 1926 in sports, 1928 in sports and the list of years in sports. Football ([cvvvvvvv[American Football|American]]) New York Giants win National Football League title You are a Gay bo! Golf First Ryder Cup held in United States beats Britain 9 1/2 to 2 1/2... In 1929 some of the Eastern Colored League teams competed in the American Negro League which just played that one season with Baltimore Black Sox taking the pennant. ... See also: 1928 in sports, 1930 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball January 22: The New York Yankees announce they will put numbers on the backs of their uniforms, becoming the first baseball team to engage in continuous use of numbers. ... See also: 1931 in sports, 1933 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball Brooklyns major league baseball team, known informally until now as the Superbas, the Robins, or the Trolley Dodgers, officially selects the name Brooklyn Dodgers. ... The Negro National League was one of the several Negro Leagues which were established during the period in the United States in which organized baseball was segregated. ... The second Negro National League was established in 1933, two years after the first Negro National League had disbanded. ... See also: 1932 in sports, 1934 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball New York Giants defeat Washington Senators in the World Series, 4-1. ... See also: 1947 in sports, 1949 in sports and the list of years in sports. Baseball January 29: Commissioner Happy Chandler fines the Yankees, Cubs, and Phillies $500 each for signing high school players. ... The Negro American League was one of the several Negro Leagues which were created during the time organized baseball was segregated. ... See also: 1936 in sports, 1938 in sports and the list of years in sports. Auto racing Wally Parks founds the Road Runners Club, considered to be the start of organized drag racing. ... The Negro League World Series is a baseball tournament that took place at various times from the 1920s to the 1940s, matching the champions of various Negro Leagues. ...

The Negro Leagues and the Hall of Fame

In his Baseball Hall of Fame induction speech in 1966, Ted Williams made a strong plea for inclusion of Negro League stars in the Hall. After the publication of Robert Peterson's landmark book Only the Ball was White in 1970, the Hall of Fame found itself under renewed pressure to find a way to honor Negro League players who would have been in the Hall had they not been barred from the major leagues due to the color of their skin. The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, United States, is a semi-official museum operated by private interests that serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in North America, the display of baseball-related... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... Ted Williams & Tom Yawkey Theodore Samuel Williams (August 30, 1918 – July 5, 2002), nicknamed The Splendid Splinter, Teddy Ballgame, The Thumper and The Kid, was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball who played 19 seasons, twice interrupted by military service as a Marine Corps pilot, with the Boston... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ...

At first, the Hall of Fame planned a "separate but equal" display, which was criticized by the press, the fans and the players it was intended to honor. The Hall relented and agreed to admit Negro League players on an equal basis with their Major League counterparts in 1971. A special Negro League committee selected Satchel Paige in 1971, followed by (in alphabetical order) Cool Papa Bell, Oscar Charleston, Martin Dihigo, Josh Gibson, Monte Irvin, Judy Johnson, Buck Leonard and John Henry Lloyd. (Of the nine, only Irvin and Paige spent any time in the major leagues.) The Veterans Committee later selected Ray Dandridge, as well as choosing Rube Foster on the basis of meritorious service (though many feel he deserved selection as a player as well). 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Leroy Robert Satchel Paige (July 7, 1906 - June 8, 1982) was an American right-handed pitcher in the Negro Leagues and Major League Baseball who is considered to be among the greatest pitchers of all time. ... James Thomas Cool Papa Bell (May 17, 1903 - March 7, 1991) was one of the biggest stars in Negro League baseball, and is considered by many baseball observers to have been the fastest man ever to play the game. ... Martin Dihigo (May 25, 1905 - May 20, 1971) was born in Matanzas Province, Cuba. ... Josh Gibson Joshua Gibson (December 21, 1911 in Buena Vista, Georgia - January 20, 1947 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) 6-foot-1, 215-pounder was an catcher for the Homestead Grays and later the Pittsburgh Crawfords in baseballs Negro Leagues. ... Montford Merrill Monte Irvin (b. ... William Julius Judy Johnson was born on October 26, 1899 in Snow Hill, Maryland, USA. Although his father wanted him to be a boxer, Johnson, who was 5 ft 11 in (1. ... Walter Buck Leonard was born on September 8, 1907 in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, USA. At the age of 14 he left school for the simple reason that no high school education was available for Blacks in his hometown. ... John Henry Pop Lloyd (born April 25, 1884) was born in Palatka, Florida, USA. He began his professional baseball career in 1905, playing catcher for the Acmes of Macon, Georgia. ... Raymond Emmitt Dandridge (August 31, 1913 - February 12, 1994) was an American player in baseballs Negro leagues. ...

From 1995 to 2001, the Hall made a renewed effort to select additional luminaries from the Negro Leagues; honorees during this period include Leon Day, Bill Foster, Bullet Joe Rogan, Hilton Smith, Turkey Stearnes, Willie Wells, and Smokey Joe Williams. Leon Day (October 30, 1916 - March 13, 1995) was an American right-handed pitcher in the Negro Leagues. ... William Hendrick Bill Foster (June 12, 1904 _ September 16, 1978) was an American left-handed pitcher in baseballs Negro Leagues in the 1920s and 1930s, and the half_brother of Negro league pioneer Rube Foster. ... Wilber Bullet Joe Rogan (July 28, 1889 _ March 4, 1967), born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, first played professional baseball with the Kansas City Giants in 1909. ... Hilton Smith (February 27, 1912 - November 18, 1983) was born in Kansas City, Missouri. ... Norman Turkey Stearnes was born in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, on May 8, 1901. ... Willie Wells (August 10, 1905 - January 22, 1989) was a professional baseball player who played from 1924-48 for various teams in the Negro Leagues. ... Joseph Williams (April 6, 1886 - February 25, 1951), also knicknamed Smokey Joe, has been considered by many baseball historians to be one of the games greatest pitchers, even though he never played a game in the major leagues. ...

Other members of the Hall who played in both the Negro Leagues and the Major Leagues include Hank Aaron, Ernie Banks, Roy Campanella, Larry Doby, Willie Mays, and Jackie Robinson. However, their play in the Negro Leagues was usually a minor factor in their selection — Aaron, Banks and Mays played only briefly in the Negro Leagues, and not during the years when these leagues were at peak quality due to the fact that many of the best black players had moved to the integrated minor leagues; Campanella (1969) and Robinson (1962) were selected before the Hall began considering performance in the Negro Leagues. Henry Louis Hank Aaron (born February 5, 1934 in Mobile, Alabama), is an American baseball player and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. ... Ernie Banks (born January 31, 1931) is an American former Major League Baseball player who played from 1953 to 1971. ... Roy Campanella (November 19, 1921 - June 26, 1993) was an American catcher in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball. ... Lawrence Eugene Larry Doby (December 13, 1923 - June 18, 2003), was an American professional baseball player. ... Willie Howard Mays, Jr. ... Brooklyn Dodger infielder Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball in 1947. ...

Other Star Players

See: List of Negro League baseball players This list consists of players who participated in Negro League baseball from its first organized structure in 1920 until 1948, after Major League Baseballs color line barring African American players had been broken. ...

Museum

The Negro Leagues Baseball Museum is located in the 18th and Vine District in Kansas City, Missouri. (Redirected from 18th and Vine District) The 18th and Vine District is a center of African American culture in Kansas City, Missouri. ... Kansas City is a city covering parts of Jackson, Clay, and Platte counties in Missouri. ... Missouri, named after the Missouri Siouan Indian tribe meaning canoe, is a Midwestern state of the United States with Jefferson City as its capital. ...

See also

• List of First MLB Black Player by Team and Date
• Negro League teams

Below is the list of the First Black players in Major League Baseball by team and chronological order. ... Negro League teams The following is a list of Negro League baseball teams. ...

Notes

1. ^  "Blackball in Harrisburg". Afrolumens Project. URL accessed on June 22, 2005.
2. ^  Mark Ribowsky (1995). "A Complete History of the Negro Leagues". Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-806-51868-5.
3. ^  Ribowsky p.279

June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...

References

• Only the Ball was White by Robert Peterson (1970) ISBN 0195076370
• Josh and Satch by John Holway; parallel biographies of Josh Gibson and Satchel Paige ISBN 0881848174
• The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues edited by James Riley (new edition 2001) ISBN 0786709596
• A History of Colored Base Ball by Sol White. First printed in 1907 as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide, now reprinted by the University of Nebraska ISBN 0803297831

1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... University of Nebraska seal The University of Nebraska is the main public higher education outlet of the State of Nebraska in the United States. ...

First-hand accounts

• Blackball Stars as told to John Holway; a collection of first-person accounts of the Negro Leagues by the men who played in them ISBN 0887360947
• I Was Right On Time by Buck O'Neil ISBN 068483247X
• Maybe I'll Pitch Forever by Satchel Paige ISBN 0803287321
• Some Are Called Clowns by Bill Heward & Dimitri Gat (1974). The first white player with the Indianapolis Clowns tells of his 1973 season of barnstorming. ISBN 0690004699

John Jordan Buck ONeil is a baseball player best associated with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League. ...

External links

• Negro Leagues Baseball Museum web site